COMPENDIUM Drug Related Statistics

Transcription

1 UNITED NATIONS Office on Drugs and Crime Regional Office for Central Asia COMPENDIUM Drug Related Statistics June i

2 COMPENDIUM OF DRUG RELATED STATISTICS, The Compendium was prepared by the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia supported by the Paris Pact Initiative project. The report is compiled from official statistics of Central Asian countries, UN data and other findings of the international organizations. This document has not been formally edited. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The web portal UNODC ROCA online databases is developed by the Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU) supported by the Paris Pact Initiative project. This portal presents the most updated and detailed information on drug and crime in Central Asia and neighboring countries. Statistical sections of the portal include latest info on drug seizures, crime, drug abuse and HIV/AIDS, for the region. For further information visit THIS IS NOT AN OFFICIAL DOCUMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS ii

3 Preface It is with great pride that the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia releases this first regional compendium on narcotics-related statistics. I would like to thank the staff of the Office's Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU) for the time and effort that they have put into producing this highquality document. UNODC is making this document available to all interested parties and I believe it will be a useful tool for any organization or governmental agency engaged in the work of combatting illicit drug trafficking, preventing and treating the abuse of illicit drugs or combating HIV/AIDS in the Central Asian region as well as those seeking to analyze the security situation in the region. James Callahan Regional Representative for Central Asia United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime iii

4 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... vii DRUG SEIZURES... 9 Heroin... 9 Opium Cannabis Hashish ILLICIT CROP CULTIVATION PRECURSORS DRUG PRICES DRUG ABUSE HIV/AIDS CRIME Total Crime Drug Related Crime POPULATION REFERENCES Maps Map 1. Heroin seizures and wholesale prices in Kazakhstan, by province, Map 2. Heroin seized by the Ministry of Interior of Kyrgyzstan, first eleven months of Map 3. Heroin seized by the Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan, Map 4. Largest opiates seizures in Uzbekistan, Map 5. Opium seizures in Kazakhstan, by province, Map 6. Opium seized by the Ministry of the Interior in Kyrgyzstan, first 11 months of Map 7. Opium seized by the Drug Control Agency in Tajikistan, Map 8. Cannabis seizures in Kazakhstan, by province, Map 9. Cannabis seizures by the Ministry of Interior in Kyrgyzstan, 11 months Map 10. Hashish seizures and wholesale prices in Kazakhstan, by province, Map 11. Number and rate of drug users registered in Kazakhstan, Map 12. Number of drug related crimes in Kazakhstan, Map 13. Number of drug related crimes in Kyrgyzstan, Map 14. Number and rate of drug related crime in Tajikistan, Tables Table 1. Heroin seizures (in kg), Table 2. Opium seizures, iv

5 Table 3. Cannabis seizures, Table 4. Hashish Seizures, Table 5. Cultivation and eradication of plants containing narcotic substances, Table 6. Precursor seizures, Table 7. Drug Prices, Table 8. Cumulative number of registered drug abusers, Table 9. Drug Abusers registered in dispensaries, Table 10. Heroin users registered, Table 11. Injecting drug users registered, Table 12. Newly registered drug abusers, Table 13. Cumulative Number of HIV Cases Registered, Table 14. People Living with HIV/AIDS, Table 15. New HIV Cases Registered, Table 16. Incidence of HIV cases (per 100,000), Table 17. HIV/AIDS Indicators, Table 18. Total crime, Table 16. Drug-related crimes registered, Table 17. Rate of Drug Related Crimes (per 100,000), Table 18. Drug-related crime in Central Asia, Table 19 Criminal cases related to drug trafficking, Table 20. Persons convicted for drug-related crimes (per 100,000), Table 21. Population of Central Asian countries, Figures Figure 1. Heroin seizures by country, Figure 2. Opium seizures by country, Figure 4. Opiate seizures, Figure 5. Cannabis seizures, Figure 6. Cannabis seizures by country, Figure 7. Hashish seizures, Figure 8. Heroin and injecting drug users, Figure 9. HIV acquired through unprotected sexual contact, Figure 10. IDU-related HIV cases, Figure 11. Rate of HIV cases (per 100,000), Figure 12. Rate of new HIV cases (per 100,000), Figure 13. Rate of drug-related crimes, Figure 14. Rate of drug-related crimes (per 100,000), Figure 15. Conviction Rate of Drug Related Crimes (per 100,000), v

6 ABBREVIATIONS AIDS ARQ CARICC DCA EMCDDA GAP HIV IDU MSM NCDC OSCE PLWHA ROCA UNAIDS UNDP UNGASS UNODC Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Annual Reports Questionnaire (UNODC) Central Asia Regional Information and Coordination Centre Drug Control Agency European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Global Assessment Programme Human Immunodeficiency Virus Injecting Drug Users Men having Sex with Men National Information and Analysis Centre for Drug Control (Uzbekistan) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe People Living With HIV/AIDS UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS United Nations Development Programme Special session of the General Assembly on HIV/AIDS United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime vi

