Lecture Exam 1 Statistics

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1 Lecture Exam 1 Statistics Average 76.6 Range 54 (42-96) SD: 15.5 Median: 81.5 Skewness: Sample size: 28

2 Field Trip: August 2nd Day-long trip over Grand Park, Mt. Rainier; UW vans for transportation; Sign-up sheets in lab Photos: Yaowu Yuan

3 Previous lecture Rosids Saxifragales Vitaceae Eurosids I Eurosids II Eurosids I: Zygophyllales Celastrales Malpighiales Oxalidales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales Eurosids II: Brassicales Malvales Sapindales Myrtales Geraniales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:

4 Wind pollination syndrome Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD DLN Photo: Yaowu Yuan What do they share in common in terms of floral presentation?

5 Wind pollination syndrome Flowers appear before leaves are out; tend to flower early in the year. Often unisexual flowers; Flowers often aggregated in catkins; Individual flowers small and inconspicuous; Big stamens (large anthers) produce lots of pollen; Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen; Ratio of pollen to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1);

6 Phylogeny of Rosids Rosids Saxifragales Vitaceae Eurosids I Eurosids II Saxifragales Eurosids I: Zygophyllales Celastrales Malpighiales Oxalidales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales Eurosids II: Brassicales Malvales Sapindales Myrtales Geraniales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:

7 Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Herbs; Leaves often palmate and serrate; in a basal rosette Saxifraga sp.; Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD DLN Heuchera sanguinea; Mitella breweri.;

8 Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Textbook DVD WSJ Photo: Yaowu Yuan Lithophragma sp.; Mitella nuda; Flowers actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic, e.g., Tolmeia); Sepals and Petals 5, often attached to a variously developed hypanthium; Petals often clawed, and sometimes variously dissected;

9 Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Textbook DVD BSC Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Darmera peltata; Saxifraga stolonifera; Note the two partially fused carpels; Most diagnostic characteristic of this family

10 Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Heuchera sanguinea; Note the two partially fused carpels and the hypanthium

11 Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Saxifragaceae - 30 genera/550 species. An important component of the flora of PNW. Herbs; Leaves often palmate and serrate; in a basal rossete. Flowers actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, often attached to a variously developed hypanthium; Petals often clawed, and sometimes variously dissected; Stamens 5 or 10; Carpels 2, more or less connate; Ovary superior to inferior. Fruit a capsule or follicle.

12 Violaceae (Violet family) Common name: Pansy Viola x wittrockiana Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Viola sp. Photo: Yaowu Yuan

13 Violaceae (Violet family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Viola sp. Photo: Yaowu Yuan Viola sp. Note the flowers are zygomorphic; The lowers petal has a spur Viola sororia Textbook DVD WSJ

and two of the five stamens with glandlike or spurlike nectaries.

14 Violaceae (Violet family) Viola sororia Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Viola x wittrockiana Note superior ovary; connivent anthers; the petal spur; and two of the five stamens with glandlike or spurlike nectaries. Connivent anthers: held together but not actually fused; edges touching to form a ring around the gynoecium

15 Violaceae (Violet family) Hybanthus calceolaria Again, note the connivent anthers and two of the five stamens with spurlike nectaries. Textbook DVD JRA

16 Violaceae (Violet family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Examples of Cleistogamy and Mixed mating systems; Fruit a capsule.

17 Violaceae (Violet family) Violaceae - 22 genera/950 species. We have only one genus (Viola) in the flora of PNW. Mostly tropical trees or shrubs; herbs in temperate zone; Leaves simple, alternate; often cordate at base in Viola. Flowers zygomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous, the lower petal forms a spur. Stamens 5, the lower two with a glandlike or spurlike nectary (held within the petal spur); anthers are connivent, forming a ring around the gynoecium; filaments very short. Carpels 3; Ovary superior. Fruit a capsule.

chiloensis; Fruit type: achenes, accessory fruit A fleshy fruit developing from

18 Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD WSJ Strawberry; Fragaria x ananassa; Textbook DVD KRR Hybrid between F. virginiana and F. chiloensis; Fruit type: achenes, accessory fruit A fleshy fruit developing from succulent receptacles ranther than the pistil. The ripened ovaries are small achenes on the surface of the receptacle

19 Rosaceae (Rose family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Raspberry; Rubus idaeus Blackberry; Rubus sp.; Photo: Yaowu Yuan Fruit type: drupelets, aggregated ptacle Usually applied to a cluster or group of small fleshy fruits orginating from a number of separate pistils in a single flower.

$png\ Rose; Rosa sp.$

20 Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Image source: gardenplansireland/roserosa_canina_hips.png\ Rose; Rosa sp. Fruit type: Hip A berry-like structure composed of an enlarged hypanthium surrounding numerous achenes

21 Rosaceae (Rose family) Fruit type: Pome A fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from an inferior, compound ovary, consisting of a modified floral tube surrounding a core. Apple; Malus domestica; Pear; Pyrus sp.; Fruit type: Drupe A fleshy, indehiscent fruit with a stony endocarp surrounding a usually single seed Cherry; Prunus avium Peach; Prunus persica Plum; Prunus domestica The above images are from

22 Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR Exochorda racemosa; Fruit type: Follicle A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of a single carpel and opening along a single side Textbook DVD KRR Spiraea alba; Fruit type: Capsule A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel

