Determination of the Relationship Between Internet Addiction and the Level of Loneliness Among Nurses

Transcription

1 e-issn:249-08x ARAŞTIRMA Sayı / Numbe: Cilt / Volume: 5 Yıl / Yea: 208 Detemination of the Relationship Between Intenet Addiction and the Level of Loneliness Among Nuses Hemşielede İntenet Bağımlılığı ve Yalnızlık Düzeyi Aasındaki İlişkisinin Belilenmesi Seap Kaynak, Songül Duan 2, Ayşe Kaadaş Balıkesi Ünivesitesi, Balıkesi Sağlık Yüksekokulu, Hemşielik Bölümü, Balıkesi, Tükiye 2 Takya Ünivesitesi, Keşan Hakkı Yöük Sağlık Yüksekokulu, Hemşielik Bölümü, Edine, Tükiye ABSTRACT AIM: In this study ou aim was to compae the socio-demogaphic factos associated with intenet addiction and loneliness level among nuses and detemine a coelation between the two. METHODS: This desciptive and coss-sectional study was conducted with all volunteeed nuses (N=36). Who had not had psychiatic diseases, and woking in two hospitals, in Balıkesi ovince Tukey between Januay 5 and Decembe 5, 205. A total of 203 nuses paticipated in this study, and all data wee collected using the pesonal infomation fom, Intenet addiction scale and Univesity of Califonia, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. Ethics Committee appoval was eceived fo the application of the eseach. In the analysis of the data, pecentages, Mann-Whitney U, One Way ANOVA, Dunnett s test and Speaman coelation analysis wee used. RESULTS: The mean intenet addiction and loneliness scoes of the nuses wee found to be lowe elative to the lowest and highest mean scoes that could be obtained fom these scales. Intenet addiction scoes wee found to be highe in males aged 35 yeas o below, those who used the intenet at the sevice, spent moe than h online compaed with females aged 36 yeas o above, those who did not use the intenet at the sevice o spent less than hou online, espectively. A weakly positive linea coelation was found between the loneliness scoe and poblematic social elation and intenet addiction of the nuses. CONCLUSIONS: Thee was a weak positive elationship between loneliness and intenet addiction scoes in nusing goup in the study. Investigation of the intenet addiction with a lage sample is ecommended. Keywods: Intenet addiction, loneliness, nuse ÖZ AMAÇ: Bu çalışmada, hemşielein sosyodemogafik faktöleine göe intenet bağımlılığı ve yalnızlık düzeyleinin kaşılaştıması ve intenet bağımlılık düzeyi ile yalnızlık düzeyi aasındaki ilişkinin belilenmesi amaçlanmıştı. YÖNTEM: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipteki bu aaştımanın evenini 5 Ocak-5 Aalık 205 taihlei aasında Balıkesi de bulunan iki hastanede çalışan, çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden ve hehangi bi psikiyatik hastalık öyküsü olmayan hemşielein tamamı (36 kişi) oluştumuştu. Aaştımaya 203 hemşie katılmıştı. Aaştıma veilei, Kişisel Bilgi Fomu, İntenet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği ve UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği kullanılaak toplanmıştı. Aaştımanın uygulanabilmesi için etik onam alınmıştı. Veilein analizinde yüzdele, Mann Whitney U, Tek yönlü ANOVA, Dunnett testi ve Speaman koelasyon analizi kullanılmıştı. BULGULAR: Hemşielein intenet bağımlılığı ve yalnızlık ölçeği puan otalaması ölçekten alınabilecek en düşük ve yüksek puan otalamasına göe düşük düzeyde saptanmıştı. Ekek hemşielein kadınlaa göe, 35 yaş ve altı olanlaın diğeleine göe, seviste intenet kullananlaın kullanmayanlaa göe, intenette saatten fazla zaman geçienlein intenette saatten daha az zaman geçienlee göe intenet bağımlılığı ölçeğinden aldığı puan daha yüksekti. Hemşielein yalnızlık puanı ile sosyal ilişkilede olumsuzluk ve intenet bağımlılığı aasında pozitif yönde doğusal bi ilişki olduğu saptanmıştı. SONUÇ: Çalışmada hemşielede yalnızlık ve intenet bağımlılığı aasında pozitif yönde zayıf bi ilişki saptanmıştı. Daha geniş öneklem üzeinde çalışma yapılması öneili. Anahta kelimele: İntenet bağımlılığı, yalnızlık, hemşie Geliş Taihi / Aival Date: Kabul taihi / Date of Acceptance: İletişim / Coesponding autho: Songül Duan E-posta / songul.duan@gmail.com Yazalaın ORCID IDs bilgilei: S.K S.D A.K doi:0.5222/shyd

