Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animals.

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1 Wed 4/5 Activities Learning Target Class Activities *attached below (scroll down)* Website: my.hrw.com Username: bio678 Password:a4s5s Describe the reproductive organs and fertilization of flowering plants. (22.2) Compare methods of seed dispersal by animals, gravity, wind, and water. (22.3) Summarize the events in seed germination and its requirements. (22.3) * Notes* * Study guide WS* -Water plants/ chart growth Biology Notes Sec & 22.3 Sec KEY CONCEPTS Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers. Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves. Sepals and petals are modified leaves. Sepals are outermost layer that protects developing flower Petals can help to attract animal pollinators A stamen is the male structure of the flower. anther produces pollen grains filament supports the anther The innermost layer of a flower is the female carpel.. stigma is sticky tip style is tube leading from stigma to ovary ovary produces female gametophyte Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animals. Holt McDougal Biology 1 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response

2 Flowering plants pollinated when pollen grains land on stigma. Wind pollinated flowers have small flowers and large amounts of pollen. Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less pollen. many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination Fertilization takes place within the flower. Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers. male spores produced in anthers by meiosis each spore divides by mitosis to form two haploid cells two cells form a single pollen grain One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower s ovary. four female spores produced in ovule by meiosis one spore develops into female gametophyte female gametophyte contains seven cells one cell has two nuclei, or polar nuclei one cell will develop into an egg Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma. Holt McDougal Biology 2 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response

3 one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube other cells forms two sperm that travel down tube Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization. one sperm fertilizes the egg other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm endosperm provides food supply for embryo Each ovule becomes a seed. The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit Sec KEY CONCEPTS Seeds disperse and begin to grow when conditions are favorable. Animals, wind, and water can spread seeds. Seeds dispersed by animals can have nutritious fruits or fruits that cling. Seeds dispersed by wind can have wing- or parachutelike fruits. Seeds dispersed by water can have fruits that float. Seeds begin to grow when environmental conditions are favorable. Seed dormancy is a state in which the embryo has stopped growing. Dormancy may end when conditions are favorable. Holt McDougal Biology 3 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response

4 While dormant, embryo can withstand extreme conditions Germination begins the growth of an embryo into a seedling. water causes seed to swell and crack coat embryonic root, radicle, is first to emerge water activates enzymes that help send sugars to embryo embryonic shoot, plumule, emerges next leaves emerge last Once photosynthesis begins, the plant is called a seedling. Holt McDougal Biology 4 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response

5 Section 22.2: Reproduction in Flowering Plants Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers. VOCABULARY sepal petal stamen carpel ovary double fertilization MAIN IDEA: Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves. Use Figure 2.1 to draw a diagram of a flower. Use all of the words in the word box below as labels in your diagram. sepal petal stamen: filament, anther carpel: stigma, style, ovary 1. Circle the letter of the word that best completes the sentence. 2. Modified leaves that protect the developing flowers form the a. carpel b. sepal c. petals d. stamen Holt McDougal Biology 5 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response

6 continued 3. Modified leaves that help attract pollinators form a. carpel b. sepal c. petals d. stamen 4. The male structure of a flower is the. a. carpel b. sepal c. petals d. stamen 5. The female structure of a flower is the. a. carpel b. sepal c. petals d. stamen MAIN IDEA: Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animals. Fill in the blank with the word that beat completes the sentence. 6. When a pollen grain reaches the stigma of a plant, the plant has been. 7. When a sperm enters an egg cell, occurs. Holt McDougal Biology 6 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response

7 continued MAIN IDEA: Fertilization takes place within the flower. Fill in the blanks about the processes involved in reproduction in flowering plants. Choose from the following terms: Sporophyte, pollen, seed, fruit, eggs Process How It Works Products/Results 8. production of male gametes Meiosis takes place in the anther. grains are formed. 9. production of female gametes Meiosis takes place inside the ovule. are formed. 10. double fertilization One sperm fertilizes an egg and another sperm combines with polar nuclei to form a triploid cell. generation begins. 11. development of fruit and seeds Ovule and ovary begin to develop. Ovary becomes a. Ovary becomes a. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word that best completes the sentence. 12. A food supply for the developing plant embryo is called the. 13. The structures that receive sperm cells during are the egg and the polar nuclei. Holt McDougal Biology 7 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response

8 Section 22.3: Seed Dispersal and Germination Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Seeds disperse and begin to grow when conditions are favorable. VOCABULARY dormancy germination MAIN IDEA: Animals, wind, and water can spread seeds. Fill in the blank with the word that best completes the sentence. 1. The part of the plant that attracts animals to help disperse seed is the. 2. Seed is important because it prevents young plants from competing with parents for sunlight, growing space, water, and nutrients. 3. Fruits shaped like a parachute or wings contain seeds that are dispersed by. 4. Fruits with good-tasting flesh contain seeds that are dispersed by. MAIN IDEA: Seeds begin to grow when environmental conditions are favorable. 5. The embryo does not grow during seed. 6. Seed dormancy allows the next generation of plants to grow under environmental conditions. 7. Passing through the digestive tract of an animal ends for many plant species, including strawberries. Holt McDougal Biology 8 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response Section 3: Seed Dispersal and Germination

9 continued Fill in the blanks about germination to complete this Cause-and-Effect Chart. Choose from the following terms and phrases: plumule, materials in the endosperm, seed coat. Cause Effect(s) Embryo takes up water. 8. The seed swells and the cracks. Water activates enzymes. 9. Enzymes break down into sugars. Sugars are moved to embryo. 10. A young shoot called a breaks through the surface of the soil. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word that best completes the sentence. 11. If the embryo of a seed is not growing, it is in a state of. 12. If an embryo begins growing, it has begun the process of. Holt McDougal Biology 9 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response Section 3: Seed Dispersal and Germination

10 Holt McDougal Biology 10 Plant Growth, Reproduction, and Response Section 3: Seed Dispersal and Germination

Plant Life Cycles. Plant life cycles alternate between. producing gametes. Life cycle phases look different among various

Plant Life Cycles. Plant life cycles alternate between. producing gametes. Life cycle phases look different among various Plant Life Cycles Plant life cycles alternate between two cycles: Producing spores and producing gametes A two phase life cycle is called alternation of generations Diploid phase Haploid phase Alternates