Biology Midterm Review Date

Transcription

1 Name Period Biology Midterm Review Date 1. One characteristic of all living things is that they A) develop organ systems B) produce identical offspring C) maintain internal stability D) synthesize only inorganic matter 2. Excretion is best described as the removal of A) metabolic wastes from a cell B) toxic wastes by the process of cyclosis C) water molecules from dipeptide hydrolysis D) undigested material from the digestive tract 3. Which life process is indicated by the arrows in the diagram of an amoeba shown below? A) digestion B) excretion C) fermentation D) transport 4. Which statement most accurately describes scientific inquiry? A) It ignores information from other sources. B) It does not allow scientists to judge the reliability of their sources. C) It should never involve ethical decisions about the application of scientific knowledge. D) It may lead to explanations that combine data with what people already know about their surroundings. 5. In the binomial system of nomenclature, which two classification groups provide the scientific name of an organism? A) kingdom and phylum B) phylum and species C) kingdom and genus D) genus and species 6. What is the volume of water represented in the graduated cylinder shown below? (Remember to look at the bottom of the curve) A) 10.3 ml B) 13.0 ml C) 14.0 ml D) 15.0 ml 7. A student prepared a slide of pollen grains from a flower. First the pollen was viewed through the low-power objective lens and then, without moving the slide, viewed through the high- power objective lens of a compound light microscope. Which statement best describes the relative number and appearance of the pollen grains observed using these two objectives? A) low power: 25 small pollen grains; high power: 100 large pollen grains B) low power: 100 small pollen grains; high power: 25 large pollen grains C) low power: 25 large pollen grains; high power: 100 small pollen grains D) low power: 100 large pollen grains; high power: 25 small pollen grains 8. Base your answer to the following question on A student is examining stages of mitotic cell division with a compound microscope. Some of the steps she takes are listed below. A Focus under high power using the fine adjustment. B Position the specimen under low power. C Scan the field of view under low power. D Focus under low power using the coarse adjustment. E Adjust the diaphragm opening. What sequence of steps should the student follow? A) A-C-B-E-D B) D-A-B-C-E C) B-E-D-C-A D) C-E-B-A-D

2 Base your answers to questions 9 through 11on the information below, and on your knowledge of biology. An experiment was carried out to answer the question "Does the ph of water affect the growth of radish plants?" Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered with water having a ph of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a ph of 7.0. Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water, and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks. 9. Which activity might help to increase the validity of this experiment? A) repeating the experiment several times B) using two different types of radish seeds in each group C) using the same ph for both groups of plants D) placing one set of plants in sunlight and one in darkness 10.What was the dependent variable in this experiment? A) heights of the plants B) ph of the water C) temperature of the water D) type of soil 11.Which sentence is a possible hypothesis that was tested in this experiment? A) Does the ph of water affect the growth of radish plants? B) Will the amount of water alter the heights of the radish plants? C) The temperature of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants. D) The ph of the water will affect the heights of the radish plants. 12. Base your answer to the following question on A cell in the field of view of a compound light microscope is shown in the diagram below. In which direction should the slide be moved to center this cell in the microscopic field? A) to the right and up B) to the right and down C) to the left and up D) to the left and down 13. During the process of cellular respiration, energy is released from A) carbon dioxide B) oxygen atoms C) water molecules D) chemical bonds 14. Which compound is a polysaccharide? A) glucose B) maltase C) ribose D) starch 15. Butter and oil are examples of food composed of A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleotides 16. Enzymes are a type of A) Carbohydrate B) Protein C) Nucleotide D) Fatty acid 17. Two organisms, Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium aurelia, were observed in a drop of pond water on a slide. These two organisms are members of A) the same genus and species B) the same genus but different species C) the same species but different genera D) different species and different genera