2 INTRODUCTION In this ea of technology, the intenet use has become an essential pat of ou daily lives (Aısoy, 2009). The intenet povides unique oppotunities fo ou daily lives and offes an inteactive envionment fo social inteaction and infomation seeking independently of time and space (Lin et al., 203). It is descibed as a double-edged swod because the intenet use can lead to inhabitance, addiction, and negative academic, mental, physical, and social effects while seving as a useful concept in tems of infomation tansfe/update, system simplicity, and highe efficiency and effectiveness duing the pogess of mankind (Sulania et al., 205). Although the intention of using intenet is to incease communication and facilitate infomation shaing, but the faste-than-expected spead of the intenet has led to intenet addiction (Aısoy, 2009). Intenet addiction is a concept that descibes the uncontolled and hamful use of the intenet (Şahin and Kokmaz, 20). Intenet addiction has become an issue fo some uses due to its inceasing populaity each yea (Shinde and atel, 204). Losing contol ove the use of intenet leads to an uncontolled behavio, ceating difficulties fo uses in thei daily lives and elationships (Alhajja, 204; Khalil et al., 206). Social phobia, majo depession, anxiety disodes, shyness, intovesion, and pesonality disodes wee found to be the factos elated to intenet addiction (Şenomancı, et al., 200). An intense aboulia with deceased pofessional/ school success, sleep disode, and the peception that life is boing and meaningless without the intenet, muscle and skeletal system poblems due to the excessive use of the intenet, and seizues tiggeed by cetain kinds of games ae indications of intenet dependency (Nalwa and Anand, 2003). It has been stated that intenet addiction causes poblems in five diffeent aeas including academic life, familial, and social, and financial elationships, and finally wok and physical health (Young, 998). Individuals who ae consideed as intenet addicts expeience social isolation, loneliness (Duualp and Çiçekoğlu, 203), eduction in social elations, and issues in thei intepesonal elationships (Welsh, 999). Although individuals can expess thei feelings, opinions, and thoughts feely and easily on the intenet, they ae pushed into loneliness as the most impotant esult of this advanced technology (Aabzadeh et al., 202). It is thought that the excess time spent on the intenet destoys eal-life elationships. These individuals wee found to spend moe time on atificial o tempoay online elationships (Ditmen, 2003). At the same time, these individuals, who have social baies in thei eal-life expeiences, esot to the intenet to eestablish and maintain thei pesonal elationships and use intenet instead of face-to-face communication (Duak Batıgün and Hasta, 200). Nuses ae among the goups that ae unde the isk of intenet addiction and loneliness because they have to use intenet technology. Intenet addiction in nusing and univesity students is elated to loneliness (Sulania et al., 205). Nevetheless, whethe such a elationship exists in nuses still needs to be exploed. Nusing institutions conside technology as the fundamental building block of nusing pactices and emphasize the ability to use technology effectively and the knowledge, skills, and attitudes as equied qualifications in nusing. The UK National Health Sevice Infomation Authoity poposes to seek the Euopean Compute Use License as a basic competency fo all nuses woking in thei own field (Köse et al., 202). It is well known that the intenet is a fast and effective tool to access cuent medical infomation (Ajuwon, 2003) and evidence to suppot nusing pactices (Mois-Doccke et al., 2004). The intenet is also an impotant global communication tool fo health pofessionals to povide easy consultation though chat goups and access into vocational taining pogams, jounals, and othe infomation (Gilmou et al, 2008). Howeve, no ecent studies