Women and Tourism Are the Most Important Challenges They Face in Jordan

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1 Wmen and Turism Are the Mst Imprtant Challenges They Face in Jrdan 1 Al-Balqa Applied University, Jrdan Mhammad Nayef Alsarayreh 1 Crrespndence: Mhammad Nayef Alsarayreh, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jrdan. Received: July 19, 2018 Accepted: Octber 3, 2018 Online Published: Octber 11, 2018 di: /ijba.v9n6p39 URL: Abstract This study aims at identifying the challenges faced by Jrdanian wmen wrking in the turism and htel sectr. This study seeks t answer the fllwing: What is the degree f challenges faced by Jrdanian wmen wrking in the turism and htel sectr? This study belngs t the analytical explratry studies and fllws the methd f data cllectin and analysis t reach results. 200 questinnaires were distributed, f which 1 were returned and 10 were excluded. A questinnaire was based n 170 emplyees wh were able t btain their data. The study fund that the greatest Obstacles faced by wrking wmen were family difficulties and scial difficulties. The study recmmended changing the family's view f wmen and accepting them as emplyees. Keywrds: wmen, turism, challenge, htel 1. Intrductin It is necessary t change the dark utlk that is directed twards wmen during their wrk in any sectr, where the culture f defect is the mst prminent bstacles facing the wrk f wmen in the turism sectr, and it is n secret t us that wmen can play a prminent rle in the field f turism develpment as an imprtant element In the activatin and supprt f turism and revitalizatin lcally, in additin t being the ne wh is ften the first and final decisin in the practice f turism activity at the family level, and wmen being part f the cmmunity wrk in the field f turism will achieve great gains fr turism in terms f planning the cmmunity, Especially the turism f families and families f the mst imprtant turist activities in the Arab wrld, and therefre see specialists in this area that raise the participatin f wmen in the turism sectr will help t identify the needs f the family f turism prgrams and events, in additin t making the turism industry attractive and increase the number f wmen t wrk in it, And turism plicymakers in any cuntry shuld be well aware f this. The educatinal skills have led t an increase in the number f females wrking in high-paying jbs in the cuntry, but the percentage f wmen's participatin in the turism and htel sectr in Jrdan has nt reached mre than 5%, which is the ttal number f wrkers in the turism sectr, where males cnstitute 95% f the ttal wrkfrce, On the ther hand, there is a clear difference between the rati f females t males enrlled in university turism educatin, where the percentage f females is nt mre than 28% f the ttal enrlled in turism and htel specializatin at the university level. At the secndary level, the female enrllment rate in the turism and turism sectr is estimated at zer, Suggesting There is a clear imbalance in the structure f guidance and educatinal guidance, especially in light f the need f Jrdan t 25 thusand jb pprtunities during the next three years in light f the cntinued expansin f turism investments, s the Jrdanian gvernment t develp a plan f actin t increase the enrllment f females in turism and htel educatin. 2. Previus Studies Zeruq, Adlan, (2016) Prblems and bstacles t the wrk f wmen jurnalists and jurnalists in the Algerian private televisin channels: a field survey f a sample f wmen jurnalists This research fcuses n the bstacles faced by wmen jurnalists and media prfessinals wh are nt wrking in private TV channels such as: Al Shruq, Numidia News, tv, sprts galscrer... This is dne by cnducting a field survey using the survey methd with the frm tl (100) frm. In this study we aim t reach the mst imprtant Published by Sciedu Press 39 ISSN E-ISSN

