Biochemical Imbalances in Disease: A Practitioner's Handbook

Transcription

1 Biochemical Imbalances in Disease: A Practitioner's Handbook Nicolle, Lorraine ISBN-13: Table of Contents Foreword David S. Jones The Healthcare Futurescape: How Did We Get Here and Where Are We Going? Ann Woodriff Beirne 1. Some key shapers of medicine 1.1. Hippocrates, Galen and humorism 1.2. The nineteenth century medical revolution 1.3. The twentieth century 2. Homeostasis and allostasis 3. Homeostasis 2.2. Allostasis 3. Functional medicine (FM) 3.1. The adoption and usage of the FM model among UK nutritional therapists 4. The chapters Chapter 2. Gastro-Intestinal Imbalances The gastro-intestinal tract - Use and abuse Laurence Trueman 1. Gastro-intestinal imbalances and disease 2. Physiological imbalances of the human digestive system 2.1. Oral cavity and oesophagus 2.2. The stomach 2.3. The small intestine 2.4. The colon 3. Microflora supplementation and the human gut 4. Diagnostic testing Functional disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract Justine Bold 5. Functional gastro-intestinal tract disorders 5.1. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 5.2. Functional abdominal pain (FAP) 5.3. Functional bloating (FB) 5.4. Functional constipation (FC) Compromised Detoxification Christabelle Yeoh 1. Introduction 2. Sources and routes of entry of toxins 3. Biochemical pathways of detoxification 3.1. Phase I (biotransformation) 3.2. Phase II (conjugation) 3.3. Phase III (transporters) 3.4. Metallothioneins 4. Factors affecting detoxification processes 5. The impact of toxins on nutrients 6. Clinical assessment of detoxification capacity and the body burden of toxins 6.1. Tests to consider 6.2. Functional tests 6.3. Genetic tests of detoxification capacity 6.4. Assessment of toxic exposure or load 7. The detoxification programme 7.1. New and/or exacerbated symptoms during detoxification 7.2. Considerations for the detoxification programme 8. The dietary management of detoxification 8.1. Aims of a dietary detoxification programme 8.2. Protein 8.3. Carbohydrates 8.4. Fats 8.5. Dairy

2 8.6. Herbs and spices 8.7. Fasting and dietary restriction 8.8. Food preparation 9. Lifestyle interventions 9.1. Exercise 9.2. Sauna 9.3. Hydrotherapy 10. Supplement treatment regimes 11. Chelation therapy Contraindications of chelating drugs 12. Other considerations for successful detoxification 13. Compromised detoxification and chronic disease Examples of common conditions and compromised detoxification Some possible mechanisms 14. Conclusion Chapter 4. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) Imbalances The health effects of imbalances in PUFA status and metabolism Ada Hallam 1. What are essential fatty acids? 2. EFA metabolism and eicosanoid synthesis 3. Changes in dietary fat intake over time 3.1. The n-6: n-3 FA ratio 3.2. Trans fats 4. Signs and symptoms of PUFA deficiency 5. A closer look at some of PUFAs' mechanisms 5.1. The role of eicosanoids 5.2. Cellular signalling and transcription 5.3. Membrane structure and organisation 6. PUFA modulation of some specific disease processes 6.1. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) 6.2. Insulin resistance, obesity and metabolic syndrome 6.3. Cancer 6.4. Multiple sclerosis (MS) 6.5. Other chronic inflammatory disorders 7. General recommendations and therapeutic considerations 7.1. Patient testing 7.2. General dietary recommendations 7.3. Supplementation 8. Conclusion PUFAs in the brain Smita Hanciles 9. PUFAs in the brain 9.1. The role of fatty acids in brain development and function 9.2. PUFAs in ADHD, dyslexia and dyspraxia 9.3. The role of PUFAs in depression 9.4. PUFAs and schizophrenia 9.5. Cognition, behaviour and mood in the general population 9.6. Conclusion The Metabolic Syndrome: Insulin Resistance, Dysglycaemia and Dyslipidaemia T. Michael Culp 1. Imbalances of affluence 1.1. Feast or famine 1.2. Xenohormesis 2. Physiological responses to food intake 2.1. Glycaemic index and glycaemic load 2.2. Insulin resistance and blood sugar control 3. Consequences of dysglycaemia 3.1. Diabetes and more 3.2. Dyslipidaemia 3.3. Hyperinsulinaemia and heart disease/cad 3.4. Insulin's effects on IGF-1 and other hormones 4. Metabolic syndrome - contributory factors to consider 4.1. The à chicken and egg' conundrum 4.2. Insulin and oxidative stress 4.3. High risk carbohydrates 5. Preventing and reversing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome 5.1. The role of physical activity 5.2. The roles of calorie restriction and sirtuins