have exploed intenet addiction and loneliness caused by an excessive intenet use among nuses. If long woking hous ae consideed as a isk facto fo loneliness in nuses, intenet addiction can also be consideed as a possible isk facto. The coelation between intenet addiction and loneliness among nuses is an impotant issue that needs to be addessed because it affects the well-being of nuses and leads to medical eos elated to deteioation in thei job pefomance. It is impotant to detemine whethe a coelation exists between intenet addiction and levels of loneliness in nuses in tems of the health of nuses and patient safety. METHODS Study design and pupose: This is a desciptive, coss-sectional and elationship-seeking study. The aims of the study wee to detemine () intenet addiction levels, (2) loneliness levels, (3) Compaison of intenet addiction and UCLA loneliness scale scoes of the nuses accoding to thei sociodemogaphic featues, (4) the coelation between intenet addiction and loneliness levels in nuses. Sample and paticipants: This study was conducted with all nuses (N=36) woking in two hospitals, in Balıkesi, Tukey, between Januay 5 and Decembe 5, 205, who had no histoies of psychiatic diseases and ageed to paticipate in this study. A total of 203 nuses paticipated in this study. Nuses on leave, those assigned to wok in diffeent institutions o did not want to paticipate in this study wee excluded. 28

3 Instuments: The pesonal infomation fom, the Intenet Addiction Scale (IAS), and the UCLA Loneliness Scale wee used as data collection tools. esonal infomation fom: The pesonal infomation fom consisted of 4 questions including sociodemogaphic featues (e.g. age, gende, and educational status ) and the statements (e.g. duation of staying online pe day, intenet use in the sevice ) of the nuses elated to thei intenet use. This fom was fomulated based on liteatue infomation. Intenet Addiction Scale: It is a Liket-type 5-point scale designed by Hahn and Jeusalem and adapted to Tukish by Şahin and Kokmaz (20). It consists of 9 items gouped unde 3 factos. The five esponses wee as follows: -Neve, 2-Raely, 3-Sometimes, 4-Usually, and 5-Always. The lowest and the highest scoes obtained fom the test ae 9 and 95 points, espectively. The level of dependence inceased as the scale scoes inceased. The scale have thee subscales as follows: contol loss, desie to stay online moe, and poblems in social elations. Intenal consistency coefficients of the factos vay between 0.88 and 0.92 and intenal consistency coefficient is calculated as 0.86 fo the genealized scale (Şahin and Kokmaz, 20). The intenal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be.95 in this study. UCLA Loneliness Scale(IAS): It is a Liket-type scale that consists of 20 questions and measued the loneliness feeling in individuals. It was developed by Russel et al. (980) and adapted into Tukish by Demi (989). It compises 0 items (, 4, 5, 6, 9, 0, 5, 6, 9, and 20) measuing positive expessions eflecting the satisfaction obtained fom social elationships and 0 items (2, 3, 7, 8,, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8) measuing negative expessions as a esult of dissatisfaction etieved fom social elationships. Individuals evaluate each item accoding to how well and how fequently each sentence expess thei feelings appopiately. These items ae gaded between and 4 points accoding to the esponses given as Neve, Raely, Sometimes, and Usually. The lowest and the highest scoes obtained fom the test wee 20 and 80, espectively. The incease in scoes obtained fom the scale indicated that the individual expeienced moe intense loneliness. Demi (989) found the Conbach alpha coefficient of the UCLA Loneliness Scale as The intenal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be.77 in this study. Data analyses: The data obtained fom the study wee analyzed with a statistical package pogam called Statistical ackage fo Social Sciences fo Windows (SSS 8.0; SSS, IL, USA). Accodingly, pecentages, Mann-Whitney U, One way ANOVA, Dunnhett s test