2 bstacles and bstacles t stand in the face f wmen jurnalists and media utlets in the Algerian private channels. Therefre, we can raise the main issue f ur research as fllws: What are the mst imprtant bstacles and prblems facing wmen jurnalists and media in the private televisin channels in Algeria? Abdel Wahid, M'men Khalaf (2015), Wmen's Obstacles t Leading Behavir in Palestinian Ministries in the Gaza Strip, This study aimed at identifying the bstacles facing female emplyees and preventing them frm exercising the leadership rle in the Palestinian ministries in the Gaza Strip. The researcher used the descriptive apprach. The study ppulatin may be frm all the emplyees in the ministries and their number is emplyees. (467) emplyees and emplyees, 435 f whm respnded (93.15%) f the sample f the actual study. In rder t achieve the bjectives f the study, the researcher designed a questinnaire cnsisting f (38) paragraphs divided int fur areas namely bstacles (scial, administrative, persnal, legal), and the researcher using SPSS statistical prgram. The study fund the fllwing main results: Scial, administrative, persnal, and legal bstacles have a direct impact n the level f significance f 0.05 n female emplyees in the Palestinian ministries in the Gaza Strip. There are n statistically significant differences at the level f significance f 0.05 in the views f the sample members in the average f the estimates f the emplyees - the bstacles that prevent the wman frm exercising the leadership rle attributed t the variable (gender-age-specializatin, marital status, number f family members, years f experience, Living. Qawarah, Migratin (2015) Obstacles f Wmen Benefiting frm Micrcredit" The study aimed t answer the main questin: What are the bstacles f the wrk f wmen benefiting frm micr-lan in the city f Ouargla? T answer this questin, the fllwing assumptins were made: The value f the lan hinders the wrk f the wman benefiting frm the micr-lan in the city f Ouargla. The family hinders the wrk f wmen benefiting frm the micr-lan in the city f Ouargla. In respnse t the previus hyptheses, we have relied n a set f methdlgical prcedures in the descriptive apprach, using data cllectin tls such as questinnaire and interview, as well as data analysis methds. This study was applied t a sample f 25 wmen beneficiaries f the micrcredit prject in Ouargla city, which was deliberately selected. The results f the study revealed that there are bstacles t the functining f wmen beneficiaries f the micrcredit, mst ntably the value f the lan cnsidered fr her r the difficulty f dealing with technlgy, but the family was an imprtant factr in the wmen's prject, as it was supprting either materially r mrally, And full satisfactin with incme, despite the bstacles encuntered with regard t the value f the lan. Hassan Al-Yaqubi (2012) Obstacles t Wmen's Wrk in the Higher Administrative Leadership f Iraqi Universities (Karbala University Mdel) The present research is cncerned with a scientific study aimed at verifying many difficulties that hinder the advancement f wmen t senir management psitins in Iraqi universities. Obstacles t Iraqi wmen's access t higher university leadership. 3. The Study Prblem The difficulties and challenges faced by Arab wmen wrking in general and the turism sectr and htels in particular, and the prblem f the study was identified by the fllwing questin: What are the difficulties faced by Jrdanian wmen wrking in the turism sectr and htel frm the perspective f female emplyees. 4. The Imprtance f Studying The imprtance f this study stems frm the imprtance f turism itself, which is f great imprtance as ecnmic activity and human phenmenn in different cuntries f the wrld, besides its ecnmic impact n the state and sciety. Turism and htel wrk is the key t pushing females t a better level in the labr market. Hwever, Jrdanian wmen, despite the barriers t scial inheritance, have begun t participate in the turism wrkfrce and are n the way t becming an active participant in turism develpment. 5. Objectives f the Study This study aims t identify the difficulties faced by Jrdanian wmen wrking in the turism and htel sectr frm the pint f view f female emplyees and t identify the scial, family, administrative and legal difficulties faced by Jrdanian wmen in the turism and htel sectr. Published by Sciedu Press 40 ISSN E-ISSN

3 6. Type f Study, Methdlgy, Sample and Sciety f the Study This study belngs t the analytical explratry studies and adpts the methd f cllecting and analyzing data t reach the results. The study is cnducted n female emplyees in the turism and htel sectr, and 200 questinnaires were distributed, 1 f which were returned and 10 were excluded. The questinnaire was based n a survey f 170 emplyees wh were able t btain their data. They wrked in turist and htel establishments. The data were cllected thrugh the questinnaire and they represent the research cmmunity and the sample f the study. 7. Hyptheses 1. There are n statistically significant differences in the difficulties faced by Jrdanian wmen wrking in the turism and htel sectr due t: gender variable, age, variable scial status, number f children and scientific qualificatin. 2. There are family difficulties f statistical significance facing wmen wrking in the turism and htel sectr. 3. There are scial difficulties f statistical significance facing wmen wrking in the turism and htel sectr. 8. Stability f Instrument The stability f instrument was tested by Chrnbach Alpha cefficient where: 1. Alpha value fr family difficulties was Alpha value fr scial difficulties was Alpha value fr all items was 0.68 All these values were > 0.8which means stability f instrument as shwn in table 1 Table 1. Results f chrnbach alpha cefficial test fr study dimensins Alpha Value Dimensin 0.78 Family difficulties 0.90 Scial difficulties 0..0 All items Fist: Descriptin f persnal and jb factrs f Respndents Table 2 present, the descriptin f persnal and jb factrs f sample respndents as fllws: Age segment: The data shwed that 45.1% f the sample was at the age f years segment, while 50% f the samples were at the segment f years, besides that 20.2% f the sample stayed in the segment f years and 12.5% were 51 years and mre. Years f experience The table shws that 44.3% f the sample have experience f six years r mre; 33.1% have experience between 1-2 years; wile 60.1% f the sample have experience f 3-6 years and 20.5% have experience ne year r less Average mnthly incme The table shws that 48.3% f the sample btained mnthly incme between JD; 30.5% btained incme between , while 40.6% f the sample btained mnthly incme mre than 751JD and 50.4% btained incme between JD. Marital statues % f the samples were Single. Educatin level 55% f the ample held Bachelr degree; 35% held Diplma; 15% held Master degree; 30% held secndary schl certificate and 5% held PhD Number f children Published by Sciedu Press 41 ISSN E-ISSN