Traditional classification within Rosaceae

23 Traditional classification within Rosaceae Subfamilies Carpels Fruit type Spiraeoideae 2-5 [free or connate] follicle or capsule Rosoideae numerous [free] achene or drupelet Prunoideae (Amygaloideae) 1 drupe Pomoideae (Maloideae) 2-5, inferior, connate pome

24 Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Fragaria virginiana; Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, numerous pistils, and the hypanthium. Subfamily: Rosoideae

25 Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Exochorda racemosa; Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, 2-5 carpels, and the hypanthium. Subfamily: Spiraeoideae

26 Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Prunus padus; Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, 1 carpel, and the hypanthium. Subfamily: Prunoideae

stamens, 2-5 carpels, inferior ovary fused with the

27 Rosaceae (Rose family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Note flowers are actinomorphic, numerous stamens, 2-5 carpels, inferior ovary fused with the hypanthium. Subfamily: Pomoideae Malus hupehensis; Pyrus serrulata;

Rosaceae (Rose family) Image source: http://www.

28 Rosaceae (Rose family) Image source: Textbook DVD WSJ Rosa sp.; Sorbus americana; Note the pinnately compound leaf and the conspicuous stipules.

29 Rosaceae (Rose family) Rosaceae - 85 genera/3000 species, including apples, pears, raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, plums, cherries, peaches, etc.. Woody or herbaceous; Leaves usually compound, but sometimes simple; usually with stipules (important to distinguish from Ranunculaceae sometimes). Flowers actinomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous; Stamens many; Hypanthium usually present; Carpels 1 to many; ovary superior, inferior, or half inferior. Fruit a drupelet, achene, pome, drupe, capsule, or follicle.

30 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Textbook DVD CSC Garden pea; Pisum sativum

31 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Textbook DVD DLN Textbook DVD JRA Textbook DVD CSA Arachis spp.; Lathyrus latifolia; Textbook DVD WSJ Photo: Yaowu Yuan Trifolium spp.;

Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Image source: http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/ herbrandsonc/bio111/images/flowers/flower11.

jpg Note flowers are zygomorphic and showy, composed of a banner, two wings, and a keel (two fused

32 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Image source: herbrandsonc/bio111/images/flowers/flower11.jpg Image source: Note flowers are zygomorphic and showy, composed of a banner, two wings, and a keel (two fused petals); The 10 stamens are diadelphous (1+9). Diadelphous: stamens united into two, often unequal, sets by their filaments.

33 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Lathyrus latifolia; Note the structure of the flower (a banner, two wings, and a keel) and 9 filaments united into a tube.

34 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Textbook DVD DLN Textbook DVD JRA Mimosa pudica

WSJ Prosopis juliflora; Textbook DVD KRR Note

35 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Acacia nilotica; Textbook DVD WSJ Prosopis juliflora; Textbook DVD KRR Note that each inflorescence has very dense flowers opening more or less simultaneously. Each individual flower is actinomorphic and not showy. Stamens many, with long exerted filaments, form a brush that covers visiting insects or birds with pollen.

fasciculata; Note flowers are showy and more or less

36 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Textbook DVD WSJ Cassia grandis; Textbook DVD WSJ Chamaecrista fasciculata; Note flowers are showy and more or less zygomorphic; the lower two petals are not fused; the 10 stamens are all free

37 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) 3 Subfamilies based on floral type: Papilionoideae (Faboideae) flowers are typical pea/ Flag flowers: bilaterally symmetric conspicuous petal = banner for attraction 2 wings (that form a landing platform) 2 lower petals fused to form a keel (which encloses stamens & carpel) diadelphous stamens (9 fused + 1 free) [di = two] Flag Flower wing Banner keel 1 free stamen wing 9 fused stamens Mimosoideae flowers are called brush flowers radially symmetric many stamens that are exerted on long filaments and stamens form a brush that covers visiting insects or birds with pollen. Caesalpinoideae flowers bilaterally symmetric like flag flower but the lower petals are NOT fused into a keel (5 free) and the 10 stamens are all free

flowers of these three traditionally recognized subfamilies are very different, the the fruits are essentially the

38 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Textbook DVD CSC Pisum sativum; Papilionoideae (Fabaoideae) Textbook DVD WSJ Albizia julibrissin; Mimosoideae Textbook DVD WSJ Cercis canadensis; Caesalpinoideae Note that although the flowers of these three traditionally recognized subfamilies are very different, the the fruits are essentially the same. Legume: A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel and usually opening along two lines of dehiscence.

39 Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Legume or Bean family) Fabaceae genera/18,000 species, 3rd largest family of angiosperm, including peas, beans, peanuts, soybeans, alfalfa, lupine, clover, etc.. Mostly woody tropical trees, but in temperate zone mostly herbs; Leaves usually compound (pinnate, palmate, ternate), stipules present. Flowers zygomorphic (Papilionoideae, Caesalpinoideae) or actinomorphic (Mimosoideae, common in tropics and not in temperate zones); Fruit a legume. Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous; Stamens 10 (in Papilionoideae, diadiphalous) or many; Ovary superior (carpel 1);

Liriodendron tulipifera - yellow poplar

Liriodendron tulipifera - yellow poplar Lauraceae - laurel familiy Umbellularia californica - California bay Sassafras albidum - sassafras Phylogeny of angiosperms! Basal angiosperm! Amborella! Nymphaeales!