3 18. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents four different species of bacteria Which statement is correct concerning the chances of survival for these species if there is a change in the environment? A) Species A has the best chance of survival because it has the most genetic diversity. B) Species C has the best chance of survival because it has no gene mutations. C) Neither species B nor species D will survive because they compete for the same resources. D) None of the species will survive because bacteria reproduce asexually. 19. Young birds that have been raised in isolation from members of their species build nests characteristic of their species. This suggests that the nest-building behavior is A) genetically inherited from parents B) learned by watching members of their species C) a disadvantage to the survival of the species D) a direct result of the type of food the bird eats 20. How does natural selection operate to cause change in a population? A) The members of the population are equally able to survive any environmental change. B) The members of the population differ so that only some survive when the environment changes. C) The members of the population do not adapt to environmental changes. D) All the members of the population adapt to environmental changes. 21. Which factor has most likely caused the rapid increase in the number of pesticide-resistant insect species over the past 30 years? A) a decrease in food production B) an increase in competition between plants C) more widespread use of insecticides D) greater mating between insect species 22. Which class of molecules is responsible for speeding up chemical reactions? A) Sugars B) Fats C) Genetic material D) Enzymes 23. Traits that are least beneficial to a species tend to decrease in frequency from generation to generation because these traits usually A) have a high survival value B) have a low survival value C) are inherited by more individuals D) affect only the older members of the population 24. The crucian carp, a Scandinavian fish, thrives in shallow ponds that freeze over during winter. While other creatures in the pond die from lack of oxygen, these carp are able to obtain energy through a biochemical pathway that does not require oxygen. This characteristic is an example of a A) feedback mechanism common to carnivores that inhabit shallow pond ecosystems B) favorable adaptive trait that has led to increased survival C) stage of succession that leads to a new community D) gene mutation that occurred because carp need to survive to maintain ecological stability 25. Domestic horses have a greater diversity of coat colors than that of wild horses. The process that led to a greater diversity of coat colors in domestic horses is A) selective breeding B) random mutation C) gene alteration D) natural selection 26. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, energy sources for the formation of the first organic molecules from inorganic substances did not include A) glucose B) heat C) lightning D) radiation

4 27. The evolutionary pathways of several species are represented in the diagram below. 31. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents possible evolutionary pathways of certain organisms. Which species was best adapted for survival in changing environmental conditions? A) A B) E C) K D) L 28. Which statement would most likely be in agreement with Lamarck's theory of evolution? A) Black moths have evolved in an area because they were better adapted to the environment and had high rates of survival and reproduction. B) Geographic barriers may lead to reproductive isolation and the production of new species. C) Giraffes have long necks because their ancestors stretched their necks reaching for food, and this trait was passed on to their offspring. D) Most variations in animals and plants are due to random chromosomal and gene mutation. 29. Fish, reptiles, and mammals each contain gill slits during part of their embryological development. Which statement best explains this observation? A) Their embryos all swam in the sea. B) They each evolved one from the other. C) They all had a common ancestor. D) They do not excrete gases during their development. 30. The sequence of amino acids in horse hemoglobin is very similar to the sequence of amino acids in human hemoglobin. This evidence supporting organic evolution has been drawn from studies in the field of comparative A) biochemistry B) cytology C) anatomy D) embryology Which species is most closely related to species L? A) E B) F C) G D) I 32. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, some early heterotrophs evolved into autotrophs because of their ability to synthesize organic compounds from water and A) carbon dioxide B) hydrochloric acid C) oxygen D) hydrogen 33. In the cells of the human body, oxygen molecules are used directly in a process that A) releases energy B) digests fats C) synthesizes carbohydrate molecules D) alters the genetic traits of the cell 34. The rate at which all organisms obtain, transform, and transport materials depends on an immediate supply of which resources? A) ATP and enzymes B) solar energy and carbon dioxide C) carbon dioxide and enzymes D) ATP and solar energy 35. What are possible products of certain types of anaerobic respiration? A) water and oxygen B) pyruvic acid and glycerol C) nitrogen gas and ammonia D) alcohol and carbon dioxide

