WORLD DRUG REPORT 2004 WORLD DRUG REPORT. presented by Thomas Pietschmann UNODC, Research and Analysis Section

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1 WORLD DRUG REPORT 2004 presented by Thomas Pietschmann UNODC, Research and Analysis Section 1

2 OVERVIEW: ALL DRUGS CONSUMPTION 2

3 Estimates of annual prevalence of drug use at the global level in the late 1990s and in % 5% million people All drugs % % Cannabis Amphetamines Ecstasy 4% 3% 2% 1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% % Cocaine Opiates Heroin Drug us ers in the late 1990s (WDR 2000) Drug us ers (WDR 2004) annual prevalence in % of population age

4 Extent of illicit drug and tobacco use, (or latest year available) million people (4.2%*) 58 illicit drugs * Population age 15 and above 1270 (29%*) tobacco tobacco other illicit drugs opiates, cocaine, amphetamines Substance abuse related deaths and Disability Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs) lost million DAL Ys los t ,000 illicit drugs (opiates, cocaine, amphetamines ) ,907,000 tobac c o Dis ability adjus ted life-years los t (left s cale) S ubs tanc e abus e related deaths (right s c ale) 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 substance abuse related deaths 4

5 Changes in drug use as perceived by national experts, Cannabis consumption trend: ATS consumption trend: Drug Abus e T rend Index (Drug Abuse Trend Index) Drug Abuse Trend Index (Drug Abuse Trend Index) Cocaine use trend: Number of countries reporting increases less number of countries reporting declining levels of cocaine use 50 Heroin abuse trend: Number of countries reporting increases less number of countries reporting declining levels of abuse (net-) number of countries (net-) number of countries

6 (10) 46 Drug abuse trends in 2001 and 2002: Num ber of countries reporting increases less num ber of countries reporting declines Net results 2002 Net results (1) 6 Cocaine Ecstasy - typ Benzodiazepines Cannabis resin All opiates Crack cocaine Heroin Amphetamine Methamphetamine Khat Opium Morphine Barbiturates GHB LSD Other hallucinogens Methaqualone Cannabis herb

7 Main problem drugs (as reflected in treatment demand), (or latest year available) 7

8 EUROPE Main problem drugs as reflected in treatment demand (WDR 2000) (WDR 2004) Opiates 72% Other 7% Cannabis 10% Cocaine 3% ATS 8% Opiates 61% Other 10% Cannabis 15% Cocaine 4% ATS 10% Unweighted average of treatment demand of 30 European countries Unweighted average of treatment demand of 33 Asian countries Sources: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data; Council of Europe (Pompidou Group). 8

9 NORTH AMERICA MAIN MARKET % of all admissions (excl. alcohol) 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 42.4% 28.9% 14.7% 3.5% USA - treatment admissions (excl. alcohol) by prim ary substance of abuse, % 26.4% 22.5% 11.7% Cocaine Opiates Marijuana ATS Source: SAMHSA, Treatment Episode Dataset (TEDS), National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services, May

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12 OVERVIEW: ALL DRUGS TRAFFICKING 12

13 Global seizures in weight equivalents,

14 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Patterns of main consumer markets (as reflected in seizure data) Importance of EU-25 for global drug seizures (2002) 68% 66% 21% 18% 13% 7.3% 3% 14 Cannabis resin Ecstasy Heroin Amphetamines Cocaine Cannabis herb Population 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Importance of NAFTA (USA, Mexico, Canada) for global drug seizures (2002) 58% 32% 12% 7% 6% 6.8% 0.1% Cannabis herb Cocaine Ecstasy Am phetamines Heroin Cannabis resin Population proportion proportion

15 10-year trend: (global level) Trend average annual change in seizures, Ecstasy* Depressants 20.4% Amphetamines 19.0% Morphine 10.1% Coca leaf 9.3% Cannabis herb 7.4% Heroin 7.0% Cannabis plant 6.9% Opium 6.2% Cannabis resin 4.9% Cocaine 2.5% Methaqualone 2.2% LSD* -19.6% 27.1% * seizues in units -20.0% -10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% Source: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data/ DELTA. 15

16 OPIUM / HEROIN 16

17 281, , ,000-40% -29% 142, , ,600-6% 17

18 250,000 Development of opium poppy cultivation in South-East Asia, , ,400-65% hectares 150, , , , ,100 96,300-53% 74,200-23% 50, Myanmar Lao PDR Thailand Vietnam Trend 18

19 76% of global Global production in 2003: 4765 metric tons of opium (equivalent to 477 mt of heroin) 17% of global 3% of global 19

20 2000 Evolution of Afghan opium poppy cultivation since ,000 ha ,000 ha ,000 ha ,000 ha (+ 8%) 20

