, Name --:::=---:----~- Date -:----=----:-:-- Review Questions. Living Environment

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1 , Name --:::=---:----~- Living Environment 1. The diagram below represents an energy pyramid. Date -:----=----:-:-- Review Questions 3. The size of a mouse population in a natural ecosystem tends to remain relatively constant due to (A) the carrying capacity of the environment (B) the lack of natural predators (C) the cycling of energy (D) increased numbers of decomposers At each successive level from A to D, the amount of available energy (A) increases, only (B) decreases, only (C) increases, then decreases (D) remains the same 4. A partial food web is represented in the diagram below. Letter X most likely represents 2. The diagram below represents an energy pyramid. (A) autotrophs (B) decomposers (C) carnivores (D) parasites Which organisms would most likely be found at level A? (A) birds (B) worms (C) mammals (D) algae 5. Which factor is a major cause ofglobal warming? (A) increased burning offuels (B) increased number of green plants (C) decreased mineral availability (D) decreased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 6. Methods used to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions from smokestacks are an attempt by humans-to. (A) lessen the amount of insecticidesin.the \ environment (B) eliminate diversity in wildlife (C) lessen the environmental impact ofacidrain (D) use nonchemical controls onpes(specid Page 1

2 7. The negative effect humans have on the stability of the environment is most directly linked to an I.. ' Increase In (A) recycling activities by humans (B) supply of finite resources (C) predation and disease (D) human population size 8. In an ecosystem, which component is not recycled? (A) water (C) oxygen (B) energy (D) carbon 9. In an ecosystem, what happens to the atoms of certain chemical elements such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen? (A) They move into and out of living systems. (B) They are never found in living systems. (C) They move out of living systems and never return. (D) They move into living systems and remain' there. Page 2

3 10. The diagram below shows some pathways in the cycling of materials in the environment. Combustion carbon di'axid'~~ Which two processes are involved in the cycling shown in the diagram? (A) succession and transpiration (C) artificial selection and deamination (B) photosynthesis and cellular respiration (D) enzymatic hydrolysis and regeneration 11. The diagram below represents the measurements of two leaves. INCHES..em.( LeafA LeafS The difference in length between leaves A and B is closest to (A) 20 mm (B) 20 em (C) 0,65 m (D) l.o um Page 3

4 - ~' 12. Base your answer to the following quest.~n on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram below represents a specimen on a slide as seen with the low-power objective of a compound light microscope. Using one or more complete sentences, explain how the slide should be moved to observe the entire specimen, / Page 4

5 13. The table below shows the position of slides of the letter "e" on the stages of four microscopes. The image of the "e" as seen using each microscope is also shown. Microscope A Microscope B Microscope C Microscope 0 Position of slide on thestage I [[] I I [!J I I [[] I I [!J I Irna~e of specamen useen Which letters correctly identify the microscopes most likely used to provide the information in the table? (A) A and D compound light microscopes; Band C dissecting microscopes (B) Band C compound light microscopes; A and D dissecting microscopes (C) C and D compound light microscopes; A and B dissecting microscopes (D) Band D compound light microscopes; A and C dissecting microscopes 14. Inthe body of a human, the types of chemical activities occurring within cells aremost,-, dependent on the (A) biological.catalysts present (B) size oftli~~ell (C) number of chromosomes in the cell (D) kind of sugar found on each chromosome 15. The diagram below represents a series of reactions that can occur in an organism. Biological '\ catalyst This diagram best illustrates the relationship between (A) enzymes and synthesis (B) amino acids and glucose (C) antigens and immunity (D) ribosomes and sugars PageS

6 16. The largest amount of DNA in a plant cell is contained in (A) a nucleus (C) a protein molecule (B) a chromosome (D) an enzyme molecule 17. In a cell, information that controls the production of proteins must pass from the nucleus to the (A) cell membrane (C) mitochondria (B) chloroplasts (D) ribosomes 18. Which letter indicates a cell structure that directly controls the movement of molecules into and out ofthe cell? A ----lioh B ---+f. c D---Yt-i. ~::::=:==';/ (A)A (B)B (C)C (D)D 19. Which cell organelle is most directly involved with the bonding of amino acids? (A) mitochondrion (B) endoplasmic reticulum (C) cell wall (D) ribosome 20. One difference between plant and animal cells is that animal cells do not have (A) a nucleus (B) chloroplasts (C) a cell membrane (D) centrioles Page 6

