SOPs: BOTANY PRACTICAL EXERCISES OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS. (DBT Life Sciences Star College Scheme, Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt.

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1 SOPs: BOTANY PRACTICAL EXERCISES OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS (DBT Life Sciences Star College Scheme, Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India) Reaccredited with A grade by NAAC Compiled by Ms. Prabhjyoti Department of Botany DOABA COLLEGE, JALANDHAR PUNJAB 1

2 SOPS of B.Sc.Biotechnology(Prof.) Semester-II Subject : Botany B 2

3 CONTENTS 1. Floral study of Ranunculus muricatus (Butter cup). 2. Floral study of Delphinium ajacis (Larkspur). 3. Floral study of Brassica campestris (Sarson). 4. Floral study of Citrus aurantium (Lemon). 5. Floral study of Murraya exotica (Marua). 6. Floral study of Lathyrus odoratus (Pea). 7. Floral study of Cassia fistula(amaltas). 8. Floral study of Acacia Arabica(Kikker). 9. Floral study of Coriandrum sativum ( Dhania). 10. Floral study of Helianthus annuus (Sunflower). 11. Floral study of Ageratum conyzoides (Ageratum). 3

4 Ranunculus muricatus (Buttercup) Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Polypetalae Series : Thalamiflorae Order : Ranales Family : Ranunculaceae Genus : Ranunculus Species : muricatus 4

5 Ranunculus muricatus (Buttercup) Vegetative characters Habit : An erect, annual, winter herb; grows in moist and shady places like river and canal bank, flowering occur during February to April. Root : Primary tap root short lived and is replaced by fibrous adventitious roots. Stem: Herbaceous, green,erect, cylindrical, hollow, branched, hairy, glabrous. Leaves : Radical, cauline and ramal, alternate, exstipulate, leaf base expanded, sheathing petiolate, petioles long, lamina simple, palmatifid, multicostate, reticulate, herbaceous, glabrous. Floral characters Inflorescence : Flower: Ebracteate (bracteate when axillary),ebracteolate, pedicellate, complete, bisexual, hermaphrodite, spirocyclic (hemicyclic), actinomorphic, hypogynous, pentomerous in outer two whorls, thalamus elongated and convex. Calyx: 5,free,greenwhen young,imbricate aestivation.odd sepal posterior,inferior(on the outside of sepals are found a few(3-7) long,hyaline,pointed,multicellular hairs. Corolla: 5,polypetalous,bright yellow(shining towards the inner sideand dull yellow towards the outer side),regular,obovate,alternisepalou,imbricate,each with a pocket shaped nectory at the base of the upper surface,inferior. Androecium : indefinite,polyandrous spirally arranged on an elongated thalamus,filaments long,anthers basifixed,bithecous, yellow,dehiscenced by long slits,extrose,inferior. Gynoecium : polycarpellary,apocarpous, spirallyarranged on thalamus,unilocular,uniovuled,superior ovary,placentation basal,ovary wall tuberculate and not hairy,style single and short,stigma beaked. Fruit : etaerio of achenes. Achenes flattened and bear tubercles on the pericarp. Seed: endospermic, embryo small and straight. 5

6 Delphinium ajacis (Larkspur) Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Polypetalae Series : Thalamiflorae Order : Ranales Family : Ranunculaceae Genus : Delphinium Species : ajacis 6