7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This compendium was produced by the Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU) of the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia and benefited from the work and expertise of UNODC ROCA sub-office staff in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. We would like to acknowledge the support of the Governments of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan for facilitating the preparation of this publication. We also would like to thank the following organizations and individuals for their dedication and contributions: KAZAKHSTAN Committee for Drug Trafficking Prevention and Drug Control of the Ministry of the Interior Mr. Maratkali Nukenov, Vice-Minister of the Interior and Committee Chairperson Ms. Elena Aitbaeva, Deputy Head of Department Ms. Assel Rakhimova, Senior Inspection Officer Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Records of the Office of the Prosecutor-General Mr. Georgiy Kim, Chairperson Mr. Kairat Makadjanov, Deputy Chairperson Mr. Grigoriy Prishchepa, Head of the Information and Analysis Centre National Centre for Applied Research on Drug Addiction Mr. Oleg Lavrentyev, Head of the Information Department Ms. Nuriya Gafarova, Head of the Department of Methodology National Statistics Agency Ms. Balzhan Ibragimova, Head of the Publishing Department KYRGYZSTAN Drug Control Agency Mr. Alimbay Sultanov, Director Mr. Almaz Garifullin, Deputy Chief of Staff Mr. Kumarbek Chaldanbaev, Head of the International Department National Drug Research Centre Ms. Zhyldyz Bakirova, Head of the Department of Methodology vii

8 TAJIKISTAN Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Mr. Rustam Nazarov, Director Ms. Olga Muravleva, former Head of Department Mr. Yuriy Chikalov, Senior Inspection Officer Ministry of Health Mr. Mirzosharif Odinaev, Deputy Head of Department UZBEKISTAN National Information and Analysis Centre for Drug Control under the Cabinet of Ministers (NCDC) Mr. Kamol Dusmetov, Director Mr. Maxudjon Duliev, Head of the International Department Mr. Amurtemirkhon Musaev, Leading Expert Mr. Andrey Mokiy, Expert National AIDS Centre Ms. Guzal Giyasova, Director UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia Mr. James Callahan, UNODC Regional Representative for Central Asia Mr. Hakan Demirbuken, Regional Monitoring Expert Ms. Rakhima Mansurova, National Strategic Analyst, CAU Mr. Odil Kurbanov, National Strategic Analyst, CAU Mr. Umidjon Rahmonberdiev, Web Developer, CAU Ms. Chris Van Herk, Project Consultant Mr. Kamran Niaz, Regional Epidemiology Advisor Mr. Mirzakhid Sultanov, Regional HIV/AIDS Advisor Ms. Zhuldyz Akisheva, Programme Management Officer (Bishkek) Ms. Sevara Karimova, Research Assistant Mr. Tofik Murshudlu, Law Enforcement Advisor/Coordinator, CARICC (Almaty) Mr. Siyar Ramazanov, Law Enforcement Officer, CARICC (Almaty) Mr. Ercan Saka, Project Coordinator (Ashgabat) Mr. Chary Ataev, National Project Coordinator (Ashgabat) Ms. Aida Akjoltoeva, Associate Project Officer (Bishkek) Mr. Christer Brannerud, Project Coordinator (Tajikistan) Mr. Rasoul Rakhimov, National Project Officer (Tajikistan) Ms. Mutabara Vohidova, National Project Officer (Tajikistan) Mr. Suhrob Raupov, Project Assistant (Tajikistan) Ms. Zarina Safarova, Project Clerk (Tajikistan) viii

9 DRUG SEIZURES Heroin Over the past decade ( ), there have been significant variations in the distribution and aggregate total of annual heroin seizures in Central Asia. During this period, the smallest amount of heroin seized was 1,076 kg in 1998; the largest amount seized was 6,829 kg in In 2007, total heroin seizures in Central Asia amounted to 3,309 kg. Table 1. Heroin seizures (in kg), % Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan ,883 4,239 3,958 5,600 4,794 2,345 2,098 1, Turkmenistan 1, Uzbekistan TOTAL 2,126 1,077 1,355 3,237 5,084 5,053 6,829 6,317 3,820 3,651 3,309-9 In 2007, heroin seizures decreased in Tajikistan (by 26 per cent), Uzbekistan (by 11 per cent) and Kazakhstan (by six per cent), while increasing substantially in Kyrgyzstan (65 per cent) and Turkmenistan (62 per cent). Overall, heroin seizures decreased by nine per cent in Central Asia in Tajikistan remains the regional leader in heroin seizures (accounting for 46 per cent of total seizures), which highlights Tajikistan s salience as the gateway for Afghan heroin trafficked through Central Asia. Figure 1. Heroin seizures by country, 2007 (in kg and per cent) Kazakhstan % Kyrgyzstan % Tajikistan 1,550 46% Uzbe kistan % Turkmenistan % Map 1 of heroin seizures in Kazakhstan illustrates the drug situation in that country and likely opiate trafficking routes through Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation. All provinces reported heroin seizures, typically five to 50 kg. The southern Kazakhstan province reported the largest seizures, followed by Kostanai province. The wholesale price of heroin was lowest in Karaganda (US$6,500), Zhambyl (US$8,000) and southern Kazakhstan (US$9,000), and highest in the Atyrau province (US$40,000). 9

10 Map 2, which shows individual seizures by city for the first 11 months of 2007, facilitates a greater understanding of the pattern of heroin trafficking. Significant seizures (5-30 kg) are concentrated along the Kyrgyz-Tajik and Kyrgyz-Uzbek borders in the south and north, around Bishkek. The map also indicates that the main drug trafficking route passes from Sughd province in Tajikistan through the Batken, Osh, Jalal-Abad and Chui provinces to Zhambyl province in Kazakhstan. According to official estimates, of the total volume of heroin trafficked through Kyrgyzstan, 30 per cent is intended for local consumption and 10 per cent for use in other CIS countries, while 60 per cent is trafficked onward to the Russian Federation. 1 In 2007, the Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan seized an approximate total of 200 kg of heroin in Parkhar district (Khatlon province); kg in Dushanbe and Buston (close to the Tajik- Uzbek border); and kg in Iskashim district (Gorno-Badakshan Autonomous region), Pajikent city, Gafurov and Buston villages (Sughd). According to national estimates, of the total volume of Afghan heroin trafficked through Tajikistan, five per cent is consumed within the country, 15 per cent is trafficked to other CIS countries and 80 per cent is trafficked to the Russian Federation. 2 In Uzbekistan, opiates are trafficked through the regions bordering Tajikistan and directly from Afghanistan across the border that follows the Amu-Darya River. Large opiate shipments are believed to be facilitated by the use of cargo vehicles. For example, 235 kg of heroin hidden in wood boxes with fruit in cargo was seized in Tashkent and 196 kg of opium was found hidden in iron tool boxes in cargo in the Kashkadarya province in UNODC ARQ submitted by Kyrgyzstan, UNODC ARQ submitted by Tajikistan,

