Angiosperms. The most diverse group of plants, with about 14,000 genera and 257,000 species.

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1 Angiosperms The most diverse group of plants, with about 14,000 genera and 257,000 species.

2 Angiosperms How do angiosperms differ from gymnosperms?

3 Angiosperms How do angiosperms differ from gymnosperms? 1)The ovules of angiosperms are borne inside carpels, instead of on scales as in gymnosperms.

4 Angiosperms How do angiosperms differ from gymnosperms? 1)The ovules of angiosperms are borne inside carpels, instead of on scales as in gymnosperms. 2) Angiosperms have flowers instead of the cones of gymnosperms.

5 Angiosperms How do angiosperms differ from gymnosperms? 1)The ovules of angiosperms are borne inside carpels, instead of on scales as in gymnosperms. 2) Angiosperms have flowers instead of the cones of gymnosperms. 3) A unique part of the life cycle of angiosperms is double-fertilization.

6 Angiosperms How do angiosperms differ from gymnosperms? 3) A unique part of the life cycle of angiosperms is double-fertilization. In double-fertilization, the two sperm nuclei in the pollen tube each participate in a fertilization event.

8 4) Another key feature in angiosperms is the rapid reproductive cycle.

9 Another key feature in angiosperms is the rapid reproductive cycle. Many gymnosperms are slow growing and have lengthy reproductive cycles. Angiosperms can have very rapid reproduction, including the herbaceous growth form and annual plants.

10 Major Angiosperm Clades

11 Major Angiosperm Clades -The relationships of major angiosperm groups are modeled after the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 system (APGIII 2009).

12 APG III uses molecular and morphological data

13 APG III uses molecular and morphological data -recognizes only those angiosperm families that are monophyletic -classifies one to several families into orders where there is strong evidence that the order is monophyletic

14 APG III 2009 Orders can be viewed as convenient placeholders for 1 or more families that appear to comprise a monophyletic group.

15 APG III 2009 Some monophyletic groups that contain several orders are given names. Ex: Magnoliids

16 Major Angiosperm Clades

17 Basal Angiosperms

18 Major Angiosperm Clades * * * Basal angiosperm groups: Amborella Water lilies Star anise and relatives

19 Many phylogenetic analyses agree in placing Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) as sister to all of the flowering plants.

20 This means that Amborella trichopoda is a descendent of the oldest confirmed branch in the flowering plant family tree.

21 Amborellaceae Amborella trichopoda is a small, evergreen, shrub of New Caledonia.

22 Amborellaceae Amborella trichopoda is a small, evergreen, shrub of New Caledonia.

23 Amborellaceae It only occurs in the moist, shaded understory of tropical mountainside forests.

24 Major Angiosperm Clades * * *

25 Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae (water lilies) and Cabombaceae (water shields) are successive sister groups to all other angiosperms.

26 Nymphaeaceae Aquatic herbaceous plants. Grow from rhizomes.

27 The water lilies represent the form of basal angiosperms. Radially symmetrical flowers with tepals (undifferentiated petals and sepals).

28 Nymphaeaceae-Arkansas flora Nuphar advena [syn. N. lutea]

29 Nymphaeaceae-Arkansas flora Nuphar advena [syn. N. lutea]

30 Nymphaeaceae-Arkansas flora Nymphaea odorata subsp. odorata [syn. N. odorata]

32 Monocot Eudicot

33 Dicot Dicot The old group dicot included all the angiosperms other than Monocots.

34 Recent molecular studies do not support the simple division of angiosperms into dicots and monocots. Basal Angiosperms

35 Dicot Dicot Dicot is no longer used to designate an angiosperm lineage because it is not monophyletic

36 Dicot is no longer used to designate an angiosperm lineage because it is not monophyletic

37 The core angiosperms comprise three lineages: 1. Magnoliids 2. Monocots 3. Eudicots * * *

38 The Magnoliids Mostly tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate.

39 The Magnoliids Mostly tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate. Magnolia has spirally arranged tepals, stamens and carpels.