7 Delphinium ajacis ( Larkspur) Vegetative characters Habit : Cultivated, ornamental, annual herb. Flowering occurs in January to March. Root : Primary tap root is branched and fibrous. Stem: Herbaceous, green,erect, cylindrical, aerial, hairy. Leaves :Cauline and ramal, alternate, exstipulate, sessile and subsessile, hairy, simple, pinnatisect, lobes linear with acute apex, herbaceous. Floral characters Inflorescence : Simple, typical raceme. Flower: Bracteate, pedicellate, complete,perfect bisexual, hermaphrodite, spirocyclic zygomorphic,spurred, hypogynous,variously coloured.s Calyx: 5,free, polysepalous, pentaloid (violet), posterior sepal produced into a long and straight spur,imbricate,inferior. Corolla: 4,gamopetalous,two postero-lateral petals produced into a spur lodged in the spur of the calyx. Anterior petal is absent. Stamen and carpels are enclosed in the antero-lateral petals. Spur contains honey, inferior. Androecium : Indefinite, polyandrous spirally arranged in five groups of 3 stamens each alternating with the petals,filaments flattened, anthers basifixed, dehiscenced longitudinal,extrose. Gynoecium : Monocarpellary, superior,unilocular, marginal placentation with many ovules,style short but curved, stigma simple,capitates or hairy. The wall of ovary has two types of hairs, which is the characteristic taxonomic feature of Delphinium. These are: Long,tubular,unicellular hairs & Flask shaped hair with swollen base, long neck and with a distinct basal neck. Fruit : A follicle. Seed: Endospermic with small embryo. 7

8 Brassica campestris (sarson) Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Polypetalae Series : Thalamiflorae Order : Parietales Family : Brassicaceae Genus : Brassica Species : campestris 8

Brassica campestris (Sarson) Vegetative characters Habit : An annual or biennial herb of winter cultivated in the fields for its oil yielding seeds and as pot herb. Root : Branched tap root.

9 Brassica campestris (Sarson) Vegetative characters Habit : An annual or biennial herb of winter cultivated in the fields for its oil yielding seeds and as pot herb. Root : Branched tap root. Stem: Young plants have reduced stem but later on becomes erect and branched, cylindrical, herbaceous above, woody below, hollow, green, glabrous, hairy. Leaves :Young plants have radical leaves but in older plants it is cauline and ramal. Leaves simple, lyrate, exstipulate sessile or subsessile, lower leaves incised and lyrate, upper leaves ovate or ovate lanceolate or auriculate, hairy, herbaceous, reticulate, unicostate. 9

10 Floral characters Inflorescence : Corymbose raceme. Flower: Ebracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, complete, regular, actinomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous, cyclic, yellow. Calyx: 4 free, polysepalous in two whorls, outer whorl antero-posterior, the two lateral form inner whorl and ars saccate with a pouch like structure at the base to store nector, green or yellowish green, lanceolate, margin of sepal entire, apex acute, inferior. Corolla: 4, free,polypetalous,cruciform, clawed, longer than trhe sepals, spreading, valvate, yellow with entire or slightly extrose margin, inferior. Androecium : 6 polyandrous, tetradynamous, 4 longer stamens form antero-posterior pairs and are arranged in an inner whorl and two small lateral stamens form the outer whorl,. Anthers basifixed bithecous, dehiscence longitudinal with longer extrose anthers and shorter introse anthers; four distinct green dot like nector glands are present at the base of the outer and inner paired stamens, inferior. Gynoecium : Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary unilocular becomes bilocular by the formation of false septum called replum parietal placentation, many ovules, style short curved, stigma bifid. Fruit : A siliqua. Seed: Non endospermic, many, small in size withnconduplicate(folded) cotyledons. Citrus aurantium (orange) Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Polypetalae Series : Disciflorae Order : Geraniales Family : Rutaceae Genus : Citrus Species : aurantium 10

Citrus aurantium (orange) Habit : A small tree cultivated in India for its edible fruits & medicinal properties. Root : Branched tap root. Stem: Aerial, erect, branched, solid, woody green, glabroeus.