11 Map 1. Heroin seizures and wholesale prices in Kazakhstan, by province, 2007 Source: Committee for Drug Trafficking Prevention and Drug Control of the Ministry of the Interior 11

12 Map 2. Heroin seized by the Ministry of Interior of Kyrgyzstan, first eleven months of 2007 Source: Ministry of the Interior of the Kyrgyz Republic 12

13 Map 3. Heroin seized by the Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan, 2007 Source: Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan 13

14 Map 4. Largest opiates seizures in Uzbekistan, 2007 Source: National Information and Analysis Centre for Drug Control, Uzbekistan 14

15 Opium In 2007, all Central Asian countries except Tajikistan reported a decrease in opium seizures. In Tajikistan, opium seizures increased by 83 per cent, accounting for 42 per cent of the total volume of opium seizures in Central Asia and thus for an overall increase of seven per cent. Turkmenistan ranked second in aggregate opium seizures (37 per cent of total regional seizures). Figure 2. Opium seizures by country, 2007 Tajikistan 2,542 42% Turkmenistan 2,284 37% Kyrgyzstan 271 4% Kazakhstan 336 5% Uzbekistan % Table 2. Opium seizures (in kg), % Kazakhstan 1, Kyrgyzstan 1, , Tajikistan 3,456 1,190 1,269 4,778 3,664 1,624 2, ,316 1,104 1,387 2, Turkmenistan 1,410 1,412 4,600 2, , ,656 2, Uzbekistan 2,364 1,935 3,292 2, TOTAL 9,869 5,024 9,483 10,747 4,678 3,023 2, ,036 2,746 5,741 6,163 7 Between 1997 and 2007, aggregate opium seizures decreased by 38 per cent in Central Asia, peaking at almost 11 tonnes in 2000 before decreasing to slightly below three tonnes in Opium seizures increased by 109 per cent in 2006, followed by a modest increase of seven per cent in

16 Figure 3. Opiate seizures (in tonnes), Heroin Opium Between the years 1998 and 2004, total opiate seizures in terms of heroin equivalence increased in Central Asia (from 1.8 to 4.2 tonnes). However, between 2005 and 2007, trends remained stable at around four tonnes per year. According to information provided by the Committee for Drug Trafficking Prevention and Drug Control of Kazakhstan, the largest volume of opium seizures was reported in Kostanai province (132 kg), Zhambyl province (55 kg) and the city of Almaty (53 kg). The increase in opium wholesale prices from south to north, together with drug seizure information, confirms a pattern of opium trafficking through Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation (see map 5). According to information provided by the Ministry of the Interior of Kyrgyzstan, the largest opium seizures were concentrated in Naryn, Issyk-Kul and Chui provinces, while seizures of 15 to 30 kg were reported in the cities of Bishkek, Karakol and Kindy in Small amounts (one to five kg) were seized the Jalal-Abad province, which lies along the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border (see map 6). According to official estimates, most Afghan opium trafficked through Kyrgyzstan passes also through Tajikistan. Of the total volume of opium trafficked through Kyrgyzstan, 45 per cent is consumed within the country, 10 per cent is trafficked to Kazakhstan and 45 per cent is trafficked to the Russian Federation. 3 Seizure statistics provided by the Tajik Drug Control Agency indicate that 286 kg of opium was seized in Kylyab city (Khatlon), 27.5 kg in Khujand city (Sughd), 11 kg in the Vaksh district of Khatlon and 10 kg in Dushanbe in 2007 (see map 7). According to official estimates, of the total volume of opium trafficked through Tajikistan, 10 per cent was intended for local consumption, 10 per cent for use in other CIS countries and 80 per cent for use in the Russian Federation and Europe (see map 7). 4 3 UNODC ARQ submitted by Kyrgyzstan, UNODC ARQ submitted by Tajikistan,

17 Map 5. Opium seizures in Kazakhstan, by province, 2007 Source: Committee for Drug Trafficking Prevention and Drug Control, Ministry of the Interior 17

18 Map 6. Opium seized by the Ministry of the Interior in Kyrgyzstan, first 11 months of 2007 Source: Ministry of the Interior of the Kyrgyz Republic 18

19 Map 7. Opium seized by the Drug Control Agency in Tajikistan, 2007 Source: Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan 19