7 Part B-2 Answer all questions in this part. [15] Directions (41-54): For those questions that are followed by four choices, circle the number of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given in the question and record your answer in the spaces provided. Base your answers to questions 41 through 43 on the graphs below, which show changes in the number of aspen trees and the beaver population in an area over a 50-year period.... Ol > CI1 OlOl >(0 ~O co... a:2 E ~ z CIl Ol Ol... l e: OlOl >0.- CIl $«Ol-... Ol.Q IIO 0 E 0 ~ Z Years Years 41 State the relationship that exists between the number of aspen trees and the beaver populations in this region during the first 15 years. [1] 42 State one possible reason for the relationship between the aspen tree and the beaver populations. [1] 43 Predict how the number of aspen trees would change if a parasite that targets the beaver population were introduced into the area during year 5. Explain your answer. [1] T~iving Environment-Aug. '05 [9] [OVERI

8 PartD Answer all questions in this part. [13] Directions (62-73): For those questions that are followed by four choices, circle the number of the choice, that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given in the questions and record your answers in the spaces provided. 62 Students were asked to determine if they could squeeze a clothespin more times in a minute after resting than after exercising. An experiment that accurately tests this question should include all of the following except (1) a hypothesis on which to base the design of the experiment (2) a large number of students (3) two sets of clothespins, one that is easy to open and one that is more difficult to open (4) a control group and an experimental group with equal numbers of students of approximately the same age 63 Which statement best describes a controlled experiment? (1) It eliminates the need for dependent variables. (2) It shows the effect of a dependent variable on an independent variable. (3) It avoids the use of variables. (4) It tests the effect of a single independent variable. 64 Which statement best describes a change that usually takes place in the human body when the heart rate increases as a result of exercise? (1) More oxygen is delivered to muscle cells. (2) Blood cells are excreted at a faster rate. (3) The rate of digestion increases. (4) No hormones are produced. Living Environment-June '07 [21] [OVER]

9 Base your answers to questions 46 through 48 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 46 What is an appropriate title for this diagram? (1) Energy Flow in a Community (2) Ecological Succession (3) Biological Evolution (4) A Food Chain 47 Which organism carries out autotrophic nutrition? (1) hawk (2) cricket (3) grass (4) deer 48 State what would most likely happen to the cricket population if all of the grasses were removed. [1] ---_.._ Living Environment-June '07 [13J [OVER]

10 Base your answers to questions 49 through 53 on the information and diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The laboratory setups represented below were used to investigate the effect of temperature on cellular respiration in yeast (a singlecelled organism). Each of two flasks containing equal amounts of a yeast-glucose solution was submerged in a water bath, one kept at 20 C and one kept at 35 C. The number of gas bubbles released from the glass tube in each setup was observed and the results were recorded every 5 minutes for a period of 25 minutes. The data are summarized in the table below. Water bath at 20 C Water bath at 35 C I~I--- Gas bubble , Water 1000lI+-- Gas bubble,:++-.., Water Yeast-glucose solution \ '-- Glass tube \Jif--+- Glass tube Time (minutes) Data Table Total Number of Bubbles Released.. 20 C 35 C ," ' Directions (49-51): Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid on the next page, following the directions below. 49 Mark an appropriate scale on each axis. [1] 50 Plot the data for the total number of bubbles released at 20 C on the grid on the next page. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points. [1] Example: ~ Living Environment-Jone '07 [14J

11 51 Plot the data for the total number of bubbles released at 35 C on the grid. Surround each point with a small triangle and connect the points. [1] Example: The Effect of Temperature on Respiration in Yeast Key o Yeast respiration at 20 C.&. Yeast respiration at 35 C 1 --I- Time (minutes) 52 State one relationship between temperature and the rate ofgas production in yeast. [1] 53 Identify the gas that would be produced by the process taking place in both laboratory setups. [1] Living Environment-June '07 [15] [OVER]

12 Part C Answer all questions in this part. [17] Directions (56-61): Record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. 56 An experiment was carried out to determine how competition for living space affects plant height. Different numbers of plants were grown in three pots, A, B, and C. All three pots were the same size. The data collected are shown in the table below. Average Daily Plant Height (mm) Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Pot A-5 plants Pot B-10 plants Pot C-20 plants Analyze the experiment that produced the data shown in the table. In your answer be sure to: state a hypothesis for the experiment [1] identify one factor, other than pot size, that should have been kept the same in each experimental group [1] identify the dependent variable [1] state whether the data supports or fails to support your hypothesis and justify your answer [1] Living Environment-June '07 [17] [OVER]