4 45% f the ample have 1-3 children; 54% have n children while 359% have 4 children r mre. Table 2. Frequencies and percentages fr the persnal variables f the respndents Factr Elements Freq % Age Segment Years f Experience Mnthly salary (incme JD) Martial Status Educatinal Level N. f Children 8 r less Married Single Secndary Diplma Bachelr Master PhD N children Test f the Hyptheses H1: There are n statistically significant differences amng difficulties that encunter the wmen in turism sectr; attributed t age, number f children, educatin level, and marital status. 9.1 Age Table 3 shws that, except the aspect f scial difficulties, all aspects btained significance levels > 0.00 which means n statically significant difference amng these difficulties. Fr the scial difficulties the level f bserved significance was 0.00 < 0.05 which means that there were differences attributed t age in the scial difficulties aspect. T determine the surces f differences a Tukey test was perfrmed as shwn in Table 4. There were tw statistical differences amng (29-39) and bth (40-49) and 50+ segments t the favr f the latte bth segments. It means that thse f years f age felt scial difficulties mre than ther t segments. Table 3. Result f ANOVA test fr the differences amng age, educatin level, number f children and martial status Dimensin Family difficulties Scial difficulties Sig. level att. T Age Sig. level att T N. children Sig. level att T Educatin Sig. level att T Martial st Table 4. Results f Tukey test fr surces f differences in scial difficulties attributed t age Age X 0.08 X X X 0.05 X *-0.40 X X * X Published by Sciedu Press 42 ISSN E-ISSN

5 9.2 Number f Children Table 3 shws that all levels f significance were > 0.05, which means n statically significant differences amng the difficulties attributed t the number f children. 9.3 Level f Educatin table 3 shws that, except the administrative difficulties, all dimensins btained significance level >0.05 which means that there were n statistically significant differences amng the difficulties encunter wmen in turism sectr attributed t educatinal level. Fr the administrative dimensin the significant level was < 0.05, where table 5 shws that there were three statistical differences. 1 ne difference between secndary schl and diplma t the favr f secndary Tw differences between diplma and bth Master and PhD hlders, t the favr f bth latter s. Table 5. Tukey test result fr the surces f differences in administrative difficulties attributed t educatinal level Ed. level Secndary Diplma Bachelr Master PhD schl Secndary schl X X X Diplma *0.50 X X X X Bachelr X X X Master 0.06 * X X PhD -0.1 * X 9.4 Marital Status Table 3 shws that all levels f significance were > 0.05 which means n differences attributed t marital status. H2: There are family difficulties with statistical significance that encunter wmen in turism sectr. Table 6 shws that arithmetic means fr items were> 3.5 and significance levels < This means that these items were statistically significant, s these difficulties were actually existed. Item 4 gt the first rank with a mean f 4.03, which means that the mst difficult bstacle was Difficult t accept husband's wmen's wrk in turism ut f jealusy. The secnd rank was btained by item3 with a mean f 4.02, where such item was the husband can nt cpe with the repeated absence f the wife at wrk and private turism in exceptinal circumstances. The item 2 gt a mean f 1 where it was that wmen wrking in turism negatively affects the stability f family. All items cmbined btained a mean f 4.06 and significance level f zer, which mans that such items were statistically significant. Therefre the secnd hypthesis was acceptable. Table 6. Arithmetic mean, std. dev., t value, and significance level f family difficulties Item N Item Cntent Arith mean Std dev T value Sig level 1 Difficult t accept husband's wmen's wrk in turism ut f jealusy 2 The supervisin f wmen raising children n her way t prevent the turist sectr The wman's guardian ppsed t wmen's wrk in turism 4 The wmen wh wrk have children are superir in the study All items H3: there are scial difficulties f statistical significance encunter wmen wrking in turism and hteliery sectr. Table 7 shws that all means f scial difficulties items were> 3.5 and significance levels < This means that these items were statistically significant, s these difficulties were actually existed. Item 9, which measured the Custms and traditins f an bstacle fr wmen t wrk in the turist, btained the first rank with a mean f Published by Sciedu Press 43 ISSN E-ISSN