20 Cannabis Over the past eight years ( ), cannabis seizures have grown steadily in Central Asia, from 20 to 28 tonnes. Kazakhstan accounts for more than three quarters of total cannabis seizures; approximately 22 tonnes were seized in A considerable amount of wild cannabis grows in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Two tonnes of cannabis were seized in Kyrgyzstan in 2006, increasing to four tonnes in Cannabis seizures in all other Central Asian countries have remained stable over the course of the past four years ( ) at approximately two tonnes per year. Figure 4. Cannabis seizures (in tonnes), OtherCA countries Kyrgyzs tan Kazakhs tan Table 3. Cannabis seizures (in kg), % Kazakhstan 15,466 11,789 17,072 18,829 21,349 21,733 22,869 21,794-5 Kyrgyzstan 3,748 2,251 2,526 1,885 2,136 1,984 2,400 4, Tajikistan , ,164 1,306 1, Turkmenistan 93 5,199 1, Uzbekistan TOTAL 19,960 20,248 22,151 22,764 25,090 25,462 27,157 27,762 2 Consistent with the steady increase in cannabis seizures in Central Asia, Kazakhstan accounts for the largest proportion of seizures (79 per cent), with relatively minor proportions seized in Tajikistan (four per cent), Uzbekistan (two per cent), Kyrgyzstan (one per cent) and Turkmenistan (less than one per cent). 20

21 Figure 5. Cannabis seizures by country, 2007 Turkmenistan 85 0% Tajikistan 1,174 4% Uzbekistan 681 2% Kazakhstan 21,794 79% Kyrgyzstan 4,028 15% Note: Tajikistan reports cannabis group Seizure statistics by province in Kazakhstan indicate that the majority of seizures are reported in the central and eastern regions. Zhambyl province reports both the largest volume of cannabis seizures (more than 9.7 tonnes) and the lowest wholesale price (US$25 per kg). Prices in other regions range from US$100 (in Karaganda) to US$550 (in the city of Astana). More than 7.5 tonnes of cannabis were seized by the Transport Police in 2007, which confirms that drugs are often trafficked by rail (see map 8). Cannabis grows wild over wide areas in Kyrgyzstan, especially in the Chui valley, around Lake Issyk-Kul, Talas and Jalal-Abad provinces. Sporadic cases of illicit cannabis cultivation have been reported in remote regions difficult of access. According to information on drugs seized by the Ministry of Interior, the largest amount of cannabis were seized in Leninpul and Uzgen (1-5 tons) and Massy (500-1,000 kg). Also, dense concentration of kg seizures were registered in Chui province. UNODC and the Ministry of the Interior of Kazakhstan agreed to implement a cannabis survey in Kazakhstan in 2009 (see map 9). 21

22 Map 8. Cannabis seizures in Kazakhstan, by province, 2007 Source: Committee for Drug Trafficking Prevention and Drug Control, Ministry of the Interior 22

23 Map 9. Cannabis seizures by the Ministry of Interior in Kyrgyzstan, 11 months 2007 Source: Ministry of the Interior of the Kyrgyz Republic 23

24 Hashish Hashish is not a major drug produced in or trafficked through Central Asia. In 2007, of the 870 kg of hashish seized in Central Asia, 440 kg were seized in Kyrgyzstan (51 per cent), 262 kg were seized in Kazakhstan (30 per cent), 115 kg were seized in Turkmenistan (13 per cent), and 53 kg were seized in Uzbekistan (6 per cent). Figure 6. Hashish seizures, 2007 Turkmenistan % Kyrgyzstan % Uzbekistan 53 6% Kazakhstan % Note: Tajikistan reports cannabis group Table 4. Hashish Seizures (in kg), % Kazakhstan 4, Kyrgyzstan n/a 1,498 1,717 n/a n/a n/a Tajikistan n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Turkmenistan n/a 22,249 10,413 4 n/a n/a Uzbekistan 316 n/a Hashish seizures and wholesale prices by provinces in Kazakhstan may indicate a major route of hashish trafficking from Zhambyl through Kostanai provinces to Russia (map10). Approximately 80 kg hashish were seized in Zhambyl in Hashish prices are lowest in Zhambyl province (US$ 250). Hashish prices around Zhambyl, Kostanai, Pavlodar and Northern Kazakhstan are lower compare to the Western and Eastern Kazakhstan. 24

25 Map 10. Hashish seizures and wholesale prices in Kazakhstan, by province, 2007 Source: Committee for Drug Trafficking Prevention and Drug Control, Ministry of the Interior 25

26 ILLICIT CROP CULTIVATION Small-scale illicit cannabis cultivation and large areas of wild cannabis growth are present throughout Central Asia. Central Asia countries carry out yearly eradication campaigns against illicit crops. Kazakhstan is Central Asia s largest producer of cannabis, accounting for 97 percent of the cannabis sold in Central Asia. 5 Wild cannabis is common in southern Kazakhstan with the largest single location in the Shui Valley. Officially, the Kazakh government reported 0.23 hectares of wild cannabis growth and 0.36 hectares of illicit cannabis cultivation in However, a 2007 UNODC mission to the Shui valley indicates that wild cannabis growth can be well above 100,000 ha. Although there is no significant commercial production of illicit drugs in Kyrgyzstan, cannabis and ephedra grow wild over large areas, especially in the Chui valley region and around Lake Issyk-Kul. The Law enforcement agencies reported 4,203 ha under wild growing cannabis and 2,350 ha of eradication in Kyrgyzstan. The annual "Black Poppy" eradication campaign in Uzbekistan eliminated illicit poppy cultivation in Over one thousand criminal cases initiated by Uzbek authorities including 648 cases related with opium illicit cultivation (1.07 ha) and 517 cases of illicit cannabis cultivation (0.50 ha). Tajikistan reported small-scale illicit cannabis cultivation (51 cases initiated and 1 hectare detected) and some limited area (30 hectares) of wild cannabis growth. Table 5. Cultivation and eradication of plants containing narcotic substances, 2007 Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Total Criminal ,165 Cases Initiated 1 Area Detected , Area under Illicit Cultivation: Opium (ha) Criminal Cases Initiated Cannabis (ha) Criminal Cases Initiated Area of Wild Growing Plants: Cannabis (ha) Eradicated area: Wild growing cannabis (ha) , Total Drugs Seized 3 n/a 2, , At the results of "Black Poppy" operations in Area of wild growing cannabis mapped by Special Units of Kyrgyzstan 3 Includes all type of drugs seized at the result of "Black Poppy" operations 5 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2006,the U.S. Department of State 26

