Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.[2]

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1 GUIDED READING - Ch. 5 - STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOMOLECULES NAME: Please print out these pages and HANDWRITE the answers directly on the printouts. Typed work or answers on separate sheets of paper will not be accepted. Importantly, guided readings are NOT GROUP PROJECTS!!! You, and you alone, are to answer the questions as you read. You are not to share them with another students or work together on filling it out. Please report any dishonest behavior to your instructor to be dealt with accordingly. Get in the habit of writing legibly, neatly, and in a NORMAL, MEDIUM-SIZED FONT. AP essay readers and I will skip grading anything that cannot be easily and quickly read so start perfect your handwriting. Please SCAN documents properly and upload them to Archie. Avoid taking photographs of or uploading dark, washed out, side ways, or upside down homework. Please use the scanner in the school s media lab if one is not at your disposal and keep completed guides organized in your binder to use as study and review tools. READ FOR UNDERSTANDING and not merely to complete an assignment. Though all the answers are in your textbook, you should try to put answers in your own words, maintaining accuracy and the proper use of terminology, rather than blindly copying the textbook whenever possible. Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.[2] 1. What are the four main classes of large biological molecules? 2. First, place an asterisk in the box of the three classes above that include macromolecules. Next, define the term macromolecules. [2] 3. Define the following terms. a. Polymer b. Monomer c. Dehydration Reaction (include a brief description of how this happens) d. Hydrolysis (include a brief description of how this happens)

2 e. Carbohydrates f. Monosaccharides (also briefly mention the functional groups present) g. Disaccharides h. Polysaccharides (be sure to mention the two main uses of polysaccharides by organisms and how the different functions are determined). i. Lipids (be sure to mention why they are grouped together and name a few types of lipids) j. Cholesterol k. Enzymes

3 l. Proteins 4. The root words of hydrolysis will be used many times to form other words you will learn this year. What does each root word mean? [2] a. Hydro = b. Lysis = 5. Label the diagram below identify covalently bonded H & OH s, water molecules, a monomer, a polymer, a condensation reaction, and a hydrolysis reaction. [1] 6. Consider the following reaction: [2] C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6! C 12 H 22 O 11 a. The equation is not balanced as it is missing a molecule of water. Write it in on the correct side of the equation.

4 b. What kind of reaction is this? c. Is C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) a monomer or a polymer? d. To summarize, when two monomers are joined, a molecules of is always removed. 7. How many molecules of water would be needed to hydrolyze a polymer that s 12 monomers long? Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material. [2] 8. Let s look at carbohydrates, which include sugars & starches. What are monomers of carbohydrates called? [2] 9. Most monosaccharides are some multiple of CH 2 O. For example, a ribose is a 5-caron sugar with the formula C 5 H 10 O 5. It is one type of pentose sugar (root penta - meaning 5). What is the formula of a hexose sugar? [2] 10. a. What are the three hexose monosaccharides. [1] b. Label the figure below. c. Notice that all sugars have the same two functional groups. Name them. C = O OH 11. What is the difference between an aldehyde sugar and a ketone sugar? [2] 12. So, as a quick review, all of these sugars have the same chemical formula: C 6 H 12 O 6. What term did you learn in chapter 3 for compounds that have the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas? [2]

5 13. Here is the abbreviated ring structure of glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6. Notice where all the carbons are. Pay attention to the numbering system. This will be important as well progress in our study. Circle the number 3 or 3 carbon. Put a square around the number 5 or 5 carbon. [2] 14. Let s look at our reaction in question 6 again. Notice that two monomers are joined to make a polymer. Since the monomers are monosaccharides, this polymer is a disaccharide. Three disaccharides are important to us with the formula C 12 H 22 O 11. Name them below and fill out the chart. [2] 15. Have you noticed that all the sugars end in ose? What does this root word mean? 16. What is a glycosidic linkage and what do the numbers 1-4, 1-2 and 1-6 relate to? [1] 17. There are two categories of polysaccharides. Name them.

6 18. Compare and contrast the two storage polysaccharides (as part of your answer, be sure to discuss any simple and complex forms if applicable and where they are stored in organisms cells). [1] 19. How does cellulose differ from starch and in what ways is this significant. How does Cellulose differ from starch and why is this significant. 20. Why can you not digest cellulose? What organisms can digest cellulose? [2]

7 21. Name the two structural ploysaccharides and explain the main difference between them. 22. Let s review some key points about the carbohydrates. Each prompt below describes a unique carbohydrate. Name the correct carbohydrate for each. [2] a. Has 1 4! glucose linkages b. Is a storage polysaccharide produced by vertebrates; stored in your liver c. Two monomers of this form maltose d. Glucose + form sucrose e. Monosaccharide commonly called fruit sugar f. Milk sugar g. Structural polysaccharide that gives cockroaches their crunch h. Malt sugar; used to brew beer i. Structural polysaccharide that comprises plant cell walls Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules. [2] 23. Lipids include fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. (KNOW THIS TOO). What characteristics do all these share? [2]