21 6000 Global illicit opium production, % % metric tons

22 Opium production in 1907/1908* and 2003 (excl. poppy straw) Total: 30,000 tons* (rounded) opium produc tion in metric tons 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 (rounded) 4770 (rounded) 510** 1907/ Illicit opium production Licit opium production - 80% Total: 5280 tons * Licit opium production in 1907/08: China: 22,200 tons, India 5,100 tons, Indochina 1200 tons, Persia 600 tons, Turkey 560 tons; ** Official forecast of licit production for 2003 by INCB; illicit production: UNODC/ICMP survey reports. Sources: International Opium Commission, Shanghai 1909, INCB, 2003 Narcotic Drugs, New York 2004, UNODC/ICMP narcotic crops survey reports 2003/

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24 Heroin: EU-15: 1.21 million or 0.48% EU-25: 1.41 million or 0.46% 24

25 Heroin: EU-15: 1.21 million or 0.48% EU-25: 1.41 million or 0.46% EUROPE: 2.75 mio or 0.51% Opiates: EUROPE: 4.0 mio or 0.75% 25

26 Heroin abuse trend: No. of countries reporting increases less No. of countries 30 reporting declining / stable levels of heroin abuse increasing less declining trends 0 (10) increasing less stable or declining trends 26

27 stabilization/decline of heroin abuse in Western Europe 4 Heroin consumption trend in Western Europe based on national experts perceptions Acute drug related death in the EU-15, (mostly related to abuse of heroin) drug abuse trend index Number % * preliminary results * 2002* Source: UNODC, ARQ. Sources: EMCDDA, Data Library and UNODC, ARQ. 27

28 heroin shortage in Australia and its consequences 1.0 % Aus tralia hero in abus e: annual prevalence 50% Australia Proportion of adult males arrested in Parramatta (Sydney) and in other selected sites* across Australia testing positive for opiates 46% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% 0.8% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% percent testing positive 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q Q4 Q Q2 Q % Q4 10% Q heroin drought Q2 11% Q Q4 Q Q2 Parramatta (Sydney) 4-sites average* Q * unw eighted average of quarterly results from 4 sites: Parramatta (New South Wales), Bankstow n (NSW), Perth (Western Australia) and Southport (Queensland) 18% 16% Q4 Source: AIHW, Statistics on Drug Use in Australia Source: Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) Crime trends in New South-Wales, Australia, July 1999-Dec Australia: Rate of opiate overdose deaths among Australians aged years, per million inhabitants 8000 heroin shortage 1600 Burglarry cases Robbery cases 0 Jul-99 Jul-00 Jul-01 Jul-02 0 Burglary cases Robbery cases Source: Source: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, NSW Recorded Crime Statistics 28

29 COCA/COCAINE 29

30 2002: 173,100 ha 2003: 153,800 ha Change: - 11% 56% of total cultivation -16% 29% of total cultivation 5% 15% of total cultivation 30

31 220, , , , , ,800-30% -11% 31

32 Coca bush cultivation in Colombia 180, , , , , ,800-47% 120,000 hecatre 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 44,700 50,900 67,200 79, , ,000 86,000-16% 20, Coca cultivation Spraying and manual (voluntary) eradication 32

33 Colombia: Regional trends Norte de Santander - Bolivar: Decreasing ,000 ha ,000 ha (- 57 %) Guaviare - Meta: Decreasing ,000 ha ,000 ha (- 27%) Nariño: Increasing ,000 ha ,600 ha (+345%) Putumayo Caqueta: Decreasing ,000 ha ,800 ha (-82%) 33

34 1, Potential illicit cocaine production Lowest level of cocaine production since 1989 Cocaine production level in % % % 67% 9% 34 m etric tons

35 13% 48% 31% 35

36 Cocaine: EU-15: 2.9 million or 1.15% EU-25: 3.0 million or 0.98% 36

37 Cocaine: 0.2% (2000) EU-15: 2.9 million or 1.15% EU-25: 3.0 million or 1.0% EUROPE: 3.3 mio or 0.6% 37

38 50 Cocaine use trend: No. of countries reporting increases less No. of countries reporting declining levels of cocaine use -63% (net-) number of countries % -23% 0 of of 38

39 Germany Annual prevalence of cocaine use among year olds and 1.1% number of newly identified cocaine users 6000 annual prevalence 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.8% 0.9% Annual prevalence New users number of newly registered users 0.0% * Annual prevalence 0.3% 0.8% 0.9% Ne w use rs , * Tentative estimate for Germany as a w hole (West-Germany, years old: 0.4% in 1990). 39