27 PRECURSORS Although no precursor seizures have been reported by Turkmenistan, Tajikistan or Uzbekistan since 1998, questions remain as to whether precursors are trafficked through these countries to Afghanistan. Table 6. Precursor seizures, Year Acetic Anhydride Ephedrine Potassium Permanga nate Acetone Hydrochloric Acid Sulphuric Acid Toluene Litre kg kg litre litre litre litre Kazakhstan , , , , , , , ,113.0 Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan , , , Uzbekistan , , Total 124, , , , DRUG PRICES As reported by law enforcement agencies of Central Asian countries, the wholesale prices for heroin in Central Asian countries vary depending on purity level. The 2007 statistics indicate that wholesale price for heroin ranged from $1,000 per kg for very low purity in Tajikistan 6 to $40,000 per kg in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. In Kazakhstan, the average wholesale heroin price increased twofold in the north and by 130 per cent in the South in Wholesale prices for high purity heroin in Tajikistan ranged from $2,500 to $6,000 per kg ( white heroin ), and high purity heroin ( dudi ) in Kyrgyzstan ranged from $6,000 to $12,000 per kg. Price data from Tajikistan indicates that heroin prices increase with distance from the Afghan border. 6 By information of the Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan 27

28 Street-level heroin in Central Asian countries usually sells for $2-50 per gram depending on the purity level, although prices vary between and throughout the countries. Heroin retail prices per gram are highest in Turkmenistan ($20-$50) followed by Uzbekistan ($12-$35), Tajikistan ($4- $7) and Kyrgyzstan ($1.3-$2.6). Table 7. Drug Prices, 2007 Wholesale Prices (in US$ per kg) Kazakhstan 1 Kyrgyzstan 2 Tajikistan 3 Turkmenistan 4 Uzbekistan 5 Opium ,000 1,300-2, ,500-4, ,000 Heroin 6,000-40,0000 4,000-8,000 1,000-2,200 17,500-40,000 7,000-25,000 Heroin (high purity) 6 n/a 6,000-12,000 2,500-6,000 n/a n/a Cannabis 25-1, Hashish ,000 1,976-2, ,200 n/a 600-2,500 Street Prices (in US$ per gram) Opium n/a Heroin n/a Cannabis n/a Hashish n/a n/a n/a Kazakhstan - as of December Kyrgyzstan - annual average for Tajikistan - as of January 2007 for wholesale prices; annual average for 2006 for retail prices 4 Turkmenistan - average annual for 2007, the exchange rate used as 1$ USD=20,000 manat 5 Uzbekistan - as of January Over 70 per cent purity Opium prices vary from $200-$600 per kg in Tajikistan to $3,500-$4,000 per kg in Turkmenistan. According to information provided by the Ministry of Interior of Kazakhstan, the minimum wholesale price for opium is $600 per kg in Kostanai province. In provinces bordering neighboring countries, one kg opium costs more than $1,000 in Kazakhstan. The maximum price for opium in Kazakhstan is $15,000 per kg. The street price for opium is highest in Turkmenistan ($5.0-$7.0 per gram) and the lowest in Kyrgyzstan ($1.3-$2.6 per gram). Wholesale cannabis prices vary widely from $25 to $1500 per kg in Kazakhstan. Among other countries of Central Asia, the lowest cannabis price is in Turkmenistan ($20-$50 per kg), and the highest one is in Tajikistan ($70-$700 per kg). The lowest street-level price for cannabis is observed in Kyrgyzstan ($0.4-$0.5 per gram), and the highest are in Tajikistan ($1.0-$3.0 per gram). 28

29 DRUG ABUSE The Central Asian countries are experiencing serious drug related problems including consistently rising levels of drug abuse and resulting increases in HIV infection rates. Drug abuse prevalence has increased particularly dramatically among young people. Table 8. Cumulative number of registered drug abusers, Kazakhstan 38,320 45,505 47,241 47,924 47,903 53,577 54,411 55,286 Kyrgyzstan 4,479 5,057 5,611 6,350 6,865 7,290 7,842 8,464 Tajikistan 4,200 6,243 6,917 6,862 7,374 7,837 7,865 8,607 Uzbekistan 14,627 18,417 19,236 19,386 19,844 19,868 19,964 21,465 In 2007, more than 118,000 drug abusers were registered in Central Asia (including registered cases of drug abuse for Turkmenistan). Turkmenistan reports registered cases of drug use as opposed to registered drug users. 33,000 registered cases were reported in An increase in demand is evident in all countries of the region. The main drugs abused are heroin, opium derivatives, cannabis and psychotropic substances. Over 80 per cent of total registered constitute opiate user. The highest proportion of heroin users (among total drug users) was reported in Tajikistan (82 per cent) and Uzbekistan (70 per cent). Figure 7. Heroin and injecting drug users, Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Heroin Users (as % of DUs) Injecting Drug Users (as % of DUs) Official data indicates that Kazakhstan has the highest proportion of IDUs (over 80 per cent), following by Kyrgyzstan (64 per cent) and Tajikistan. The lowest proportion of IDUs (25 per cent) was registered in Turkmenistan. The rate of newly registered drug users was 65.3 per 100,000 population in Kazakhstan, 32.5 per 100,000 in Turkmenistan, 16.5 per 100,000 in Kyrgyzstan and approximately 9 per 100,000 in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 29