and Speaman coelation analyses wee used fo analyzing the data. p value <0.05 was consideed as the level of significance. Ethical consideations The institutional appoval of the study was taken fom the Non-Inteventional Dug-Fee Clinical Tials Ethics Committee of ublic Hospitals of Balıkesi, Tukey. The ethics committee appoval was obtained fom the Ethics Committee of Balikesi Univesity Clinical Reseach. The appoval of Şahin and Kokmaz was obtained fo the use of the IAS. The paticipants wee infomed about the aim and content of the study, and thei vebal and witten consents wee taken befoe the data collection pocess. Limitations of the study This study was conducted with a small numbe of paticipants in Balıkesi povince, Tukey. Theefoe, the genealizability of the study was limited. Anothe limitation of the study was that only 56% of the nuses in the efeed hospitals paticipated in the study. 29

4 RESULTS Table : Sociodemogaphic Featues of The Nuses (N:203). Sociodemogaphic featues N % Gende Female Male Age (yea) 35 and below 36 and above Education status Health vocational high school Associate degee Bachelo s degee o highe Task in the sevice Nuse pactitione Nuse manage Total Table shows the sociodemogaphic featues of the nuses included in this study; 87.7% of the nuses paticipating in the study wee female, and 59.6% wee in the age goup of 35 and below. It was found that 5.2% of the nuses had a bachelo s degee o highe, and 94.6% of them wee woking as a staff nuse. Table 2: Intenet Addiction and UCLA Loneliness Scale Scoes of the Nuses (N:203). Vaiables (items in the scale) Minimum scoe Maximum scoe Mean scoe SD Contol loss (-7) Desie to stay online moe (8-0) oblems in social elationships (-9) Intenet addiction (-9) UCLA loneliness (-20) Table 2 pesents mean scoes of nuses taken fom IAS and UCLA loneliness scales. Nuses mean IAS and subscale scoes wee found to be low (as the lowest and highest values that can be obtained fom the scale). The nuses obtained lowe mean UCLA loneliness scale scoes. 30

5 Table 3: Compaison of IAS and UCLA Loneliness Scale Scoes of the Nuses Accoding to Thei Sociodemogaphics (N:203). Contol loss Desie to stay online moe oblems in social elationships Intenet addiction UCLA loneliness Featues Duation of staying online pe day (n) 0-60 min (63) a 6-80min (8) b 8 min o moe (59) c Significance Gende Female (78) Male (25) Significance Age 35 yeas and below (2) 36 yeas and above (82) Significance Intenet use in the sevice (n) Use (88) Nonuse (5) Significance 8.58 (2.97) 0.82 (4.4) 2.59 (5.74) F=2.85 p=0 a<b,c z=-2.34 p= z= p= z= p= (2.9) 7.07 (3.04) 7.55 (4.03) F=8.683 p=0 a<b,c z= p= (3.38) 6.0 (3.02) z=-2.5 p= z=-.276 p= (3.3).40 (5.3).93 (6.22) F=4.852 p=0.009 a<b,c t=-2.47 p= (5.56) 0.24 (4.32) z= p= z=0.088 p= (7.70) (.29) (4.88) F=9.545 p=0 a<b,c z= p= (2.87) (0.34) z=-2.88 p= z=-.424 p= (8.56) (9.2) (8.39) F=.833 p= z=-0.28 p= (8.45) 38.9 (9.20) z=-.568 p= z= p=0.635 Table 3 shows that the subscales of intenet addiction (p<0.00), contol loss (p<0.00), desie of staying online moe (p<0.00) and poblems in social elationships (p<0.00) wee highe in male nuses than in female ones. Also, the nuses aged 35 yeas and below wee moe likely to have intenet addiction, contol loss, desie to stay online moe and poblems in social elationships compaed with the nuses aged 36 yeas and above (p<0.00). The contol loss scoes of the nuses who used the intenet in the sevice wee highe than the scoes of those who did not with a statistically significant integoup diffeence was (p<0.05). Howeve, no statistically significant diffeence was found in thei UCLA loneliness scale scoes accoding to thei age, sex, intenet use in the sevice, and the duation of the intenet use. These nuses intenet addiction scoes wee found to incease as the duation of thei intenet use inceased. The esults of analysis conducted to detemine whethe these diffeences wee significant o not showed that the diffeence between the intenet addiction total scoe (F=9.545; p<0) and the subscales such as contol loss (F=2.55, p<0), desie of staying online moe (F=8.683, p<0), and poblems in social elationships (F=4.852, p=0.009) was significant. Accoding to the esults of the Dunnett s test pefomed to detemine the goups with diffeences, the scoes of the nuses who used the intenet fo 0- h pe week wee significantly lowe than the scoes of those who used the intenet fo moe than hou. 3

