Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University. Systematic Anatomy. Nervous system Cerebellum. Dr.Hongqi Zhang ( 张红旗 )
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1 Systematic Anatomy Nervous system Cerebellum Dr.Hongqi Zhang ( 张红旗 ) zhanghq58@126.com 1
2 The Cerebellum Cerebellum evolved and developed with the complication of animal movement.
3 Key points about cerebellum Location & gross appearance Internal structure of cerebellum Three pairs cerebellar pudencles Fiber connection of cerebellum Function of the cerebellum
4 Function of the cerebellum Archicerebellum - Maintain equilibrium Paleocerebellum Regulate skeletal muscle tone: Neocerebellum - Coordinate skilled voluntary & programmed movement. Aquatic animal: such as: fish archicerebellum only Reptiles: archicerebellum and paleocerebellum Higher animal: archicerebellum,paleocerebellun and neocerebellum
5 Telencephalon Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem Midbrain Pons Division of the brain Medulla ablongata
6 Locations of the cerebellum Situated in the posterior cranial fossa Covered superiorly by the tentorium of cerebellum
7 Posterior view inferior view
8 Brain lateral aspect
9 Brain median sagittal plane
10 Position of Cerebellum Magnetic resonance images of the cerebellum of a 16-year-old female.sagittal slice.
11 Gross Appearance of Cerebellum Consists of two cerebellar hemisphere joined by a narrow median vermis Sup. view Inf. view hemisphere vermis hemisphere hemisphere vermis hemisphere
12 Gross appearance of cerebellum Superior view Anterior notch Primary fissure Posterior notch Anterior lobe Primary fissure Ant.lobe Posterior lobe Vermis Hemisphere Post.lobe Hemisphere Superior view of the cerebellum
13 Gross appearance of cerebellum Posterolateral fissure Nodule Floccular peduncle Flocculus Uvula of vermis Pyramid of vermis Tuber of vermis Cerebellar tonsil Flocculonodular lobe include:flocculus;floccular peduncla and nodule. In the conditions of severe raised intracranial pressure,the tonsil of cerebellum may be displaced down through foramen magnum and form hernia, conpress the life centers (respiratory & cardiovascular center) in medulla and result in death.
14 Lobes of Cerebellum Two deep fissures 4 2 Primary fissure- 4 Posterolateral fissure Three lobs Flocculonodular lobe-1 Flocculus and nodule Anterior lobe Uvula & pyramid of vermis Posterior lobe 3 Locate between primary fissure 3 3 & posterolateral fissure
15 Lobes of Cerebellum by evolution Flocculonodular lobe - archicerebellum Ant. lobe paleocerebellum plus Uvula & pyramid of vermis, Post.lobe neocerebellum Locate between primary fissure & posterolateral fissure,plus tuber of vermis
16 Lobes of Cerebellum by fiber relation Flocculonodular lobe Vestibulocerebrum Mainly receive the fibers from vestibular nerve and vestibular nuclei Ant. lobe Spinocerebellum Mainly receive the fibers from spinal cord Post.lobe Cerebrocerebellum Mainly receive the fibers from cerebrum
17 Three Functional Divisions Vestibulocerebellum-blue-1 Archicerebellum Flocculonodular lobe Spinocerebellum-pink - 2 Paleocerebellum Anterior lobe and uvula & pyramid of vermis Cerebrocerebellum-green- 3 Neocerebellum Posterior lobe except uvula & pyramid of vermis 1 2 3
18 Structure of the cerebellum Gray matter Cerebellar cortex -1 1 Increase surface area of it Cerebellar nuclei Dentate nucleus Fastigial nucleus Emboliform nucleus Globose nucleus White matter 2 Medulla - 2 Constitute of nervous fibers
19 Structure of the Cerebellum - nuclei Fastigial nucleus Related to archicerebellum Emboliform nucleus Globose nucleus (Intermediate nuclei) Related to paleocerebellum Dentate nucleus Related to cerebrocerebellum Post. Ant.