30 Table 9. Drug Abusers registered in dispensaries, 2007 Cumulative Number of Drug Abusers Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan 1 Uzbekistan Total 55,286 8,464 8,607 n/a 21,465 n/a Female 4,737 n/a 420 1,492 1, ,290.8 Cumulative Number 48,066 8, ,697 19, ,577 of Drug Users (DUs) 1 Heroin 27,768 3,351 7,064 31,207 13,853 83,243 Opium 6,660 2, ,397 2,502 13,275 Cannabis type 11,320 2, ,047 3,286 18,464 Injecting Drug 38,933 5,386 5,316 8,257 9,153 67,045 Users 2 Drug Addicts 9, ,059 17,854 n/a n/a Treated 3 Newly Registered Drug Abusers (per 100,000) n/a 1 Turkmenistan reports the registered cases in the Narcological Service 2 excluding users with dependence on solvents 3 IDUs figure is for 2006 in Kazakhstan 4 in-patient treatment Table 10. Cumulative registered heroin users, Kazakhstan n/a n/a n/a n/a 19,999 n/a 25,641 25,790 Kyrgyzstan ,223 1,702 1,993 2,269 2,694 3,351 Tajikistan 3,211 4,725 4,813 5,155 5,690 6,250 6,335 7,064 Uzbekistan 5,586 9,832 11,174 11,342 12,000 12,564 13,337 13,853 Table 11. Cumulative registered injecting drug users registered, Kazakhstan n/a n/a n/a n/a 36,885 35,467 38,824 n/a Kyrgyzstan 3,261 3,474 3,463 4,400 4,754 4,975 5,387 5,386 Tajikistan 1,419 2,193 2,334 2,420 3,564 4,478 4,693 5,316 Turkmenistan 5,223 7,639 9,437 11,614 8,370 8,823 8,581 < 8,500 Uzbekistan 5,864 7,922 8,568 7,572 7,557 9,370 9,133 9,153 Over 15,000 new drug abusers were registered in All countries except Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan indicate a slight decrease compared to Table 12. Newly registered drug abusers, Kazakhstan 11,455 11,345 9,447 8,214 7,589 11,009 10,743 10,063 Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan 1,499 1, Turkmenistan 8,727 10,945 8,078 5,477 2,761 2,560 1,980 1,615 Uzbekistan 5,555 6,320 3,026 2,372 2,336 2,392 2,606 > 2,500 30

31 Map 11. Number and rate of drug users registered in Kazakhstan, 2007 Source: Committee for Drug Trafficking Prevention and Drug Control, Ministry of the Interior 31

32 HIV/AIDS Recent data indicates that the number of officially recorded HIV cases in the region increased a mammoth fifteen-fold from 2000 to Nearly 6,000 new HIV cases were registered in 2007, bringing the total number of confirmed HIV cases to more than 25,000. This represents a 31 percent increase from Most of the reported HIV cases continue to be among men. However, the proportion of women registered with HIV has continued to increases. As of 1 January 2008, of the aggregate total of HIV cases registered in Central Asia, 34 per cent were registered in Uzbekistan, 26 per cent in Kazakhstan, 21 per cent in Kyrgyzstan, and 19 per cent in Tajikistan. The most common route of HIV transmission is through injecting drug use combined with unsafe injecting practices; however, a growing proportion of people are acquiring HIV through unprotected sexual contact. The proportion of reported HIV infection at the results of this transmission mode increased six-fold in Kyrgyzstan, four-fold in Kazakhstan, approximately twofold in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan between 2001 and These figures suggest that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is no longer primarily confined to the injecting drug user community. Figure 8. HIV acquired through unprotected sexual contact, % 24% 22% 23% 13% 10% 5% 4% Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan reported the highest percentage of IDU related HIV cases (73 per cent and 72 per cent respectively). 32

33 Figure 9. IDU-related HIV cases, Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Uzbekistan being the most populous country has the highest number of registered HIV/AIDS cases of the five Central Asian countries. However, in terms of HIV prevalence per 100,000 population, Kazakhstan leads following by Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Table 13. Cumulative Number of HIV Cases Registered, Kazakhstan 1,347 2,522 3,257 3,997 4,696 5,657 7,402 9,378 Kyrgyzstan ,070 1,479 Tajikistan ,049 Uzbekistan ,760 3,596 5,612 7,810 10,015 13,184 TOTAL 1,641 3,548 5,456 8,206 11,280 14,799 19,197 25,090 Table 14. People Living with HIV/AIDS 7, Kazakhstan 1,243 2,359 3,022 3,653 4,186 5,056 6,512 >8,500 Kyrgyzstan ,300 Tajikistan Uzbekistan ,718 3,379 5,417 7,181 9,460 >12,000 Note: Estimated figures for Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan 7 Number of PLWHA = Cumulative registered cases - Number of deaths among PLWHA (Source: AIDS Foundation East-West, ) 33

34 Figure 10. Rate of HIV cases (per 100,000), Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Kazakhstan In 2007, all countries report significant increased in registered HIV in The largest increase in absolute terms occurred in Uzbekistan with 3,169 new infections. Measure according to the increase from 2006, the largest increases occurred in Tajikistan (48 per cent) and Kyrgyzstan (38 per cent), followed by Uzbekistan (32 per cent) and Kazakhstan (27 per cent). These figures illustrate the rapid dispersion of HIV in the region. Table 15. New HIV Cases Registered, Kazakhstan 347 1, ,745 1,979 Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan ,836 2,016 2,198 2,205 3,169 TOTAL 524 1,907 1,908 2,750 3,074 3,522 4,398 5,896 34