6 Table 4: Coelation Results of the UCLA Loneliness Levels and Intenet Addiction (with its subscales) of the Nuses (N:203). Vaiables Contol loss Desie of staying online moe oblems in social elationships Intenet addiction UCLA loneliness Contol loss Desie of staying online moe oblems in social elationships Intenet addiction (Total) UCLA loneliness The elationship between the intenet addiction and the loneliness scoe of nuses is shown in Table 4. A positive weak linea coelation was found between the intenet addiction and the UCLA loneliness scoes ( =.40; p<0.05). DISCUSSION Nuses use the intenet fo leaning and poviding infomation, but they ae also at isk of poblematic intenet use. oblematic intenet use among nuses may cause delays in patient cae besides being a isk facto fo thei own health (Lin et al., 203; Taş et al., 207). Theefoe, the coelation between intenet addiction status and loneliness levels among nuses was exploed in this study. The inceased ease of intenet access though mobile devices and the tendency to use inteactive intenet applications may incease the susceptibility to intenet addiction in the new geneation of nuses (Lin et al., 203). In this study, IAS and subscale scoes of the nuses wee found to be lowe than the lowest and highest values that could be obtained fom the scale. In othe wods, these nuses wee not addicted to intenet. A study conducted by Lin et al. (203) found possible intenet addiction in 0% of the nuses paticipating in thei study. Oak et al. (206) epoted that 88.2% of the nuses used the intenet, 79.6% of them used social netwoking sites, and 47.3% of them sufed on the intenet mostly to access social netwoking sites. In this study, the loneliness scoes of the nuses wee low than the lowest and highest values that could be obtained fom the scale. It is believed that nuses stop feeling lonely though fequent communication and inteaction with patients, patient s elatives, and othe health team membes. Many studies have investigated gende diffeences in intenet addiction (Bakken et al., 2009, Say and Batıgün Duak, 206). These studies epoted that males wee moe addicted to the intenet compaed to females (Şahin, 20; Tonioni et al., 202; Wu et al., 205). This study found that the Intenet addiction total scoes, and the contol loss, desie of staying online moe, and poblems in social elationships subscale scoes wee highe in male nuses than in thei female colleagues. This might be because males ae diected to technological devices at ealie ages, tend to use the compute moe, and go to the intenet cafes moe often. In the liteatue, intenet addiction is consideed as a isk facto fo young people (Misha et al., 205). Young people ae becoming moe addicted to the intenet to communicate, lean, and follow innovations and also, they even find face-to-face communication unnecessay and become moe intenalized (Floa, 204). The pesent study found that the intenet addiction, contol loss, and desie to stay online moe wee at highe levels in the nuses aged 35 yeas and below compaed to the nuses aged 36 yeas and above. A study by Tonioni et al. (202) also found that the people who became addicted to the Intenet at younge ages showed a highe level of intenet addiction. A study by Şahin (20) found that the intenet addiction level of the individuals aged 9 yeas and below was found to be highe than that of individuals aged 20 yeas and above. Bakken et. al. (2009) found that the majoity of intenet addicts wee young people. This study found that the contol loss scoes of the nuses who used the intenet in the sevice wee highe compaed to those who did not use the intenet in the sevice. Demie et al. (203) found that intenet addiction levels wee highe in teache candidates who had the intenet access. In addition, people using the intenet fo 0 h pe 32

