Topic 9-10: Lab Skills (including 4 NYS required labs)

Transcription

1 1. Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Which statement describes two unsafe laboratory practices represented in the diagram? (1) The flame is too high and the test tube is unstoppered. (2) The opening of the test tube is pointed toward the student and the student is not wearing goggles. (3) The test tube is unstoppered and the student is not wearing goggles. (4) The beaker has water in it and the flame is under the tripod. 2. Which group of measurement units is correctly arranged in order of increasing size? (1) micrometer, millimeter, centimeter, meter (2) millimeter, micrometer, centimeter, meter (3) meter, micrometer, centimeter, millimeter (4) micrometer, centimeter, millimeter, meter Page 1

2 Base your answers to questions 3 through 5 on the information below, and on your knowledge of biology. An experiment was carried out to answer the question "Does the ph of water affect the growth of radish plants?" Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered with water having a ph of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a ph of 7.0. Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water, and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks. 3. Which sentence is a possible hypothesis that was tested in this experiment? (1) Does the ph of water affect the growth of radish plants? (2) Will the amount of water alter the heights of the radish plants? (3) The temperature of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants. (4) The ph of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants. 4. What was the dependent variable in this experiment? (1) heights of the plants (2) ph of the water (3) temperature of the water (4) type of soil 5. Which activity might help to increase the validity of this experiment? (1) repeating the experiment several times (2) using two different types of radish seeds in each group (3) using the same ph for both groups of plants (4) placing one set of plants in sunlight and one in darkness 6. Which environmental factor could have a temperature of 39ºC? (1) water temperature at the North Pole in March (2) water temperature in a lake in New York State in January (3) air temperature in a desert in the southwestern United States during a day in July (4) air temperature in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State in December 7. What is the volume of water represented in the graduated cylinder shown below? (Remember to look at the bottom of the curve) (1) 10.3 ml (2) 13.0 ml (3) 14.0 ml (4) 15.0 ml 8. After owls eat, they bring back up the indigestible remains of their meals. These regurgitated "pellets" contain the fur and skeletal parts of their prey. A student plans to examine an owl pellet to determine which small vertebrates were consumed by the owl. Which set of equipment should the student use? (1) microscope, ultracentrifuge, and stain (2) dissecting kit, petri dish, and gloves (3) graduated cylinder, balance, and meter stick (4) ph paper, liquid indicator, and beaker Page 2

3 Base your answers to questions 9 through 13on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology. Diabetes is a disease characterized by consistently high blood glucose levels (at or above 126 mg/l00ml) as a result of hormone deficiency. For a study of diabetes, blood glucose levels from individual A and individual B were recorded each hour over a 5-hour period following a meal. The results are shown in the data table below. Page 3

4 5. Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each labeled axis. 10.Plot the data for individual A on the grid, surround each point with a small circle, and connect the points. 11.Plot the data for individual B on the grid, surround each point with a small triangle, and connect the points. 12.Identify one hormone associated with the maintenance of blood glucose levels. 13.Which individual most likely has diabetes? (1) A (2) B (3) both A and B (4) Neither A nor B Page 4

5 14. The diagram below represents the measurement of a biological specimen. What is the approximate length of the specimen in millimeters? (1) 25 mm (2) 30 mm (3) 35 mm (4) 40 mm 15. The diagram below shows how a coverslip should be lowered onto some single-celled organisms during the preparation of a wet mount. 17. A plant cell in a microscopic field of view is represented below. Why is this a preferred procedure? (1) The possibility of trapping air bubbles is reduced. (2) The organisms will be more evenly distributed. (3) The possibility of breaking the coverslip is reduced. (4) The cover slip will prevent the slide from breaking. 16. When preparing a wet mount of onion cells, a student put a drop of Lugol's iodine solution on the slide. Lugol's iodine solution was applied in order to (1) prevent air bubbles (2) make cell structures more visible (3) increase the magnification (4) increase respiration in the cells The width (w) of this plant cell is closest to (1) 200 µm (2) 800 µm (3) 1200 µm (4) 1600 µm 18. A gas resulting from aerobic respiration is released into water. Which substance could be used to indicate a change in the water due to the release of the gas? (1) bromthymol blue (2) Benedict's solution (3) iodine solution (4) methylene blue Page 5

6 Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram below represents a specimen on a slide as seen with the low-power objective of a compound light microscope. 19. Which type of cell is most likely represented in this diagram? 20. Using one or more complete sentences, explain how the slide should be moved to observe the entire specimen. 21. A student used several different indicators to conduct tests on a sample of partially digested food. The results obtained are shown in the table below. Based on these test results, the food sample most likely contained partially digested (1) carbohydrates (2) lipids (3) amino acids (4) proteins Page 6

