MAD 256 SURVEYING APRIL. Levelling. Güneş Ertunç, PhD Assist. Prof

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1 MAD 256 SURVEYING APRIL 10 Levelling Güneş Ertunç, PhD Assist. Prof

2 What is Levelling? A measurement process whereby the difference in height between two or more points can be determined. B Difference in height A

3 Known height? (e.g DATUM) B A DATUM: Sea Level Difference in height =?

4 Known height? (e.g DATUM) Difference in height B A DATUM: Sea Level

5 Definitions Reduced Level (RL) The height of a point above the datum. Benchmark (BM) A stable reference point of known reduced level. Difference in height Benchmark (BM) B A DATUM: Sea Level

6 Definitions Line of sight Difference in height Benchmark (BM) B A DATUM: Sea Level

7 Definitions Height of instrument (HI) B Benchmark (BM) ( m) A DATUM: Sea Level

8 Definitions Height of instrument (HI) Backside (BS) (BS) B Benchmark (BM) ( m) A DATUM: Sea Level

9 Definitions Foreside (FS) (FS) B Benchmark (BM) ( m) A DATUM: Sea Level

10 Glossary Backsight (BS): The vertical distance between the line of sight and a point of known or assumed elevation, or the reading taken on such a point. Always the first reading from new instrument station. Foresight (FS): The vertical distance between the line of sight and a point whose elevation is desired, or the reading taken on such a point. Always the last reading from the current instrument station. Benchmark (BM): A reference point with known elevation. Benchmarks are established using precise leveling techniques and instrumentation. Benchmarks are bronze disks or plugs set into (usually) vertical wail faces. Benchmark elevations and locations are published by federal, state or provincial, and municipal agencies and are available to surveyors for a nominal fee.

11 0.376 m 0.35 m 0.3 m 0.34 m

12 Levelling procedures FS = 2.80 m HI = m BS = 4.71 m B Height Station B = ( ) (BS FS) = m A BM = m

13 Glossary (cont d) Temporary benchmark (TBM): is a semipermanent point of known elevation. TBMs can be flange bolts on fire hydrants, nails in the roots of trees, top corners of concrete culvert headwails, and so on. Turning point (TP): A point whose elevation has been determined by a FS and whose purpose has been served after a BS has been taken on it. We use turning points if the distance between known and unknown point is too large to have readings on rods. Intermediate foresight (IS) or (IFS): A secondary point having connection only to a benchmark (BM) or to a turning point (TP). It is a rod reading taken at any other point wherethe elevation is required. Height of instrument (HI): is the elevation of the line of sight through the level (i.e., elevation of BM + BS = HI).

14 Levelling procedures Aim: Finding the elevation of BM 461 from BM 460 BM 461? m Level Location #2 Level Location #1 BM m

15 Levelling procedures BM m Level Location #2 TP #1 FS = m m - Elev. of BM 460 Level Location #1 BS = m m - BS of BM 460 Location # m - Height of Instrument m - FS of TP# m - Elev. of TP#1 BM m

16 Levelling procedures FS = m BS = m BM m Level Location #2 TP # m - Elev. of TP# m - BS of TP#1 Location # m - Height of Instrument Level Location #1 BM m m - FS of BM m - Elev. of BM 461

17 Levelling procedures FS = m BS = m BM m Level Location #2 TP #1 FS = m Level Location #1 BS = m BM m

18 Height of Instrument = Known Elevation + BS New Elevation = Height of Instrument - FS

19 A B C D E F

20

21

22 CP32 CP31 CP12 CP11 CP23 CP21 CP22 BM beytepe

23 CP32 CP31 CP12 CP11 CP23 CP21 CP22 BM beytepe

24 CP32 CP31 CP12 CP11 CP21 Setup #1 CP23 CP22 BM beytepe

25 CP32 CP31 Setup #2 CP12 CP11 CP23 CP21 CP22 BM beytepe

26 CP32 CP31 CP12 Setup #3 CP11 CP23 CP21 CP22 BM beytepe m

27 Backside (BS) Intermediate Station (IS) Foreside (FS) Rise (+) Fall (-) Relative Elevation (m) Station BM beytepe CP CP CP CP CP CP CP BM beytepe

28 Backside (BS) Intermediate Station (IS) Foreside (FS) Rise (+) Fall (-) Relative Elevation Station BM beytepe CP CP CP CP CP CP CP BM beytepe

29 Backside (BS) Intermediate Station (IS) Foreside (FS) Rise (+) Fall (-) Relative Elevation Station BM beytepe CP CP CP CP CP CP CP BM beytepe

30 Backside (BS) Intermediate Station (IS) Foreside (FS) Rise (+) Fall (-) Relative Elevation Station BM beytepe CP CP CP CP CP CP CP BM beytepe

31 Backside (BS) Intermediate Station (IS) Foreside (FS) Rise (+) Fall (-) Relative Elevation Station BM beytepe CP CP CP CP CP CP CP BM beytepe

32 Backside (BS) Intermediate Station (IS) Foreside (FS) Rise (+) Fall (-) Relative Elevation Station BM beytepe CP CP CP CP CP CP CP BM beytepe

33 Backside (BS) Intermediate Station (IS) Foreside (FS) Rise (+) Fall (-) Relative Elevation Station BM beytepe CP CP CP CP CP CP CP BM beytepe

34 Backside (BS) Intermediate Station (IS) Foreside (FS) Rise (+) Fall (-) Relative Elevation Station BM beytepe CP CP CP CP CP CP CP BM beytepe

35 Backside (BS) Intermediate Station (IS) BM beytepe CP CP CP CP CP CP CP BM beytepe Σ Foreside (FS) Rise (+) Fall (-) Relative Elevation Station

36 Misclosure (ε) The amount by which the measured height (RLmeasured) differs from the known height (RLknown) of the starting and finishing benchmarks ε = RL measured RL known = = 5.10 m ε = ΣBackside ΣForeside = = 5.10 m ε = ΣRise ΣFall = = 5.10 m

37 Adjusting the misclosure (ε) Adjustment is carried out to ensure that the measured and known RLs of the closing benchmark agree. The misclosure is linearly distributed according to the number of set-ups The adjustment per set-up for our example is Correction=(-5.10/3)

38 CP32 CP31 Setup #2 CP12 Setup #3 CP11 CP23 CP21 Setup #1 CP22 BM beytepe

39

40 Setup #1 =1*(-5.10/3) Setup #2 =2*(-5.10/3) =3*(-5.10/3) Setup #3

41 Plotting contours B C The RL s for points A, B and C have been determined by levelling A

42 2.510 B Plotting contours LINE AB Horizontal distance D AB = 10 m Elevation difference AB = = 1.41 m B 1.41 m A A 10 m

43 Plotting contours B For the 1.5 m contour: D = 10*( )/1.41 = For the 2.0 m contour : D = 10*( )/1.41 = 6.38 B 1.5 For the 2.5 m contour : D = 10*( )/1.41 = 9.93 A m m A

44 Plotting contours B C LINE AC DH AC = = D AC = m A 1.5 For the 1.5 m contour : D = 14.14*( )/1.805 = 3.13 For the 2.0 m contour : D = 14.14*( )/1.805 = 7.05 For the 2.5 m contour : D = 14.14*( )/1.805 = 10.97

45 Plotting contours B C A

46 Plotting contours

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