7 day got lowe scoes fom the IAS compaed with people using the intenet fo moe than h pe day. This esult shows that the intenet addiction isk might occu due to an incease in the length of time spent online. Similaly, a study conducted by Maahatta et al. (205) with health cae students found that people who spent moe time online tended to show moe addiction behavio compaed with those who spent less time online. Bakken et al. (2009) found that the intenet addicts spent moe time on the intenet. The isk of intenet addiction in nuses can be educed by making impovements and eaangements on thei compute-based woks. Lonely people who feel socially hindeed and anxious have poblems with self-expession. The intenet povides an ideal social envionment fo these people (Moahan-Matin and Schumache, 2003). In ou study, positive coelations wee found between the loneliness scoe and the intenet addiction and the poblems in social elationships subscale of IAS. In thei study, Moahan-Matin and Schumache (2003) found that lonely people use the intenet and moe often compaed with othes fo emotional suppot. Demie et al. also found a positive coelation between the intenet addiction and loneliness levels of teaches. Yaylacı et al. (206) found a significant positive coelation between students poblematic intenet use and loneliness levels. A study conducted on the intenetaddicted patients showed that patients used the intenet to avoid intepesonal communications in eal life and used only a communicative inteaction with vitual subjects (Tonioni et al., 202). Hence, poviding taining on intepesonal communication and social skills to these individuals may pevent both intenet addiction isk and loneliness. CONCLUSIONS The mean intenet addiction and the loneliness mean scoes of the nuses wee found to be lowe than the lowest and highest values that could be obtained fom the scale. The intenet addiction scoes wee found to be highe in male nuses, those aged 35 yeas o below, those who used the intenet at the sevice o spent moe than hou online compaed with female nuses, those aged 36 yeas o above, those who did not use the intenet at the sevice, and those who spent less than hou online.. A weakly positive linea coelation was found between the level of loneliness scoes and the social elation poblems and the intenet addiction scoes of the nuses. Investigation of the intenet addiction with a lage sample is ecommended. REFERENCES Ajuwon, G.A. (2003). Compute and intenet use by fist yea clinical and nusing students in Nigeian teaching hospital. BMC Medical Infomatics and Decision Making, 3:0, Alhajja, B.İ. (204). Intenet addiction and psychological mobidity among nusing student s in Gaza-alestine. Ameican Jounal of Applied sychology, 3:4, Aabzadeh, M., Bayanati, M., Nikdel, F., Nadey, MS., Naimi, G. (202). The elationship of intenet addiction with loneliness and identity styles. Jounal of Science and Today s Wold, :, Aısoy, Ö. (2009). Intenet addiction and its teatment. Cuent Appoaches in sychiaty, :, Bakken, İ.J., Wenzel, H.G., Götestam, K.G., Johansson, A., Øen, A. (2009). Intenet addiction among Nowegian adults: A statified pobability sample study. Scandinavian Jounal of sychology, 50:2, Demi, A. (989). UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçelik ve güveniliği. sikoloji Degisi, 7:23, 4-8. Demie, V., Bozoglan, B., Sahin, İ. (203). esevice teaches Intenet addiction in tems of gende, Intenet access, loneliness and life satisfaction. Intenational Jounal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, :, Dittmann, K.L. (2003). A study of the elationship between loneliness and Intenet use among univesity students. Doctoal Dissetation. Andews Univesity, United States. Duak Batıgün, A., Hasta, D. (200). Intenet addiction: An evaluation in tems of loneliness and intepesonal elationship styles. Anatolian Jounal of sychiaty, :

