Male reproduction. Cross section of Human Testis ผศ.ดร.พญ.ส ว ฒณ ค ปต ว ฒ ภาคว ชาสร รว ทยา คณะแพทยศาสตร ศ ร ราชพยาบาล 1. Aims
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1 Aims Male reproduction Male reproductive structure Spermatogenesis ส ว ฒณ ค ปต ว ฒ ห อง 216 โทร: 7578 Hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis Male sex hormone action Male reproductive structure Male reproductive structure Sperm ~ 100 million / ml semen 3-5 ml / ejaculatiom Glans penis estis Epididymis Scrotum Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland Vas deferens Rete testis Straight tubules Seminiferous tubules 400 m long lobules/testis producing 3x10 8 sperms daily 70 days 12 days emp 2 O c below normal (35 O c) Head Body ail Epididymis Lobe of testis Cross section of Human estis Spermatogonia Sertoli s Spermatozoa Seminiferous epithelium Progressive differentiation of the germ s occurs in the direction of arrows Lumen of seminiferous tubule Spermatozoon Adluminal compartment Sertoli Round spermatid Spermatocyte Lumen of Seminiferous tubules Leydig estosterone synthesis Basement membrane Basal compartment Spermatogonium (Blood-testis barrier) ight junction 1
2 2 2 SPERMAOGEESIS Primordial germ Spermatogonium ew recruitment is 16 days Primary spermatocyte 1 st meiotic division Secondary spermatocyte 2 nd meiotic division Spermatids 70 days Spermiogenesis Sperm Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis Spermatid spermatids Acrosomal formation uclear condensation ail formation Spermatozoa Acrosome spermatzoa Spermiation = Pushing developed sperm into the lumen of seminiferous tubule Middle piece Acrosome ucleus contains 23 enzymes chromosomes ovum help enter Mitochondrial sheath to power movement ail flagellations provide motive force (Acrosome proteolytic enzymes required for egg penetration & fertilization) Sperm Maturation Sperm Maturation Within epididymis (12 Days) Reabsorb testicular fluid (head) Secrete complex epididymal plasma in which sperm are suspended and undergo maturation Acquire motility Acquire fertilizing capacitation ransport through epididymis, store at tail of epididymis vas deferens (several days) (several months) ransfer to urethra during ejaculation Semen Sperm Epididymal fluid Seminal fluid Prostate gland fluid Maintain alkaline environment buffer vaginal acidity Prostaglandins female reproductive tract motility Prevent sperm capacitation Provide nutrients to sperm Inhibit sperm motility in male tract 2
3 ormal Values of Semen Variables (WHO,1987) Volume 2 ml or greater ph to Sperm concentration 20x10 66 /ml or greater otal sperm count x or greater Motility 50% or more within min after collection Morphology 50% or more with normal morphology Viability 50% or more live White blood s <1x10 66 /ml 2-6 hr Sperm Capacitation Enter ovum Multiple changes occur during the contact with the fluids of female tract that active the sperm for the final process of fertilization. - Movement - Acrosomal reaction Male pronucleus 22X / 22Y Female pronucleus 22X / 22X ACROSOMAL REACIO & PEERAIO OF OVUM Sperm first pass through multiple layers of granulosal s using enzymes in acrosomal head (hyaluronidase). Acrosomal head binds to a receptor in zona pellucida of ovum. Remaining enzymes release, which opens pathway for sperm to penetrate through egg membranes. Genetic material enters oocyte, then fertilization occurs. Fertilization Sperm ransport Egg ransport Ampulla Uterus Isthmus Fimbriae or less sperm arrive at distal end of fallopian tube ,000 sperm reach uterine cavity 1. Sperm deposited in vagina(250 million) Vagina Cervix 4. Delay at ampullaryisthmic junction where fertilization occurs (Days 1-2) 5. Delay at utero-tubal junction (Days 2-3) 6. Egg enters uterine cavity as a morula (D 3-4) 7. Blastocyst implants (D7) Hypothalamo-Pituitary esticular Axis Hypothalamo-Pituitary esticular Axis Fertilization Hypothalamus FSH LH H-P Seminiferous tubule axis GnRH (pulsatile every min) Pituitary Leydig s Sertoli s estis Inhibin Sperm H-P Leydig s axis 3
4 Interaction among s of testis Leydig - LH - E2 Inhibin Activin Proteins Sertoli FSH Growth factors utrients Proteins ABP ABP ABP E Peritubular 100 fold higher Function of Sertoli s Supportive (nursing) Maintaining, breaking, and re-forming multiple junctions with developing sperm Maintaining blood-testis barrier Phagocytosis ransfer of nutrients and other substances from blood to developing sperm s Expression of paracrine factors and receptors for sperm-derived paracrine factors Spermatogenesis Germ Function of Sertoli s Exocrine Effects of Gn on male gonads Production of fluid to move immobile sperm out of testis toward epididymis Production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) Determination of release of spermatozoa (spermiation) from seminisferous tubule Endorcrine Expression of androgen receptor (AR) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor Production of MIH Aromatization of testosterone to estradiol LH FSH Androgen synthesis (Leydig s) esticular growth Sperm production ABP ( in tubules) Maturation of Leydig s LH receptors on Leydig s Prolactin Synergist LH action on Leydig growth But High PRL Involute testis Libido & Potency Sex differentiation Male Sex Hormone Male Sex Hormone Wolffian stimulation External Virilization Gn regulation Sexual maturation at puberty Spermatogenesis begins Growth of penis & scrotum Pubic hair,axillary hair growth Voice deepens Muscle growth Closure of epiphyses of long bone Male adult Anabolic effects (bone, muscle) Scalp hair loss, body hair increase esticular growth, maintenance of spermatogenesis Increase libido, potency Increase RBC formation / LDLC,VLDL / Acne 4
5 Levels of estosterone o testosterone is produced until age of 10. Increases rapidly at onset of puberty and last through out a man s life. Dwindling down after age of 50. Only about 1/3 of peak value by age of 80. Male Climacteric ~ year Gradually decrease Increase FSH & LH Increase E 5
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