13 Base your answers to questions 49 and 50 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Thirty grams of hay (dried grasses) were boiled in 500 milliliters of water, placed in a culture dish, and allowed to stand. The next day, a small sample of pond water was added to the mixture of boiled hay and water. The dish was then covered and its contents observed regularly. Bacteria fed on the nutrients from the boiled hay. As the populations of bacteria increased rapidly, the clear mixture soon became cloudy. One week later, microscopic examination of samples from the culture showed various types of protozoa (single-celled organisms) eating the bacteria. 49 The protozoa that fed on the bacteria can best be described as (1) producers (2) herbivores (3) parasites (4) consumers Label each level of the energy pyramid below with an organism mentioned in the paragraph that belongs at that level. [1] 51 A scientist conducted an experiment in which he fed mice large amounts of the amino acid cysteine. He observed that this amino acid protected mouse chromosomes from damage by toxic chemicals. The scientist then claimed that cysteine, added to the diet of all animals, will protect their chromosomes from damage. State whether or not this is a valid claim. Support your answer. [1] Living Environment-Aug. '04 [15] [OVER]

14 Part B-1 Answer all questions in this part. [6] Directions (31-36): For each statement or question, write on the separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Base your answers to questions 31 through 33 on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology. It has been hypothesized that a chemical known as BW prevents colds. To test this hypothesis, 20,000 volunteers were divided into four groups. Each volunteer took a white pill every morning for one year. The contents of the pill taken by the members of each group are shown in the chart below. Group Number of Volunteers Contents of Pill % Developing Colds 1 5,000 5 grams of sugar , , ,000 5 grams of sugar 1 gram of BW 5 grams of sugar 3 grams of BW 5 grams of sugar 9 grams of BW Which factor most likely had the greatest influence on these experimental results? (1) color of the pills (2) amount of sugar added (3) number of volunteers in each group (4) health history of the volunteers 32 Which statement is a valid inference based on the results? (1) Sugar reduced the number of colds. (2) Sugar increased the number of colds. (3) BW is always effective in the prevention of colds. (4) BW may not be effective in the prevention of colds. 33 Which group served as the control in this investigation? (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4 Living Environment-Aug. '04 [7] [OVER]

15 Part B-2 Answer all questions in this part. [19J Directions (37-52): For those questions that are followed by four choices, circle the number of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given in the question and record your answers in the spaces provided. Base your answers to questions 37 through 39 on the two different cells shown below. Only cell A produces substance X. Both cells A and B use substance X. CeliA Cell B 37 Identify substance X. [lj 38 Identify the type of organelle in cell A that produces substance X. [lj 39 Identify the type oforganelle found in both cell A and cell B that uses substance X. [lj Living Environment-Aug. '04 [9] [OVERI

16 Part C Answer all questions in this part. [17] Directions (53-61): Record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. Base your answers to questions 53 through 55 on the diagram below, which represents the changes in an ecosystem over a period of 100 years, and on your knowledge of biology. A B c o E F Soil Bedrock ' ' Grasses Small trees Dense Grasses Small trees Grasses and and forest and and and shrubs shrubs shrubs shrubs shrubs Soil Bedrock Time 53 State one biological explanation for the changes in types of vegetation observed from A through C. [1] 54 Identify one human activity that could be responsible for the change from C to D. [1] 55 Predict what would happen to the soil and vegetation of this ecosystem after stage F, assuming no natural disaster or human interference. [2] Living Environment-Aug. '04 [17] [OVER]

17 Part D Answer all questions in this part. [13] Directions (62-72): Record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. 62 Molecules A and B are both organic molecules found in many cells. When tested, it is found that molecule A cannot pass through a cell membrane, but molecule B easily passes through. State one way the two molecules could differ, that would account for the difference in the ability to pass through the cell membrane. [1] 63 If vegetables become wilted, they can often be made crisp again by soaking them in water. However, they may lose a few nutrients during this process. Using the concept of diffusion and concentration, state why some nutrients would leave the plant cell. [1] 64 Elodea is a plant that lives in freshwater. The diagram below represents one Elodea leaf cell in its normal freshwater environment. Elodea cell in freshwater Predict how the contents of the Elodea cell wouldhange if the cell was placed in saltwater for several minutes by completing the diagram, "Elodea cell in saltwater" below. Label the location of the cell membrane. [2] I[ ]1 Elodea cell in saltwater Living Environment-Ang. '04 [21] [OVER]