11 Citrus aurantium (orange) Habit : A small tree cultivated in India for its edible fruits & medicinal properties. Root : Branched tap root. Stem: Aerial, erect, branched, solid, woody green, glabroeus. Leaves :Evergreen, cauline and ramal, alternate exstipulate, petiolate, winged petiole, compound unifoliate actually trifoliate but the two lateral leaflets fall off leaving a scar, terminal leaflet unicostate reticulate, gland dotted, glaucous. A spine is present in the axil of each leaf which is the modified first leaf of the suppressed axillary shoot. Floral characters 11

12 Inflorescence : Solitary axillary or group of flowers in axillary position. Flower: Ebracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, complete, regular, actinomorphic, bisexual, pentamerous, hypogynous, cyclic, white & scented. Calyx: 5, gamosepalous, cup shaped,pentafid, green, gland dotted, reflexed, inferior. Corolla: 5, polypetalous, petals lanceolate, sweet scented, gland dotted, white, imbricate; alternating with the sepals; inferior. Androecium: Many in one whorl, polyadelphous filaments united into groups at the base. Bithecous, dorsifixed anthers, introse longitudinal dehiscence, yellow anther lobes, inferior. Gynoecium : Polycarpellary syncarpous, superior, multilocular ovary with axile placentation, style short, stigma capitates, a large honey screting disc present below the ovary. Ovules many in each loculus. Fruit : A berry(hesperidium). Seed: Many endospermic, testa mucilaginous. Murraya exotica (Marua) Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Polypetalae Series : Disciflorae Order : Geraniales Family : Rutaceae Genus : Murraya Species : exotica 12

13 Murraya exotica (Marua) Habit : Evergreen small cultivated ornamental tree. Root : Branched tap root. Stem: Aerial, erect,cylindrical, branched, solid, woody, glabrous. Leaves :Evergreen, cauline and ramal, exstipulate, petiolate, imparipinnate, 3-7 pinna. 13

14 Leaflets: Alternate, shortly stalked, ovate, obovate or Rhomboidal, entire acute apex dark green shining above, unicostate reticulate. Floral characters Inflorescence : Solitary axillary or solitary terminal. Flower: Ebracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, pentamerous, complete, regular, actinomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous with a distinct nector secreting disc below the ovary, cyclic, highly fragrant, greenish white or white. Calyx: 5, gamosepalous, pentapartite, green, small, inferior. Corolla: 5, free,oblong-lanceolate, sweet scented, gland dotted, greenish white, fragrant, reflexed with spreading above, imbricate, entire, acute apex, alternisepalous, inferior. Androecium: 10, polyandrous, diplostemonous, the outer 5 alternating with the petals & inner 5 opposite the petals, the filaments of outer stamens are longer than those of inner stamens, anthers bithecous, basifixed, young anthers hairy, dehiscence longitudinal introrse, inferior. Gynoecium : Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary superior, bi-trilocular, 2 ovules per loculus, axile placentation, ovules anatropous, ovary lies on large nectariferous disc, single long green style, bifid sticky stigma Fruit : Red & ovoid berry, gland dotted with 1-2 seeds. Seed: Endospermic with hairy testa. Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) 14 Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Polypetalae Series : Calyciflorae Order : Rosales Family : Leguminosae Sub family : Papilionatae Genus : Lathyrus

Species : odoratus Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea- Phul matter) Habit : Annual climbing herb, leaflets are modified into tendrils to help the weak stem of the plant in the gardens.

15 Species : odoratus Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea- Phul matter) Habit : Annual climbing herb, leaflets are modified into tendrils to help the weak stem of the plant in the gardens. Root : Branched tap root with nodules which contain nitrogen fixing bacteria which help in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Stem: Aerial, weak, herbaceous, hollow, climber, branched, green, glabrous. Leaf :Alternate, cauline and ramal, petiolate, stipulate, stipules leafy, pinnate compound, imparipinnate, upper 3-5 leaflets are modify into tendrils which help the weak stem to climb. 15