35 Figure 11. Rate of new HIV cases (per 100,000), Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Table 16. Incidence of HIV cases (per 100,000), Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Prevalence of HIV/AIDS = PLWHA * 100,000 population/(population in the reported year) 2 Incidence of HIV = [New cases]*100,000/([population in the reported year] - [PLWHA in last year]) Kazakhstan has the highest HIV/AIDS rate (people living with HIV/AIDS per 100,000 population) at 55 per 100,000 population. A similar rate is observed in Uzbekistan (44 per 100,000) while significantly smaller rates are observed in Kyrgyzstan (24 per 100,000) and Tajikistan (14 per 100,000). In 2007 alone, 2,336 people died from HIV/AIDS in Central Asia. The number of new AIDS cases registered 175 in Kazakhstan, 26 in Kyrgyzstan, and 2 cases in Tajikistan in In general, Kyrgyzstan reported about 111 and Tajikistan 3 cumulative number of AIDS cases. Table 17. HIV/AIDS Indicators, 2007 Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan TOTAL HIV/AIDS related deaths ,182 2,336 (total) 1 New AIDS cases n/a n/a Cumulative AIDS n/a n/a n/a 35

36 CRIME Total Crime All Central Asian countries demonstrated slight fluctuation in total crimes rates in course of the past 8 years ( ). The aggregate number of crimes in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan decreased marginally over the reported period, while the aggregate number of crimes registered in Uzbekistan has increased marginally over the past period. Table 18. Total crime, Kazakhstan 150, , , , , , , ,064 Kyrgyzstan 38,620 39,986 37,193 35,606 32,616 33,277 31,392 29,151 Tajikistan 14,455 14,117 12,754 11,150 11,037 12,074 11,223 > 12,000 Uzbekistan 73,904 74,314 77,199 78,925 79,129 79,883 82,352 n/a TOTAL 277, , , , , , ,238 n/a Concomitant with variations in total crime, the crime rate per 100,000 has similarly fluctuated. the crime rate decreased from 1,008 in 2000 to 830 in 2007 in Kazakhstan; from 781 to 548 in Kyrgyzstan; and from 234 to 178 in Tajikistan. In contrast, the crime rate of Uzbekistan slightly increased from 299 to 355. In Kazakhstan, sub-national figures indicate that the majority of crime occurs in in Eastern Kazakhstan (1,320), Pavlodar (1,300) and Almaty city (1,170), followed by Kostanai (1,090), Aktobe (900), Western Kazakhstan (890), Akmola (880), and Karaganda (860) provinces. Similar crime statistics disaggregated by region are not available for the other Central Asian states. Drug Related Crime Two trends in drug related crime in Central Asia are evident: first, drug related crime has decrease as a percent of total crime, and second, drug related crime has decreased in absolute terms. Given the increasing level of Afghan opiates believed to be flowing though the region, these trends are curious. Drug related crime as a percent of total crime has decreased in all countries in the region in the region and ranges from 6 percent in Tajikistan to 11 percent in Uzbekistan in The total number of drug related crimes in the region for 2007 was just under 22,000, a 44 percent decrease from the nearly 39,000 drug related crimes reported in Figure 12. Rate of drug-related crimes, Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan 36

37 Drug related crimes steady decreased in Kazakhstan during the period of (on average, 19 per cent per annum), with slight increases observed in the course of the past two years (7 per cent and 1 per cent respectively). Tajikistan witnessed a similar declining drug related crime trend in between 2000 and 2005 (on average, 19 per cent per annum), followed by slight increases in 2006 and 2007 (18 per cent and 7 per cent respectively). Kyrgyzstan has had an overall declining trend in drug related crime in the 2000 to 2007 period (from 3,539 drug related crimes in 2006 to 1,996 drug related crimes in 2007) whereas drug related crime figures in Uzbekistan have been more consistent year-to-year. Table 19. Drug-related crimes registered, % Kazakhstan 23,340 17,388 13,313 12,039 9,748 9,741 10,423 10,502 1 Kyrgyzstan 3,539 3,205 3,018 3,106 3,090 2,565 2,437 1, Tajikistan 1,922 1,922 1, Uzbekistan 10,137 9,226 8,716 8,893 8,538 8,367 8,834 9,435 7 TOTAL 38,938 31,741 26,134 24,915 22,130 21,293 22,420 21,933-2 Table 20. Rate of drug related crimes (per 100,000), Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Figure 13. Rate of drug-related crimes (per 100,000), Kazakhstan Kyrgyzs tan Tajikis tan Uzbekis tan Kazakhstan has consistently had both the largest absolute number drug related crimes and the greatest incidence of drug related crimes per 100,000 population among the Central Asian states from 2000 to In 2007, the rate of drug related crime per 100,000 population in Kazakhstan was roughly twice as high as Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and six times as high was Tajikistan. 37