20 Nuclei and fiber association of the cerebellum Nuclear Afferent fiber Constitution of efferent fiber Dentate nuclear Emboliform nuclear Globose nuclear (Intermediate nuclei) The fibers of cortex of neocerebellum The fibers of cortex of neocerebellum and paelocerebellum Sup.pudencle of cerebellum Sup.pudencle of cerebellum Fastigial nuclear The fibers of cortex of Inf.pudencle of paelocerebellum and cerebellum vestibular nuclei
21 Pudencles of cerebellum Middle cerebellar punduncle Sup.cerebellar peduncle 2. Mid.cerebellar peduncle Lateral view of 3. Inf.cerebellar peduncle inferior view Brain stem & Crebreum
22 Diagram of the cerebellar peduncle
23 Constitution of pudencles of cerebellum Three peduncles Inf.cerebellar peduncle-3 Post. Spinocerebellar fasciculus Olivocerebellar fasciculus Vestibulocerebellar fasciculus Mid. cerebellar peduncle-2 potinecerebellar fiber Sup.cerebellar peduncle-1 Efferent fiber leaving cerebellar nuclei Afferent fiber of ant.spinocerebellar fasciculus 1 2 3
24 Connections and Function of Cerebellum Archicerebellum (Vestibulocerebellum ) Connections Afferents: receive fibers from vestibular nuclei and the axonal terminal from the ipsilateral vestibular ganglion. Efferents: projects to the vestibular nucleus vestibulospinal tract and medial longitudinal fasciculus motor neurons of anterior horn of spinal cord. Function: involved in eye movements and maintain balance of the body
25 Main afferents and efferents of vestibulocerebellum Flocculonodular lobe
26 Main afferents and efferents of vestibulocerebellum Vestibular nucleus vestibulocerebellum Spiral ganglion Vestibulospinal tract Vestibular apparatus Motor neuron of ant. horn Medial longitudinal fasciculus
27 Connections and Function of Cerebellum Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum) Fiber connection Afferent fibers: receive somatic sensory information via spinocerebellar tracts Efferents fibers: Projects to the fastigial and interposed nuclei vestibular nuclei, reticular formation & red nucleus reticulospinal tract & rebrospinal tract motor neurons of anterior horn of spinal cord. Function: regulation of muscle tone
28 Main afferents and efferents of spinocerebellum
29 Connections and Function of Cerebellum Neocerebellum (Cerebrocerebellum) Connection Afferents: receives input from the cerebral cortex via a relay in pontine nuclei Efferents: projects to dentate nucleus dorsal thalamus and red nucleus primary motor cortex corticospinal tract motor neurons of ant. horn of spinal cord. Function: coordinator of precise movements of sleletal muscle.
30 Cerebral cortex Motor area Ventral posterolateral Nucleus of thalamus corticopotine tract corticospinal tract Red nucleus cerebrocerebellum Dentate nucleus potine nuclei Motor neuron of ant. horn of spinal cord
31 Fiber connections of the cerebellum Afferent fibers Medulla Cerebellar n Efferent fibers Vestibulocerebellar fiber Olivocerebellar fiber Archicerebellum Fastigial n. Cerebellovestibular fiber Post.spinocerebellar tract Inf.cerebellar pudencle (inf.cerebellar pudencle) Red nucleus Ant.cerebelalr tract Paleocerebellum Emboliform n. Reticular formation (sup.cerebellar pudencle) Globose n. Ventral.ant.n. (intermediate n.) Ventral intermediate n. (sup.cerebellar pudencle) Pontocerebellar fiber Neocerebellum Dentate n. (mid,cerebellar pudencle)
32 Function of the cerebellum Maintain posture (equilibrium) of the body: Aarchicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum) Regulate the skeletal muscle tone: Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum) Coordinate skilled voluntary & programmed movement.neocerebellum(cerebrocerebellum)
33 Lobe and function of the cerebellum Lobe Evolution Relation Nucleus Function Flocculonodular lobe Archicereb -ellum Vestibuloce - rebellum vestibular nuclei equilibrium anterior lobe Palaeocerebellum Spinocer e-bellum Fastigatum intermedial nucleus muscular tone posterior lobe Neocerebe -llum Cerebrocer -ebellum Dentate nucleus Coordination of muscular motor
34 Cerebellum lesioni and cliniclal application Cerebellum don t initiate and perform voluntary movement, therefore,lesions of the cerebellum do not result in loss of voluntary movement and general sensation. Cerebellar hemisphere injury may cause ipsilateral dyskinesia. Typical signs of the cerebellar injury;(a) ataxia,incoordination of voluntary movements,(b)nystagmus;(c) intention tremor. Archicerebellum s syndrome:it caused by the vestibulocerebellum lesion with dysequilibrum,astasia,titubation and nystagmus. Neocerebellum s syndrome: it is caused by the cerebellar hemisphere lesion.the main features are limbs ataxia (incoordination of agonistic,antagonistic,flxation,synergistic muscles),inablity of finger-to nose test. dysdiadochokinesia, lower muscular tension,nystagmus and intention tremor.
35 The end!
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