40 The Magnoliids Mostly tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate. The seeds are borne on an almost cone-like structure

41 The Magnoliids For many years, the simple Magnolia flower was thought to represent the primitive angiosperm flower

42 The Magnoliids include many commercially important plants including Nutmeg Myristica fragrans

43 The Magnoliids include many commercially important plants including Avocado Persea americana

44 The Magnoliids include many commercially important plants including Black pepper Piper nigrum

45 Magnoliids common in Arkansas include: Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora

46 Magnoliids common in Arkansas include: Pawpaw Asimina triloba

47 Magnoliids common in Arkansas include: Sassafras Sassafras albidum

48 The Monocots Monocots are distinguished from other angiosperms by the presence of a single cotyledon (seed leaf).

49 The Monocots Major monocot groups are the lilies, palms, grasses, sedges and bromeliads

50 Note the flower parts in threes and the leaves with parallel venation, all typical of monocots.

51 Monocots in the human diet

52 The Eudicots

53 The Eudicots The eudicots are separated from all other angiosperms by a special pollen form.

54 The Eudicots The eudicots are separated from all other angiosperms by a special pollen form. Eudicot pollen has three apertures. Tricolpate pollen

55 Monocot Eudicot

56 Basal Angiosperms The eudicots include three major lineages.

57 * * * Core eudicot food plants, with rosids (green branch) and asterids (red branch) collapsed.

58 Foods in the asterids

59 * * * Rosid major clades with food species

60 Food in the fabids

61 Food in the malvids

62 Flowers

63 The parts of the flower are arranged in successive whorls above the receptacle.

64 The first whorl is composed of sepals. The sepals are collectively referred to as the calyx.

65 The second whorl is made up of petals. The petals are collectively referred to as the corolla.

66 The petals and sepals together are called the perianth.

67 The next whorl of the flower is the androecium, comprised of stamens.

68 The next whorl of the flower is the androecium, comprised of stamens. The stamens have 2 parts, the slender filament and the anther, which rests on top of the filament.

69 The androecium is the male portion of the flower, where the pollen is produced.

70 The final whorl is the gynoecium, the female part of the flower.

71 The final whorl is the gynoecium, the female part of the flower. The gynoecium comprises one or more carpels.

72 The final whorl is the gynoecium, the female part of the flower. The gynoecium comprises one or more carpels. The pistil can either be a single carpel or multiple carpels fused together.

73 At the base of the pistil is the ovary, where the egg cells are formed and fertilization occurs. An elongate style elevates the stigma above the ovary.

74 At the base of the pistil is the ovary, where the egg cells are formed and fertilization occurs. An elongate style elevates the stigma above the ovary. The stigma is where pollen lands, which is the first step toward fertilization of the egg.

76 The Androecium: structures of the anther.

77 The anther generally has four pollen sacs.

78 Each pollen sac produces a number of microsporocytes.

79 Each microsprocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores.

80 The nucleus of each microspore then divides without cytokinesis to form the pollen grain with 2 nuclei.

81 The pollen grain wall has a pattern that varies widely among different types of angiosperms.

82 All angiosperm pollen grain walls are tough and contain the hard material, sporopollenin. Iris pollen Ambrosia pollen (ragweed)

83 When the pollen grains are mature, the anther walls break open and the pollen is released.

84 Through the process of pollination, the pollen is transported to the stigma of the same or a different flower.

85 The pollen grain germinates, producing a pollen tube that grows down through the style of the pistil.

86 The Gynoecium: structures of the carpel.

87 The simplest gynoecium is a pistil comprised of a single folded carpel, also called a simple pistil.

88 More often, there are several separate carpels or fused carpels.

89 A group of fused carpels is called a compound pistil.

90 The ovary has one to several chambers called locules.

91 Inside the locules, the ovules are attached to the ovary by special tissue called placenta (plural placentae).

The Flower - what is it? 1/31/18. Magnoliophyta - Flowering Plants. Magnoliophyta - Flowering Plants. Magnoliophyta - Flowering Plants

The Flower - what is it? 1/31/18. Magnoliophyta - Flowering Plants. Magnoliophyta - Flowering Plants. Magnoliophyta - Flowering Plants - what is it? Floral structure will be examined in lab next Mon/Tues save space in your notes! Introduction to Angiosperms "angio-" = vessel; so "angiosperm" means "vessel for the seed [seed encased in