8 Duualp, E., Çiçekoğlu,. (203). Investigation of the loneliness levels of the adolescents who ae living in an ophanage in tem of Intenet addiction and vaious vaiables. Dokuz Eylul Univesity Jounal of GSSS, 5:, Floa, K. (204). Intenet addiction disode among adolescents and young adults: The pictue in Euope and pevention stategies. espectives on youth: Connections and Disconnections, 2, Gilmou, J.A., Scott, S.D., Huntington, N. (2008). Nuses and intenet health infomation: A questionnaie suvey, Jounal of Advanced Nusing, 6:, Khalil, A.İ, Alhabi, N.B., Alhawasawi, Y., Albande, A.B. (206). evalence of intenet addiction among nusing students and the association with thei academic pefomance and mental health. Athens Jounal of Health, 3:4, Köse, D., Çına, N., Akduan, F. (202). Hemşielik öğencileinde intenet bağımlılığının kişilik özelliklei ve zaman yönetimi ile ilişkisi. Sakaya Univesity Jounal of Science, 6:3, Lin, S., Tsai, K., Chen, M., Koo, M. (203). Association between fatigue and intenet addiction in female hospital Nuses. Jounal of Advancad Nusing, 69:2, Maahatta, S.B., Adhikai, B., Ayal, N., Regmi, R. (205). Intenet addiction and associated factos among health sciences students in Nepal. Jounal Community Medical Health Education, 5:4, -5. Misha, S., iyadashini, R.., Jayakishnan, K. (205). A coelative study to assess the intenet addiction and psychopathologies among the students of SOA Univesity Bhubaneswa. IOSR Jounal of Nusing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS), 4:, Moahan-Matin, J., Schumache,. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the intenet. Computes in Human Behavio, 9: Mois-Doccke, S.B., Tod, A., Haison, J.M., Wolstenholme, D., Black, R. (2004). Nuses use of the intenet in clinical wad settings. Jounal of Advanced Nusing, 48:2, Nalwa, K., Anand, A.. (2003). Intenet addiction in students: A cause of concen. Cybepsychology & Behaviou, 6:6, Oak, O.S., Uğu Gök, H., Öztük, İ. (206). Tük Hemşiele Deneği Üyesi Olan Hemşielein Intenet ve Sosyal Ağ Siteleini Kullanma Duumlaı. 5. Ulusal Hemşielik Öğenci Kongesi Kitabı, Eskişehi, 3. Say, G., Batıgün Duak, A. (206). The assessment of the elationship between poblematic intenet use and paent-adolescent elationship quality, loneliness, ange, and poblem solving skills. The Jounal of sychiaty and Neuological Sciences, 29:4, Shinde, M., atel, S. (204). Co-elation between poblematic intenet use and mental health in pofessional education students. Intenational Jounal of Science and Reseach (IJSR), 3:2, Sulania, A., Sachdeva, S., Dwivedi, N. (205). Risk of Intenet addiction among undegaduate medical, nusing, and lab technology students of a health institution fom Delhi, India. Digital Medicine, :2, Şahin, C. (20). An analysis of Intenet addiction levels of individuals accoding to vaious vaiables. TOJET: The Tukish Online Jounal of Educational Technology, 0:4, Şahin, C., Kokmaz, Ö. (20). Adaptation of Intenet addiction scale to Tukish. Ahmet Kelesoglu Education Faculty (AKEF) Jounal, 32:

9 Şenomancı, Ö., Konkan, R., Sungu, M.Z. (200). Intenet addiction and its cognitive behavioal theapy. Anatolian Jounal of sychiaty,, Taş, G., Aabacı-Baysan, L., Büyükbayam, A. (207). Hemşielikte güncel bi soun: intenet bağımlılığı. İzmi Kâtip Çelebi Univesity Faculty of Health Sciences Jounal, 2:, 6-7. Tonioni, F., D Alessandis, L., Lai, C., Matinelli, D., Covino, S., Vasale, M., et al. (202). Intenet addiction: Hous spent online, behavios and psychological symptoms. Geneal Hospital sychiaty, 34:, Welsh, L. (999). Intenet use: An exploation of coping style, locus of contol and expectancies. Unpublished Doctoal Dissetation, Notheasten Univesity, Boston. Wu, C., Lee, M., Liao, S., Chang, L. (205). Risk factos of Intenet addiction among intenet uses: An online questionnaie suvey, 3:0, -0. Yaylacı, M., Şahin, Y., Özdemi, M., Mengücek, T., Aguvanlı, S. (206). Ünivesite Öğencileinin oblemli İntenet Kullanımı ile Yalnızlaşma Duumlaı Aasındaki İlişki. 5. Ulusal Hemşielik Öğenci Kongesi, Eskişehi, 384. Young, K. (998). Intenet addiction: The emegence of a new clinical disode. Cybepsychology & Behavio, :3,