3 5.3. The role of diet and nutrients 6. Specific functional nutrient deficiencies and metabolic syndrome 6.1. Magnesium 6.2. Chromium 6.3. Herbal medicines and phytochemicals 7. Are drugs better? 8. Summary of prevention and treatment recommendations 8.1. Dr Culp's rules for healthy living Compromised Thyroid and Adrenal Function Jane Nodder Part 1. The Thyroid Gland 1. Thyroid function 1.1. The thyroid gland 2. Imbalances in thyroid function 2.1. Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis 2.2. Hypothyroidism or myxoedema 3. Diagnosis of thyroid function problems 3.1. Blood tests for thyroid dysfunction 3.2. Radioactive iodine uptake (RIU) 3.3. Urine hormone assays for thyroid function 3.4. Functional tests 4. Conventional treatment approaches for thyroid conditions 4.1. Hyperthyroidism 4.2. Hypothyroidism 4.3. Subclinical (mild) hypothyroidism 4.4. Combination treatment 5. Issues in the standard approach to diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism 5.1. Interpreting thyroid function tests 5.2. Issues with the conversion from T4 to T Dissatisfaction with thyroxine therapy 6. Thyroid function and other conditions 6.1. Pregnancy 6.2. Non-thyroidal illness or euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) 6.3. Other related conditions Part 2. The Adrenals 7. Adrenal function 7.1. The adrenal glands 7.2. Functions of cortisol 7.3. Cortisol production 8. Imbalances in adrenal function 8.1 Adrenal fatigue 9. Tests for adrenal function 9.1. Blood tests 9.2. Adrenal stress index test (ASI) 10. Links between thyroid function and adrenal fatigue 11. Nutritional support for the modulation of thyroid and adrenal function Overall nutritional approach Specific dietary actions for thyroid function Nutritional supplements for adrenal function---use and cautions Herbal medicine Additional support for thyroid and adrenal function Sex Hormone Imbalances Kate Neil 1. The environment, hormonal and developmental health 1.1. Endocrine disruptors 1.2. Obesogens 2. Conceptual frameworks for viewing hormonal health 2.1. Systems biology 2.2. Allostasis 2.3. Resilience theory 2.4. Moving towards à ease' 3. Sex hormones 3.1. Synthesis of steroid hormones 3.2. Oestrogen---not just one hormone 3.3. Oestrogen dominance 4. Functional processes involved in the safe management of oestrogen and other hormones 4.1. Detoxification (digestion and absorption) 4.2. Phase I detoxification of sex hormones

4 4.3. Phase II detoxification of sex hormones 4.4. Transport and binding of oestrogen 4.5. Cholesterol transport 5. Immune system health (defence) 6. Communication 6.1. Phytoestrogens 6.2. Oestrogen and tryptophan metabolism 6.3. Oestrogen and monoamine oxidase 7. Mitochondrial function---oxidative stress 8. Conclusion Dysregulation of the Immune System: A Gastro-Centric Perspective Michael Ash 1. Introduction 1.1. What is a functional approach to innate immunity? 2. Immunology's developmental history 2.1. Phase Phase Phase 3 3. A review of key immune components 3.1. The innate immune system 3.2. The adaptive immune response 3.3. Humoral immunity 3.4. Secretory IgA (SIgA) 4. Developing tolerance 4.1. Oral induction of tolerance 4.2. Environmental contributors 5. Contemporary understanding of microbiota and human immunity 5.1. The microbiota and mucins---protection in the gut 5.2. Biofilms 5.3. The microbiome 6. Gut and disease association 6.1. Leaky gut 6.2. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) 7. Manipulating mucosal immunity to manage systemic health 7.1. Germ Theory vs Symbiotic Theory 7.2. Antibiotics 7.3. Probiotics 7.4. Metagenomics and nutrigenomics 8. Clinical application 8.1. Examination thoughts 8.2. Possible natural therapeutic agents to consider Poor Energy Production and Increased Oxidative Stress Surinder Phull Part 1. Oxidation and oxidative stress 1. Mitochondrial energy production 1.1. Micronutrients in mitochondrial metabolism 2. The drawbacks of aerobic energy production 2.1. Other sources of endogenous oxidants 2.2. Environmental sources of reactive oxygen species 2.3. Oxidative stress and disease 2.4. Mitochondria as targets of oxidative injury 3. Cycle of oxidative stress Part 2. Antioxidant defences 4. Antioxidant defence---an overview 4.1. Endogenous antioxidants 4.2. Micronutrient antioxidants 4.3. Antioxidant regeneration 5. Therapeutic intervention---antioxidants in the diet 5.1. Rating antioxidant potential of food 5.2. Guidelines for improving baseline antioxidant status using foods 5.3. Antioxidants---foods in focus 6. Antioxidant supplements---the controversy 6.1. General guidelines for antioxidant supplementation 6.2. Special nutrients for antioxidant support 7. Guidelines for chronic disease 7.1. Case study 7.2. Case study 2 8. Assessing oxidative stress

5 9. Conclusion Dysregulated Neurotransmitter Function Helen Lynam 1. Neurotransmission 1.1. Neurotransmitters 1.2. Receptor chemistry 1.3. Compromised neurotransmission 2. Cerebral disorders 2.1. Depression 2.2. Schizophrenia 2.3. Alzheimer's disease 2.4. Indirect illnesses 3. Investigations 3.1. Electronic scanning 3.2. Other tests 4. Treatment 4.1. Conventional 4.2. A nutritional approach 5. Case studies 5.1. Case study Case study 2 Putting Knowledge into Practice: A Case Study Kate Neil 1. Case presentation 2. Clinical investigations 3. Test results 4. Outputs (and consequential nutritional advice) 4.1. Digestion, elimination and detoxification 4.2. Immunity (reducing inflammation) 4.3. Communication 4.4. Mitochondrial function and oxidative stress 5. Summary of Marie's nutrition programme following this consultation 5.1. Diet 5.2. Supplements 5.3. Lifestyle 6. Next steps Contributors Subject Index Author Index