In this week you will be introduced to the concepts pertaining to viruses and biotechnology.

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1 Introduction to Life Science (PROD) VIP Week 5 Week 5 Objectives: In this week you will be introduced to the concepts pertaining to viruses and biotechnology. Upon successful completion of the Lesson, the student will be able to: Recognize basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Explain the role of animal mating behavior in sexual reproduction. Name and describe the developmental stages of an animal embryo. Describe the events in human embryologic development. Describe the concepts of evolution and natural selection. Identify pathways of evolutionary change. Understand genetic variation. Make sure to utilize the "My Notes" section to organize your thoughts with regard to what is the most important information within the lecture that is being imparted. Focus on factual information relevant to each discussion topic. Reading Assignment and Lecture Key Points: Definitions: Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body Puberty o The point when reproductive physical maturity and capacity for human reproduction begins o Puberty is a rapid period of growth and change experienced by both males and females Not an isolated event Takes several years o Hypothalamus Gland located at the base of the brain which regulates temperature, sleep, emotions, sexual function and behavior Produces hormones Chemicals the originate in a gland or organ and travel through the blood to another organ

Stimulate the organs with chemical action to increase functional activity and secreations o Gonads The reproductive glands The testes in males and ovaries in females Produce testosterone (males)

2 Stimulate the organs with chemical action to increase functional activity and secreations o Gonads The reproductive glands The testes in males and ovaries in females Produce testosterone (males) Estrogen and progesterone (Females) Female Reproductive System Occurs between the ages of 9-13 Results in ovulation and menstruation o Involves cyclic hormonal changes in estrogen and progesterone Male Reproductive System Occurs between the ages of o Characterized by the secretion of testosterone

Columbia.edu, 2013. Animal Development Embryology o The study of development of the embryo o Occurs in 5 major stages 1. gametogenesis Gamete production 2. Fertilization Gamete Zygote 3.

3 Columbia.edu, Animal Development Embryology o The study of development of the embryo o Occurs in 5 major stages 1. gametogenesis Gamete production 2. Fertilization Gamete Zygote 3. Cleavage Zygote Bastula 4.Gastrulation Bastula Gastrula 5. Organogensis Organ Formation o Neurulation Gastrula Neurula Animal Development, Nichols.edu, 2013 The Stages of Animal Development Cleavage occurs immediately following fertilization.

4 o Cleavage is a process of extremely rapid mitotic divisions wherein the enormous volume of zygote cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller cells. Smaller cells are called blastomeres o Be the end of cleavage, the blastomeres from a sphere known as blastula Gastrulation is a series of extensive cell rearrangements o Occurs after the rate of mitotic division has reduced o The embryo is said to be in the gastrula stage As a result of gastrulation, the embryo contains three germ layers The ectoderm The endoderm The mesoderm Organogenesis occurs once the three germ layers are established, the cells interact with one another and rearrange themselves to produce tissues and organs. Gametes come to be due to a specialized portion of egg cytoplasm giving rise to cells. o Set aside for reproductive function o All the other cells of the body are called somatic cells. Sinauer Associates, Population and Evolutionary Genetics Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection o More individuals are produced each generation can survive o Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable o Individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive Survival of the Fittest o When reproductive isolation occurs the formation of new species will occur McClean, P., Population and Genetics, 1997

5 Week 5 Discussion Reproduction and Animal Behavior Question A Reproduction: Explain why asexually reproducing organisms are generally found in environments that do not change very much through time, while sexually reproducing organisms are very successful in environments that change dramatically through time. Animal Behavior: How does an animal s behavior aid survival and reproduction? Provide an example to illustrate your comments. In your response, be sure to include information from the reading to support your answer. Please respond to the initial question by day 5 and be sure to post two additional times to peers and/or instructor by day 7. The initial post by day 5 should be 75 to 150 words, but may go longer depending on the topic. If you use any source outside of your own thoughts, you should reference that source. Include solid grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling. W5 Assignment Choose ONE of the three options below: Option 1: Get Creative Create a 6-8 slide using Microsoft PowerPoint discussing human genetic variation. Discuss how and why scientists study human genetic variation. Be sure to include how much genetic variation exists among humans. Include a brief overview and explanation of these variations. Your reference page should be in proper APA format. Consider the following: Copyright 1999 by the BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. Option 2: News Flash Choose a learning objective from Week 5 and research an article on the Internet that relates to it. Write a summary of the article discussing it as well as what it means to you. Your summary should one two pages in length and should be in your own words.

6 Consider the following: Evolutionary Pathways Option 3: Traditional Paper Research, define and describe the multiple forces behind human evolution. Consider the following topics for subtopics of the paper: natural selection, random genetic drift, mutation, population mating structure, and culture. Your paper should be 2-3 pages in length. Your reference page should be in proper APA format. Resource Sites on Studying Strategies: Effective Study Skills Resource Sites on Writing Strategies: Writing Essays and Papers Site your Sources: General guidelines on citing Websites American Psychological Association (APA) style Chicago style Modern Language Association (MLA) style Turabian/Harvard style American Medical Association Spelling and Vocabulary Tips: Spelling strategies English spelling rules are complex, with many exceptions... Spelling rules & exercises American spelling rules and exercises...

7 Common misspelled words Words commonly misspelled or spelled correctly but not used properly... There They're Their pronounced the same, but spelled differently according to usage... Too Two To pronounced the same, but spelled differently according to usage... "Y" with suffixes When "y" is the last letter in a word... Prefixes and root words As you go through this exercise, note that a word's root or stem is its foundation... Suffixes and silent "e" If a word ends with... Mapping vocabulary The exercise will help you remember, use and understand a vocabulary word... Picturing vocabulary Use your mouse to draw what comes to mind about the given word... American alphabet recited Actor James Earl Jones recited the alphabet in 1.5 minutes as a test pilot for Sesame Street...

Unit 4 - Reproduction

Unit 4 - Reproduction Living Environment Practice Exam- Parts A and B-1 1. Which cell process occurs only in organisms that reproduce sexually? A) mutation B) replication C) meiosis D) mitosis 2. Which sequence represents the