38 Table 21. Drug-related crime in Central Asia, 2007 Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Criminal cases initiated 1 10,502 1, ,297 9,435 Change from 2006 (%) n/a 6.8 Including: Smuggling n/a n/a 284 Change from 2006 (%) n/a n/a 17 Crimes with intent to sell 5, ,514 5,157 Change from 2006 (%) Crimes without intent to sell 4,903 1, n/a n/a Change from 2006 (%) n/a n/a Illicit cultivation n/a 1,165 Persons committed 8,147 n/a n/a n/a 5,303 Cases considered in the courts n/a 1, ,786 n/a Persons convicted 300 n/a 828 3,567 n/a Note: Turkmenistan, for 11 months of 2007 The majority of drug related crimes were committed with the intent to sell. Drug trafficking appeared to be the most frequent crime in Kazakhstan (390 cases registered in 2007), and Uzbekistan again (284 cases registered in the same year). Although the number of newly registered cases in Kazakhstan is more than in Uzbekistan, the latter demonstrates the general tendency of increasing in the crime of smuggling rates (17 per cent compared to 2006 rates). Table 22. Criminal cases related to drug trafficking, Kazakhstan n/a Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 18 n/a Uzbekistan n/a n/a n/a n/a A prominent downward trend in conviction rates per 100,000 population is evident for the period Incomplete data didn t enable to estimate the structure of convicted by type of DRC. Table 23. Persons convicted for drug-related crimes (per 100,000),

39 Kazakhstan n/a Kyrgyzstan n/a Tajikistan n/a Uzbekistan n/a Figure 14. Conviction Rate of Drug Related Crimes (per 100,000), Kazakhs tan Kyrgyzs tan Tajikis tan Uzbekis tan According to official statistics provided by the Government of Kazakhstan 8, the largest volume of drug related crimes in 2007 were registered in Almaty city (1507), Karaganda province (1206), and South-Eastern Transport Region (1142). Astana, Mangystau, Kostanai, Eastern Kazakhstan, have witnessed over 10 per cent an increase in drug related crimes. More and more crimes are committed by organized criminal groups and criminal community in Kazakhstan. As reported, the largest 36 per cent increase in Astana is related with a growth of migration flow (see map 12). Highest levels of crime in Kyrgyzstan were registered in Chui province and Bishkek city (see map 13). In Tajikistan, the highest number of drug related crimes registered in Sughd (225 cases), Dushanbe city (219 cases), Khatlon (161). While in terms of rate per 100,000, the largest rate shows Dushanbe city (33), Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region (14), Sughd (10), and Khatlon provinces (6). (Map 14) 8 Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Records of the Office of the Prosecutor-General of the Republic of Kazakhstan 39

40 Map 12. Number of drug related crimes in Kazakhstan, 2007 Source: Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Records of the Office of the Prosecutor-General 40

41 Map 13. Number of drug related crimes in Kyrgyzstan, 2007 Source: Ministry of the Interior of the Kyrgyz Republic 41

42 Map 14. Number and rate of drug related crime in Tajikistan, 2007 Source: Ministry of the Interior of the Kyrgyz Republic 42

43 POPULATION Table 24. Population of Central Asian countries, in thousands Kazakhstan 14,954 14,910 14,934 15,008 15,107 15,211 15,314 15,422 15,532 Male 7,172 7,143 7,149 7,181 7,226 7,274 7,321 7,371 7,422 Female 7,782 7,767 7,785 7,827 7,881 7,937 7,993 8,051 8,109 Kyrgyzstan 4,946 5,005 5,057 5,105 5,153 5,204 5,259 5,317 5,376 Male 2,438 2,468 2,493 2,517 2,540 2,565 2,592 2,621 2,650 Female 2,508 2,538 2,564 2,588 2,613 2,639 2,667 2,696 2,726 Tajikistan 6,173 6,246 6,318 6,391 6,467 6,550 6,640 6,736 6,839 Male 3,094 3,127 3,157 3,186 3,218 3,253 3,293 3,337 3,385 Female 3,079 3,119 3,161 3,204 3,250 3,297 3,347 3,399 3,453 Turkmenistan 4,502 4,564 4,630 4,698 4,766 4,833 4,899 4,965 5,031 Male 2,220 2,251 2,282 2,315 2,348 2,380 2,412 2,444 2,475 Female 2,282 2,314 2,348 2,383 2,418 2,453 2,487 2,522 2,556 Uzbekistan 24,724 25,083 25,452 25,828 26,209 26,593 26,981 27,372 27,769 Male 12,291 12,471 12,656 12,843 13,033 13,224 13,417 13,611 13,808 Female 12,433 12,612 12,796 12,984 13,176 13,369 13,564 13,761 13,960 TOTAL 55,299 55,810 56,391 57,028 57,703 58,391 59,093 59,813 60,544 Male 27,215 27,460 27,737 28,042 28,365 28,696 29,035 29,384 29,740 Female 28,084 28,350 28,654 28,986 29,338 29,695 30,058 30,429 30,804 Source: UN World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects 43

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45 : Kyrgyzstan in Figures. Statistical Year Book. Bishkek: National Statistical Committee, Kyrgyzstan. TAJIKISTAN 25. Drug Situation in the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe: Drug Control Agency, Tajikistan. 26. UNGASS Progress Report, Analysis of the Narcological Service in the Republic of Tajikistan for Dushanbe: Drug Control Agency, Tajikistan. 28. Activity Report of the Narcological Service of the Ministry of Health, Dushanbe: Ministry of Health, Tajikistan : Tajikistan in Figures. Statistical Year Book. Dushanbe: State Committee on Statistics, Tajikistan. TURKMENISTAN 30. Drug Seizures in Turkmenistan, Ashgabat: Ministry of Foreign Affairs 31. Situation with Narcotic Drugs in Turkmenistan. UNDP/EMCDDA Report, UZBEKISTAN 32. Analysis on Drug Situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent: National Information and Analytical Center on Drug Control, Uzbekistan. 33. Social Situation and Living Standard of Population in Uzbekistan, Statistical Year Book. Tashkent: State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. 45