16 Leaflets: Opposite, sessile, oval, unicostate, reticulate, margin entire, apex acute. Floral characters Inflorescence : Typical raceme, axillary in position. Flower: Bracteate, bract small, pedicellate, ebrcteolate, complete, irregular, zygomorphic, bisexual, cyclic,pentamerous in outer 3 whorls, scented, papilionaceous(butterfly shape), slightly perigynous, variously coloured, odd sepal is anterior. Calyx: 5, gamosepalous, 5 partite,campanulate, green, persistant, hairy, odd sepal anterior. Corolla: 5, polypetalous, papilionaceous the posterior petal is broader than long, emarginated and is calledvexillum or standard, standard almost covers two lateral petals called wings or alae, theanterior two petals are fused to form a boat shaped keel or carina, which is shoter than wings and is mostly covered by them. Essential organs are enclosed by keel, petals are sweet smelling, clawed, aestivation descending imbrcate or vexillary, variously coloured, inferior. Androecium: 10, diadelphous, one posterior stamen is free and opposite the standard, the filaments of 9 stamen united to form a tube around the ovary, anthers of unequal length, bithecous, basifixed, longitudinal introrse dehiscence, inferior, enclosed by the keel. Gynoecium : Monocarpellary apocarpous, uniilocular, marginal placentation, many ovules in a carpel, style long, stigma terminal, slightly hairy covered by keel and style curved upwards making an angle with the ovary. Fruit : A legume dehiscing along both the sutures. Seed: Nonendospermic with thick and massive cotyledons rich in food. 16

17 Cassia fistula (Amaltas) Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Polypetalae Series : Calyciflorae Order : Rosales Family : Leguminosae Sub family : Caesalpinoideae Genus : Cassia Species : fistula 17

18 Cassia fistula (Amaltas) Habit : Ornamental, cultivated tree with beautiful yellow pendulous racemes. Root : Highly branched tap root. Stem: Aerial, erect, solid, cylindrical, woody, branched. Leaf : Ramal, stipulate, stipules small and caducous, alternate, petiolate, compound, paripinnate, 6-10 leaflets arranged opposite to each other. Leaflets: Opposite, ovate, entire margin,acute apex,subsessile withpulvinusat the base, margin of leaflets slightly wavy, unicostate reticulate, glabrous, leathery when old, green. Floral characters Inflorescence : Long, pendulous raceme, panicle or compound. Flower: Bracteate, pedicellate, ebrcteolate, irregular, zygomorphic, complete, bisexual, perigynous, pentamerous in outer 3 whorls, cyclic, yellow. Calyx: 5, polysepalous, imbricate, odd sepal anterior, inferior, green or greenish yellow. Corolla: 5, polypetalous, ascending imbricate,the posterior petal small and innermost in the bud, postero-lateral petals cover it, ovate, entire, distinctly veined, yellow, inferior. Androecium: 10, polyandrous, unequal, anterior, 3 stamens are long and sickle shaped and fertile bithecous anthers with longitudinal dehiscence. The 4 stamens are medium sized fertile and bithecous but have dehiscence by apical pores, the 3 small posterior stamens are sterile andare called staminodes, anthers basifixed, medium sized anthers sometimes bend after dehiscence. Gynoecium : Monocarpellary, ovary superior, slightly stalked, curved, marginal placentation, short style, terminal and hairy stigma, ovules many. Fruit : Cylindrical, indehiscent pod with one seededtransverse compartments. Seed: Endospermic. 18

19 Acacia arabica (Kikkar) Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Polypetalae Series : Calyciflorae Order : Rosales Family : Leguminosae Sub family : Mimosoideae Genus : Acacia Species : arabica 19