7 Base your answers to questions 22 through 26 on on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. An experiment is carried out to determine the effect of exercise on the rate at which a person can squeeze a clothespin. 22. Muscle fatigue occurs during this activity when (1) carbon dioxide is used up in the muscle cells (2) simple sugar is converted to starch in the muscle cells (3) proteins accumulate in mitochondria in the muscle cells (4) certain waste products collect in the muscle cells 26. What would be an appopriate hypothesis for the experiment? (1) Do students squeeze clothespins more often in 1 minute after exercising? (2) Can most students squeeze a clothespin more times after they rest? (3) Ten students who exercise before squeezing a clothespin squeezed it more times in 1 minute than ten students who rested first. (4) Students who rest before squeezing a clothespin will squeeze it fewer times in 1 minute than students who exercise beforehand. 23. In this experiment, the independent variable is the (1) control (2) exercise (3) rate of squeezing (4) number of participants 24. The experimental results could be made more valid by (1) increasing the number of students (2) using a plastic clothespin (3) using safety precautions (4) making a bar graph of the data 25. The dependent variable for this experiment is the (1) time the student was squeezing the clothespin (2) number of times the student was able to squeeze the clothespin (3) strength of the student (4) length of the clothespin Page 7

8 Base your answers to questions 27 through 30 on the data table and information below and on your knowledge of biology. The data table describes various ph levels. A scientist is concerned about the effects of acid rain on newly fertilized fish eggs in lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. The scientist would like to investigate the hatching rates of these fish eggs in water at different acidic ph levels. The scientist designed an experiment that could show the effect of an acid ph on the hatching of these fish eggs. 27. State two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental groups and the control group. 28. Describe the type of data to be collected. 29. State how the control group would be treated differently from the experimental groups. 30. State one example of experimental results that would show that the increasing acidity of lake water has a negative effect on the hatching rate of fish eggs. 31. A certain plant has white flower petals and it usually grows in soil that is slightly basic. Sometimes the plant produces flowers with red petals. A company that sells the plant wants to know if soil ph affects the color of the petals in this plant. Design a controlled experiment to determine if soil ph affects petal color. In your experimental design be sure to: state the hypothesis to be tested in the experiment state one way the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group identify two factors that must be kept the same in both the control group and the experimental group identify the dependent variable in the experiment state one result of the experiment that would support the hypothesis Page 8

9 32. The diagrams below represent seeds taken from a carrot plant and seeds taken from plant species 1, 2, and 3. Which species would be expected to be most similar to the carrot? Support your answer. Base your answers to questions 33 and 34 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents evolutionary relationships among some primates. 33. A line representing an organism that is closely related to leaf monkeys and that evolved at about the same time as the gibbons would be drawn beginning at point (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Page 9

10 34. Which statement best describes a relationship between the common ancestor and the other organisms in the diagram? (1) The common ancestor most likely has segments of its DNA that will match each of the other organisms'. (2) The common ancestor is more closely related to macaques than to gibbons. (3) Orangutans and gorillas have exactly the same DNA as the common ancestor. (4) Chimps and baboons were the first organisms to evolve from the common ancestor. Base your answers to questions 35 through 38 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 35. Which species of finch has an edge-crushing bill that can also probe into plants for food? (1) cactus finch (2) sharp-billed ground finch (3) warbler finch (4) large ground finch Page 10

11 36. One finch that would most likely compete with the warbler finch for food is the (1) woodpecker finch (2) cactus finch (3) sharp-billed ground finch (4) vegetarian finch 37. The large ground finch, sharp-billed ground finch, and small tree finch inhabit the same island. If the insect population decreases, which finch would most likely be affected? Support your answer. Finch: 38. Identify one trait, other than beak characteristics, that would contribute to the survival of a finch species and state one way this trait contributes to the success of this species. 39. The diagram below represents a laboratory setup used to demonstrate the movement of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. In the diagram below, draw the 5 starch and the 12 glucose molecules to show where they would most likely be located after 15 minutes. Page 11

12 Base your answers to questions 40 and 41 on the Universal Genetic Code Chart below and on your knowledge of biology. 40. The table above shows the DNA, mrna, and amino acid sequences from two similar plant species. Using the information given, fill in the missing mrna base sequences for species A on the table above. 41. Using the Universal Genetic Code Chart, fill in the missing amino acids for species B on the table below. Page 12

13 Base your answers to questions 42 and 43 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Two models of a cell were made with dialysis tubing and placed in two beakers of fluid, A and B, each containing starch indicator solution, as represented in the diagram below. Enzyme Z was added to the artificial cell in beaker B. The solution outside each cell was tested for the presence of sugar. Initially, no sugar was present in the solution outside each cell. The results after one hour are represented below. 42. State one reason for the color change in beaker A after one hour. 43. How would the results have been different in beaker B if an enzyme that digests protein was used instead of enzyme Z? Page 13