40 AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS (ATS) METHAMPHETAMINE AMPHETAMINE ECSTASY 40

41 Trends in production / trafficking in ATS Number of dismantled laboratories Detection of clandestine laboratories at the global level, ,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 18% ATS Other 83% of dismantled laboratories kilogram equivalents Seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants ,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 MDMA ('Ecstasy)', MDA, MDME and other hallucinogens excl. LSD Methamphetamine, amphetamine, methcathinone and other synthetic stimulants

42 Origin of methamphetamine in 2002 in South-East Asia: Myanmar China Philippines in North America: USA Mexico Main sources of ATS Origin of ecstasy in

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44 Amphetamines EU-15: 1.7 million or 0.65% EU-25: 2.0 million or 0.66% 44

45 Amphetamines EU-15: 1.7 million or 0.65% EU-25: 2.0 million or 0.66% EUROPE: 2.4 mio or 0.4% 45

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47 Ecstasy: EU-15: 2.3 million or 0.91% EU-25: 2.7 million or 0.87% 47

48 Ecstasy: EU-15: 2.3 million or 0.91% EU-25: 2.7 million or 0.87% EUROPE: 3 mio or 0.6% 48

49 increase stable decline Amphetamines consumption trends in 2001 and % 21% 9% 15% 34% 32% 50% 53% 39% 45% 37% 53% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% in % of countries reporting on specific ATS 2001 Amphetamine 2002 Amphetamine 2001 Methamphetamine 2002 Methamphetamine 49

50 signs of stabilization/decline of amphetamines use in Western Europe 50

51 Global ecstasy consumption trends, 2001 (n = 56) large large decline increase 5% 29% some decline 5% stable 25% some increase 36% Global ecstasy consumption trends, 2002 large decline 4% (n = 53) large increase 2% some decline 13% stable 34% some increase 47% 51

52 CANNABIS 52

53 Tentative estimates of cannabis herb production and trends Cannabis production: > 140 countries 32,000 53

54 Tentative estimate of cannabis resin production and main source countries 7,400 metric tons 54

55 23% 2001/02 66% 2001/02 55

56 68% in

57 Cannabis: EU-15: 19.1 million or 7.5% EU-25: 21.1 million or 6.9% 57

58 Cannabis: EU-15: 19.1 million or 7.5% EU-25: 21.1 million or 6.9% EUROPE: 28.8 mio or 5.3% 58

59 Drug Abus e T rend Index Cannabis consumption trend: Based on national experts perceptions

60 NORTH AMERICA: Trends of incidence and prevalence of drug use in the USA, % 60% Incidence among the general population 1.5% 1.2% 0.9% 0.6% 0.3% 0.0% Incidence of cannabis use among the general population age 12 and above Annual prevalence of cannabis use among 12th graders Annual prevalence of all drug use among 12th graders Trend - incidence Sources: NIDA, Monitoring the Future and SAMHSA, 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Sept % 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Annual prevalence among 12th graders 60

61 Summary of data on extent and trends of the drug problem less than 5% of the youth & adult population use drugs (about ½% use heroin or cocaine, the two main problem drugs); close to 30% smoke tobacco; long-term decline in opiate production/consumption (80% less than at the beginning of 20 th century); opium production in South-East Asia fell by more than 50% between 1990 and Consumption stable in Western Europe and North America; stabilization (or reduced increases) reported from C.I.S. countries in 2002; reductions reported from several South-East Asian countries and Australia. Main problem: opium production in Afghanistan; further increases expected for 2004; global cocaine production fell by 30% between 1999 and 2003, and by 18% between 2002 and 2003; mainly due to strengthened control efforts in Colombia; US student surveys show decline in cocaine use of 23% between 1999 and 2003 and more than 60% between 1985 and 2003; however, increases in South America and Europe; but peak in some West European countries may have been reached; global cannabis production appears to have increased over the last decade and is now back to the levels of the late 1980s; UNODC s Drug Abuse Trend Index showed an increase over the last decade and an acceleration of the upward trend over the period. Trend data suggest ongoing increases in Europe, South America, Africa and in a number of countries in Asia. The market seems to have stabilized, in contrast, in North America, Oceania and some countries of South-East Asia; global ATS production and consumption increased over the last decade. (Laboratory detections, seizures and UNODC s Drug Abuse Trend Index point in this direction). Following massive increases of seizures in the 1990s, ATS seizures declined, however, over the period. Increases in the use of ATS continued being reported from a number of countries in South-East Asia, but markets of Western Europe and North America remained largely stable in Ecstasy continued rising in several developing countries but stabilized in several West European countries and declined in the USA and Canada in 2002/

62 POLICY Governments are committed to the multilateral drug control system and its objectives the UNGASS objectives Conceptual advances offer prospects of better results balanced approach shared responsibility society-wide approach sustainable development context integrated approach (the drugs and crime nexus, the new crime conventions) dynamic approach (better understanding drug markets and drug epidemics) 62

63 WORLD DRUG REPORT