20 Acacia arabica (Kikkar) Habit : Evergreen tree with dark brown bark, grow wild as well as cultivated, Xerophytic. Root : Branched tap root, deep feeder. Stem: Aerial, erect, solid, cylindrical, woody, branched, dark brown, bark secretes a gum called gum Arabica, stipular spines on stem.. Leaves : Cauline and ramal,alternate, stipulate, stipulesmodified into spines, petiolate, bipinnate, compound. Leaflets: Opposite, subsessile, small oblong, entire, obtuse, unicostate reticulate, glabrous, rachis downy with several glands. Floral characters Inflorescence : Axillary cymose head, yellow. Flower: Bracteate, ebrcteolate, subsessile, regular, actinomorphic, bisexual, hermaphrodite, pentamerous in outer 2 whorls, cyclic, hypogynous, small, inconspicuous, yellow, fragrant. Calyx: 5, gamosepalous, slightly petaloid, 5, pentafid, companulate, greenish yellow, inferior, odd sepal anterior. Corolla: 5, gamopetalous, tubular, tube twice long than sepals, yellow, inferior. Androecium: Indefinite, polyandrous,filaments long and conspicuous, exerted anthers small with stalked glands. Yellowish, anthers bithecous, dorsifixed longitudinal introrse dehiscence, pollen grains agglutinated in groups. Gynoecium : Monocarpellary, ovary superior, unilocular, marginal placentation, many ovules in the carpel, ovary sessile, style long filiform, stigma minute, ovary green, bears small white glands. Fruit : Legume, lomentaceous, fleshy pod with10-12 parts due to sutures deeply indented between the seeds. Seed: Non endospermic. 20

21 Coriandrum sativum (Dhania) Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Polypetalae Series : Calyciflorae Order : Umbellales Family : Umbellaceae Genus : Coriandrum Species : sativum 21

22 Coriandrum sativum (Dhania) Habit : Annual, cultivated herb. Root : Branched tap root. Stem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, hollow, herbaceous, green, aromatic, glabrous. Leaves : Cauline and ramal, petiolate or subsessile, alternate, exstipulate, sheathing leaf base, decompounds, 2-4 pinnate, glabrous Leaflets: 2-3 lobed, the lobes may be linear, ovate or lanceolate with entire or serrate margin, unicostate reticulate venation, aromatic. Floral characters Inflorescence : Compound umbel, involucres and involucel present. Flower: Ebracteate, pedicellate, complete, perfect. Outer flowers irregular, zygomorphic while inner flowers are regular, actinomorphic, bisexual, hermaphrodite, epigynous, pentamerous in Calyx: 5, gamosepalous, adnte with ovary, unequal in zygomorphic flower and equal in actinomorphic flowers, slightly petaloid, superior, calyx teeth 5, two anterior are larger than the three posterior sepals in zygomorphic flowers. All the 5 calyx teeth are of equal size in actinomorphic flowers. Corolla: 5, polypetalous, in the outer flowers the petals are unequal, 2 posterior ones are bilobed and smaller, 1 anterior is deeply lobed and largest, while the 2 are lateral, large and bilobed with very small lobe, reflexed at the tip. Petals of inner flowers are equal in size, superior, purplish white flowers. Androecium: 5, polyandrous, filaments long, anthers bithecous, dorsifixed, longitudinal introrse dehiscence, superior. Gynoecium : Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary inferior, bilocular with single pendulous ovule per loculus, basal placentation, antero-posterior ovary adnate with calyx tube. A bilobed nector secreting disc present above the ovary called stylopodium, style absent, 2 stigmas arising directly from stylopodium, stigma capitate. 22

23 Fruit : Schizocarpic, cremocarp with oblong ridges, oil cavities or vittae are under the ridges. Seed: Endospermic. Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Gamopetalae Series : Inferae Order : Asterales Family : Asteraceae Genus : Helianthus Species : annuus 23

Helianthus annus (Sunflower) Habit : Annual, cultivated herb with beautiful capitula. Root : Branched tap root. Stem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid, herbaceous, hairy, glabrous.