5 36. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents a structure involved in cellular respiration. The release of which substance is represented by the arrows? A) glucose B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) DNA 37. The formation of lactic acid in human muscle cells is most closely associated with A) muscle fatigue B) protein synthesis C) an increase in alcohol consumption D) an increase in glucose production 38. Base your answer to the following question on The flow of energy through an ecosystem involves many energy transfers. The diagram below summarizes the transfer of energy that eventually powers muscle activity. 40. The production of alcohol by yeast cells is the result of A) fermentation B) aerobic respiration C) budding D) dehydration synthesis 41. The presence of lactic acid in the cells of an animal's muscle tissue is an indication that the A) animal is not adapted to the use of glucose B) number of mitochondria in the muscle cells has increased C) animal carries on a complex form of respiration during daylight hours D) muscle cells have been active during a period of oxygen deficiency 42. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below of a mitochondrion and on your knowledge of biology. What is the process of cellular respiration represented by? A) arrow A, only B) arrow B, only C) arrow C, only D) arrows A, B, and C 39. Base your answer to the following question on the chemical reactions below and on your knowledge of biology. What is the chemical compound represented by letter J? A) a protease B) a polysaccharide C) ATP D) ADP Letter X most likely represents A) ATP B) maltose C) lactic acid D) PGAL 43. Maple trees and tulips are classified as autotrophs because they both A) produce gametes by the process of mitosis B) produce carbon dioxide and water as metabolic wastes C) are able to obtain complex organic materials from the environment D) are able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic raw materials 44. Oxygen serves as a hydrogen acceptor during aerobic respiration. What is the molecule that is created as a result? A) glucose B) lactic acid C) glycerol D) water

6 45. Base your answer to the following question on the biochemical reactions below and on your knowledge of biology. Letter C represents A) oxygen B) 2C6Hl2O6 C) 4 ADP D) alcohol 46. Base your answer to the following question on The chart below contains both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Organisms that carry out only heterotrophic nutrition are found in A) row A, only B) row B, only C) rows A and B D) rows A and C 47. Which substances must a green plant obtain from its environment to carry on photosynthesis? A) glucose and water B) oxygen and chlorophyll C) carbon dioxide and water D) carbon dioxide and oxygen 48. The diagram below represents a biological process Which set of molecules is best represented by letters A and B? A) A: oxygen and water B: glucose B) A: glucose B: carbon dioxide and water C) A: carbon dioxide and water B: glucose D) A: glucose B: oxygen and water 49. A chemical analysis of organisms from each kingdom shows that living things are primarily composed of the elements A) carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and sulfur B) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen C) iron, calcium, hydrogen, and oxygen D) chlorine, carbon, calcium, and sulfur 50. Which statement best describes enzymes? A) Every enzyme controls many different reactions. B) The rate of activity of an enzyme might change as ph changes. C) Temperature changes do not affect enzymes. D) Enzymes are produced from the building blocks of carbohydrates. 51. Plants such as the Venus flytrap produce chemical compounds that break down insects into substances that are usable by the plant. The chemical compounds that break down the insects are most likely A) fats B) minerals C) biological catalysts D) complex carbohydrates 52. Which statement describes all enzymes? A) They control the transport of materials. B) They provide energy for chemical reactions. C) They affect the rate of chemical reactions. D) They absorb oxygen from the environment. 53. Amino acids are the building blocks of which class of macromolecules? A) Proteins B) Lipids C) Carbohydrates D) Nucleotides

7 Base your answers to questions 54 and 55 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. A small water plant (elodea) was placed in bright sunlight for five hours as indicated below. Bubbles of oxygen gas were observed being released from the plant. 54. The bubbles of oxygen indicate that the plant is A) producing sugar B) making protein C) releasing energy from water D) carrying on active transport 55. What substance did the plant most likely absorb from the water in order to produce the oxygen gas? A) dissolved nitrogen B) carbon dioxide C) an enzyme D) a hormone 56. The diagram below represents a series of reactions that can occur in an organism. 57. Base your answer to the following question on the structural formula below and on your knowledge of biology. This diagram best illustrates the relationship between A) enzymes and synthesis B) amino acids and glucose C) antigens and immunity D) ribosomes and sugars The structural formula represents a molecule of A) glucose B) glycerol C) maltose D) alanine