6 Item 7, which measured the Mixing a barrier t wmen's emplyment in turism because it is scially unacceptable, btained the secnd rank with a mean f Item 5 btained the last rank with a mean f All items cmbined btained a mean f 3.09 and bserved significance level f zer. Therefre the third hypthesis was acceptable. Table 7. Arithmetic mean, std. dev., t value, and significance level f scial difficulties Item N Item Cntent Arith mean Std dev T value Sig level 5 Adherence t religius teachings in the sciety prevents wmen frm wrking in turism 6 Nt cnvinced relatives t wrk fr wmen turist 7 Custms and traditins f an bstacle fr wmen t wrk in the turist 8 The existence f false cnvictins in the cmmunity abut the nature f wrk in the turism sectr 9 Cmmunity's rejectin f the wmen left in the later times All items Results 1). There are family difficulties facing wmen wrking in the turism sectr and htel. 2). The view f the family in general as a husewife is better than being ne f the mst difficult. 3). The least difficulty was the difficulty f ding hmewrk because f the length f wrking hurs. 4). There are scial difficulties facing wmen wrking in the turism sectr and htel. 5). The mst difficult difficulties were the impsitin by sciety f certain areas f wrk fr wmen. 6). The view f the inferirity f wmen as if they were inferir t men. 7). The greatest difficulties faced by wrking wmen were family difficulties and scial difficulties. 11. Recmmendatins 1). T vercme the family difficulties facing the wrking time, especially wrk t change the family's view f wmen and accept them as an emplyee. 2). Increase attentin t the issue f wmen's wrk in the turism sectr, and in particular t ensure justice in prmtins, incentives and treatment. 3). The need t train wmen t wrk in the turism sectr t think and renewal mre attentin. 4). Cnduct similar studies t investigate the difficulties faced by wmen wrking in the turism sectr, using the latest percentages and numbers. References Abdel, W., & M'men, K. (2015). Obstacles t the exercise f leadership behavir in the Palestinian ministries in the Gaza Strip. Palestine University Research and Studies Jurnal, 5(2), Al-Rasheed, A., et al. (2001). Wmen's Attitudes Tward the Obstacles f their Prgress in Jrdanian Business Organizatins. Jurnal f Administrative Sciences, 28(1), University f Jrdan, Amman, Jrdan. Alturky, T., et al. (2010). The Change f Values in the Arab Family. The Arab Future, 39(200). Badria bint Mhammed bin Masud al-otaibi. (2011). Family and scial effects f wrk (utside the hme)-educated and married wman with children-master Thesis. Imam Muhammad bin Masd Islamic University, Faculty f Scial Sciences. Farhat, N. (2012). Wmen's Wrk and its Impact n Family Relatins. Jurnal f the Academy fr Scial and Human Studies, (8). Published by Sciedu Press 44 ISSN E-ISSN

7 Hassan, Y. (2012). Obstacles t the wrk f wmen in the senir administrative leadership f Iraqi universities (University f Karbala mdel). Jurnal f University f Babyln, 20(2), Kawareh, M. (2015). Obstacles f Wmen Benefiting frm Micrcredit. University f Qasidi Marbah and Argla, Faculty f Humanities and Scial Sciences, Master Thesis, Algeria. Marai, K. (2001). Obstacles t the Career Advancement f Jrdanian Wmen Emplyed in Business Organizatins in Sahab and Al Hassan Industrial Cities: A Field Study (Unpublished Master Thesis). Yarmuk University, Jrdan. Zeruq, A. (2016). Prblems and bstacles t the wrk f wmen jurnalists and media in the Algerian private televisin channels: A field survey f a sample f female jurnalists f the channels (Sunrise and Atmsphere). Wmen and Media Cnference and the Challenges f Cmmunicatin Revlutin. Algeria. Zubaida, B.A. (1986). Fllwing the wrk f the mther's wife in the cnstructin f the Algerian family. Master f Scilgy, Institute f Scilgy, University f Algiers. Published by Sciedu Press 45 ISSN E-ISSN