24 Helianthus annus (Sunflower) Habit : Annual, cultivated herb with beautiful capitula. Root : Branched tap root. Stem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid, herbaceous, hairy, glabrous. Leaves : Cauline and ramal, exstipulate, petiolate, hairy petiole, simple, ovate, margin serrate, apex acute, alternate or subopposite,unicostate- reticulate, surface hairy, green. Floral characters Inflorescence : Yellow Racemose head or capitulum, capitulum radiate heterogamous, consisting of 2 kinds of flowers: (a) Bisexual, tubular disc florets and (b) Pistillate or neuter, ligulate ray florets. Disc florets occupy the center and ray florets are at the periphery. The capitiulum is surrounded by 3 series of green involucres bracts. Ray Florets: Bracteate, sessile, zygomorphic, female or sterile, yellow, tricyclic, epigynous, incomplete, imperfect. Calyx: 2-3, free, scale like, superior. Corolla: 3-5, gamopetalous, ligulate, formed by a small basal hairy tube and a large flat strap shaped and clearly veined limb or strap, entire or 3-5 toothed, (indicating no. of petals), superior, yellow. Androecium: Absent. 24

25 Gynoecium : May be absent or present and when present bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior, unilocular, basal placentation, ovule single, bifid stigma, hairy and filiform style. Stigma curled and hairy on the outside. Disc Florets: Bracteate, bracts large, sessile, regular, actinomorphic, bisexual, epigynous, tetracyclic, tubular, yellowish black. Calyx: 2or3, free, reduced scale like hairy, generally antero-posterior, white superior. Corolla: 5, gamopetalous, tubular, tube slightly swollen near the base where nector is present, yellow, 5 toothed(represent 5 petals) teeth black, hairy. Valvate, superior. Androecium: 5, epipetalous, filaments free, short, alternating with the petals, syngenesious anthers, introrse longitudinal dehiscence, anther basifixed with rounded base, bithecous, superior. Gynoecium : Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary inferior, unilocular with a single basal ovule, style long, stigma black, bifid, ovary completely sunken with th thalamus whose walls are hairy, stigma curled back to expose the inner stigmatic surface. Fruit : An achene, cypsela. Seed : Non endospermic. 25

26 Ageratum conyzoides Classification Division : Spermatophyta Sub division : Angiospermae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub class : Gamopetalae Series : Inferae Order : Asterales Family : Asteraceae Genus : Ageratum Species : conyzoides 26

Ageratum conyzoides Habit : Annual, cultivated or wild herb. Root : Branched tap root. Stem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid, herbaceous, hairy.

27 Ageratum conyzoides Habit : Annual, cultivated or wild herb. Root : Branched tap root. Stem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid, herbaceous, hairy. Leaves : Cauline and ramal,opposite, exstipulate, petiolate, simple, ovate, margin serrate, apex acute, hairy, unicostate- reticulate, green. Floral characters 27

28 Inflorescence : Capitulum, the are arranged in terminal corymbs, capitula homogamous and have many violet, sessile, ebracteate, bisexual and actinomorphic florets, involucres bracts 2-3, seriate, green, linear and acute. Flower: Ebracteate, sessile, complete, perfect, bisexual, actinomorphic, regular, epigynous, tetracyclic, pentamerous in outer 3 whorls, light purple or violet. Calyx: 5, gamosepalous, reduced to scales which are awned and serrate, persistant, green superior. Corolla: 5, gamopetalous, tubular, 5 toothed, valvate, superior, purple or violet. Androecium: 5, syngenesious epipetalous, filaments short, delicate and free,, anther bithecous and basifixed with obtuse base, fused to form a tube around the style, connective prolonged beyond the anthers, introrse longitudinal dehiscence, superior. Gynoecium : Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary inferior, angled, unilocular, one ovuled,basal placentation, style long and divided into 2 parts, each ending in a flattened hairy and papillate stigma. Fruit : Black, 5 angled cypsela with persistent scales. Seed : Non endospermic. 28

PREFACE. Best of luck to all the aspirants!

PREFACE. Best of luck to all the aspirants! PREFACE Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution and taxonomy. It provides detailed