8 58. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a chemical reaction that occurs in the human body, and on your knowledge of biology. Which statement describes a characteristic of molecule Z? A) Molecule Z will function at any temperature above 20 C. B) Molecule Z is composed of a string of molecular bases represented by A, T, G, and C) Molecule Z will function best at a specific ph. D) Molecule Z is not specific, so this reaction can be controlled by any other chemical in the body. 59. The graph below shows the results of an action of the enzyme catalase on a piece of meat. Evidence of enzyme activity is indicated by bubbles of oxygen. 61. Which chemical reaction is represented by the diagram below? Which statement best summarizes the activity of catalase shown in the graph? A) The enzyme works better at 10 C than at 50 C. B) The enzyme works better at 5 C than at 65 C. C) The enzyme works better at 35 C than at either temperature extreme. D) The enzyme works at the same level in all environments. 60. What is the name of the bond linking amino acids together? A) Ionic bond B) Phosphodiester bond C) Glycosidic bond D) Peptide bond A) dehydration synthesis of a dipeptide B) hydrolysis of a polypeptide C) dehydration synthesis of a lipid D) hydrolysis of a disaccharide 62. In living organisms, lipids function mainly as A) sources of stored energy and transmitters of genetic information B) sources of stored energy and components of cellular membranes C) transmitters of genetic information and catalysts of chemical reactions D) catalysts of chemical reactions and components of cellular membranes 63. Which statement concerning proteins is not correct? A) Proteins are long, usually folded, chains. B) The shape of a protein molecule determines its function. C) Proteins can be broken down and used for energy. D) Proteins are bonded together, resulting in simple sugars.

9 Base your answers to questions 64 and 65 on the graph below and your knowledge of biology. 64. Neither enzyme works at a ph of A) 1 B) 5 C) 3 D) Pepsin works best in which type of environment? A) acidic, only B) basic, only C) neutral D) sometimes acidic, sometimes basic 66. Base your answer to the following question on the chemical reaction represented below and on your knowledge of biology. Letter Z most likely represents molecules of A) water B) plant hormones C) glycogen D) nucleic acids 67. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below which gives incomplete information about certain biochemical reactions and on your knowledge of biology. The enzyme represented by letter C is known as A) ATPase B) lipase C) sucrase D) amylase 68. Base your answer to the following question on A general equation for a chemical reaction is shown below. Which substance is represented by letter A? A) amylase B) lipase C) protease D) maltase 69. Which statement about the use of independent variables in controlled experiments is correct? A) A different independent variable must be used each time an experiment is repeated. B) The independent variables must involve time. C) Only one independent variable is used for each experiment. D) The independent variables state the problem being tested.

10 70. The diagram below represents the synthesis of a portion of a complex molecule in an organism. Which row in the chart could be used to identify the building blocks and product in the diagram? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) Which procedure would most likely provide valid results in a test to determine if drug A would be effective in treating cancer in white mice? A) injecting 1 ml of drug A into 100 white mice with cancer B) injecting 1 ml of drug A into 100 white mice with cancer and 0.5 ml of drug X into 100 white mice without cancer C) injecting 1 ml of drug A into 100 white mice with cancer and 0.5 ml of drug X into another group of 100 white mice with cancer D) injecting 1 ml of drug A into 100 white mice with cancer and 1 ml of distilled water into another group of 100 white mice with cancer 72. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents cells seen in the low-power field of view of a compound light microscope. The length of one of these cells is approximately A) 200 µm B) 400 µm C) 500 µm D) 2,000 µm

11 73. A student, using a metric ruler, measured a larva as represented in the diagram below. What is the length of the larva, in millimeters? Base your answers to questions 74 and 75 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. An investigation was carried out to measure the rate of activity of catalase, an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide. Five 40-mL solutions of the enzyme at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% were prepared. A filter paper disk was placed in each enzyme solution. Each soaked disk from the different enzyme concentrations was then added to different cups containing 30 ml of 1% hydrogen peroxide. The rate of catalase activity was inferred from measurements of how fast the disks rose from the bottom to the top of each cup. The following data were obtained: 40% 12.1 seconds, 80% 5.8 seconds, 100% 4.1 seconds, 20% 15.8 seconds, and 60% 9.9 seconds. 74. State one valid conclusion that relates enzyme concentration to reaction rate. 75. a Label the second column of the data table with an appropriate heading and record that label on the y-axis of the graph. [Be sure to include units.] b Complete the data table so that the percent enzyme increases from the top to the bottom of the table. c Mark an appropriate scale on each axis. d Plot the data from your data table. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points.