8 23. Describe the building blocks of fats, then label them on the illustration below? 24. Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats how do these highlight the concept that structure and function are linked? [1] 25. What are the three main functions of fats in animals? 26. a. If a fat is composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecules, how many water molecules must have been removed to form it? [2] b. Again, what is this process called? [2] 27. Draw a fatty acid that is 8 carbons long and is unsaturated. Circle the element in your chain that makes it unsaturated. [2]

9 28. On the fat illustration of question 23, label the ester linkages. [2] 29. Name two unsaturated fats. [2] 30. Name two saturated fats. [2] 31. Why are many unsaturated fats liquids at room temperature? [2] Use scientific terminology! 32. a. What is a trans fat? [2] b. Why should you limit them in your diet? [2] 33. Label the molecule below. [1]

10 34. How does a phospholipids exemplify the biological theme of Form Fits Function? 35. a. To summarize, a phospholipids has a glycerol attached to a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains. The head is hydrophilic, and the tail is hydrophobic. Now, sketch the phospholipids bilayer structure of a plasma membrane. Label the hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails, and location of water. [2] b. Why are the tails all located in the interior? [2] 36. How would you recognize a basic steroid molecule? (Think three hexagons and a doghouse ; ) [2]). 37. What are other examples of steroids? [2] Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions. [2] 38. List the eight types of proteins, their basic function, and an example of each! a.

11 b. c. d. e. f. g

12 h. 39. What are the generic names for the monomers and the polymers of proteins? [1] 40. Enzymes are an important type of protein. Label the diagram concerning the catalytic cycle of an enzyme [1]- 41. Is the reaction depicted above a dehydration synthesis or a hydrolysis reaction? 42. Describe the name and formation of the bond indicated by the red dot.

13 43. The monomers of proteins are amino acids. Sketch an amino acid here and label the alpha or central carbon, the amino group, the carboxyl group, and R group. [2] 44. What is represented by the R group? How many are there of these? [2] 45. Study the figure below. See if you can understand why some R groups are nonpolar, some polar, and others electrically charged (acidic or basic). If you were given an R group, could you place it in the correct group? Work on the R groups until you can see common elements in each category! [2]

14 46. What forms when two amino acids are covalently bonded together? 47. What is the bond between amino acids called? 48. Draw two actual amino acids. Circle the water molecule to be removed and then note the peptide bond formed when the two are joined. [1] 49. Explain the four levels of protein structure and provide an example of each. a. Primary Structure (include a sentence about how this structure is determined) b. Secondary Structure (Be sure to also include a description and explanation of " helices and! pleated sheets).

15 c. Tertiary Structure (Include a description of all 4 interactions witnessed between Polar Charged, Polar Uncharged, and Non-Polar amino acids and be sure to label these interactions in the figure below). d. Quaternary Structure (Try to include an explanation of how the characteristics of amino acids discussed in question c. relate to the formation of quaternary structure)

16 50. Make sure you can clearly explain the levels of protein structure depicted below. 51. a. Besides mutation, which changes the primary structure of a protein, protein structure can be changed by denaturation. What does denaturation mean and why is it important? [2] b. List three ways a protein may become denatured. [2] 52. What are chaperonins or chaperone proteins and how do they function?

17 53. Describe x-ray crystallography. 54. Changes in the DNA sequence of genes can alter the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. How can changing the primary structure of a protein lead to a change in the functioning of a protein? 54. Do you remember when, in chapter 4, we said, change the structure, change the function? Explain how that principle applies to sickle-cell disease. Why is the structure changed? Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary information. [2] 55. What are the roles of the nucleic acids DNA and messenger RNA?

18 56. The flow of genetic info is from DNA! RNA! protein. Use this figure to explain the process. Also label the nucleus, DNA, mrna, ribosome, and amino acids. [2] 57. Notice that there are five nitrogen bases. Which four are found in DNA? [2] 58. Which four nitrogen bases are found in RNA? [2] 59. How do ribose and deoxyribose sugars differ? [2] Be specific and draw both pentose sugars too!

19 60. Nucleic acids are made up of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Fill in all 21 blanks in the diagram below: 61. To summarize, what are the components of a nucleotide? 62. Here is a model of DNA, which was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick. What is the shape called? 63. What is/are the difference between Pyrimidines and Purines?

20 64. What is a phosphodiester linkage? How is it formed? 65. What is meant by the statement that the two DNA strands in a double helix as antiparallel? [1] 66. What are the two ways nucleotide strands are held together in a DNA double helix? 67. What does it mean when they say that the two strands of DNA are complimentary? 68. Suppose a region along one DNA strand in a double helix has the following sequence of Nitrogenous Bases: 5 TCGATGGAAC 3 a. Provide the sequence of the complimentary strand in the 5 # 3 direction. Indicate the 5 and 3 ends. b. Provide the sequence of the complimentary RNA strand in the 5 # 3 direction. 69. Please answer the Self-Quiz at the end of your chapter. Do your best to try it from memory first in order to test how well you grasped the material References 1. Adapted from L. Miriello 2. Adapted from Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw