CH. 5 Macromolecules. Building Blocks of Life
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1 CH. 5 Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life
2 Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
3 Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain monomers building blocks repeated small units covalent bonds H 2 O HO H HO H Dehydration synthesis HO H
4 How to build a polymer Synthesis joins monomers by taking H 2 O out one monomer donates OH other monomer donates H + together these form H 2 O requires energy & enzymes You gotta be open to bonding! H 2 O HO Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction HO H HO enzyme H H
5 Figure 3.4 Condensation and Hydrolysis of Polymers (A) How to build a polymer (Dehydration Synthesis)
6 How to break down a polymer Digestion use H 2 O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H 2 O is split into H + and OH H + & OH attach to ends requires enzymes releases energy HO enzyme H H 2 O Hydrolysis Digestion HO H HO H
7 How to break down a polymer (hydro, water ; lysis, break )
8 Dehydration Synthesis (remove water to build) Hydrolysis (add water to lyse/break)
9 Carbohydrates
10 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H O 6 Function: energy u energy storage raw materials u structural materials Monomer: sugars ex: sugars, starches, cellulose sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
11 Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) CH 2 OH CH 2 OH H C O H HO H OH O H H OH O HO H HO H H H H C C OH OH H OH OH H H Glucose Ribose Glyceraldehyde
12 Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone
13 Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutions in biology? In cells! Carbons are numbered
14 Numbered carbons 5' C C 6' O 4' C C 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C 3' C 2'
15 Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers H HO CH 2 OH O H OH H H OH Glucose H OH sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
16 Building sugars Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide glucose H 2 O fructose sucrose (table sugar)
17 Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) in liver & muscles structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi) QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
18 Linear vs. branched polysaccharides slow release starch (plant) energy storage What does branching do? glycogen (animal) fast release
19 Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose isomers of glucose structure determines function
20 Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest enzyme
21 Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most carnivores have not that s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage But it tastes like hay! Who can live on this stuff?!
22 Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet Regents Biology
23 Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Ruminants Regents Biology Tell I me eat about the rabbits, again, WHAT! George!?
24 Proteins Multipurpose molecules Regents Biology
25 Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group Function: involved in almost everything Regents Biology enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) structure (keratin, collagen) carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin) cell communication signals (insulin & other hormones) receptors defense (antibodies) movement (actin & myosin) storage (bean seed proteins)
26 Proteins Structure monomer = amino acids 20 different amino acids polymer = polypeptide protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded & bonded together large & complex molecules complex 3-D shape H 2 O hemoglobin Regents Biology Rubisco growth hormones
27 Amino acids Structure central carbon amino group carboxyl group (acid) R group (side chain) Regents Biology variable group different for each amino acid confers unique chemical properties to each amino acid like 20 different letters of an alphabet can make many words (proteins) H O H N C C OH H R Oh, I get it! amino = NH 2 acid = COOH
28 Effect of different R groups: Nonpolar amino acids nonpolar & hydrophobic Regents Biology Why are these nonpolar & hydrophobic?
29 Effect of different R groups: Polar amino acids polar or charged & hydrophilic Regents Biology Why are these polar & hydrophillic?
30 Sulfur containing amino acids Form disulfide bridges covalent cross links betweens sulfhydryls stabilizes 3-D structure H-S S-H You wondered why perms smell like rotten eggs? Regents Biology
31 Building proteins Peptide bonds covalent bond between NH 2 (amine) of one amino acid & COOH (carboxyl) of another C N bond dehydration synthesis H 2 O Regents Biology peptide bond
32 Building proteins Polypeptide chains have direction N-terminus = NH 2 end C-terminus = COOH end repeated sequence (N-C-C) is the polypeptide backbone can only grow in one direction Regents Biology
33 Protein structure & function Function depends on structure 3-D structure twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape pepsin hemoglobin Regents Biology collagen
34 Primary (1 ) structure Order of amino acids in chain amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA) slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein s structure & its function even just one amino acid change can make all the difference! Regents Biology lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
35 Sickle Cell Anemia Regents Biology
36 Secondary (2 ) structure Local folding Regents Biology folding along short sections of polypeptide interactions between adjacent amino acids H bonds weak bonds between R groups forms sections of 3-D structure -helix -pleated sheet
37 Tertiary (3 ) structure Whole molecule folding interactions between distant amino acids Regents Biology hydrophobic interactions cytoplasm is water-based nonpolar amino acids cluster away from water H bonds & ionic bonds disulfide bridges covalent bonds between sulfurs in sulfhydryls (S H) anchors 3-D shape
38 Quaternary (4 ) structure More than one polypeptide chain bonded together only then does polypeptide become functional protein hydrophobic interactions collagen Regents Biology = skin & tendons hemoglobin
39 Protein structure (review) 1 amino acid sequence peptide bonds R groups hydrophobic interactions disulfide bridges (H & ionic bonds) 3 multiple polypeptides hydrophobic interactions 4 determined by DNA Regents Biology 2 R groups H bonds
40 Protein denaturation Unfolding a protein Regents Biology conditions that disrupt H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges temperature ph salinity alter 2 & 3 structure alter 3-D shape destroys functionality In Biology, size doesn t matter, SHAPE matters! some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot
41 Lipids long term energy storage concentrated energy
42 Lipids Lipids are composed of C, H, O long hydrocarbon chains (H-C) Family groups fats phospholipids steroids Do not form polymers big molecules made of smaller subunits not a continuing chain
43 Fats Structure: glycerol (3C alcohol) + fatty acid fatty acid = long HC tail with carboxyl (COOH) group head enzyme H 2 O dehydration synthesis
44 Building Fats Triacylglycerol 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol ester linkage = between OH & COOH hydroxyl carboxyl
45 Dehydration synthesis H 2 O dehydration synthesis enzyme H 2 O enzyme H 2 O enzyme H O
46 Fats store energy Long HC chain polar or non-polar? Why do humans like fatty foods? hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Function: energy storage concentrated all H-C! 2x carbohydrates cushion organs insulates body think whale blubber!
47 Saturated fats All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds long, straight chain most animal fats solid at room temp. contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits
48 Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in the fatty acids plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together mono-unsaturated? poly-unsaturated?
49 Phospholipids Structure: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO 4 PO 4 = negatively charged
50 Phospholipids Hydrophobic or hydrophilic? fatty acid tails = hydrophobic PO 4 head = hydrophillic split personality attracted to water Come here, No, go away! Come here, No, go away! interaction with H 2 O is complex & very important! repelled by water
51 Phospholipids in water Hydrophilic heads attracted to H 2 O Hydrophobic tails hide from H 2 O can self-assemble into bubbles bubble = micelle can also form a phospholipid bilayer early evolutionary stage of cell? water bilayer water
52 Why is this important? Phospholipids create a barrier in water define outside vs. inside they make cell membranes! Tell them about soap!
53 Steroids Structure: 4 fused C rings +?? different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings different structure creates different function examples: cholesterol, sex hormones cholesterol
54 Cholesterol Important cell component animal cell membranes precursor of all other steroids including vertebrate sex hormones high levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease
55 Cholesterol Important component of cell membrane helps keep cell membranes fluid & flexible
56 From Cholesterol Sex Hormones What a big difference a few atoms can make!
57 Nucleic Acids Information storage
58 DNA Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material stores information genes blueprint for building proteins DNA RNA proteins transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation proteins
59 Nucleic Acids Examples: RNA (ribonucleic acid) single helix DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double helix Structure: monomers = nucleotides DNA RNA
60 Nucleic Acids Examples: RNA (ribonucleic acid) single helix DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double helix Structure: monomers = nucleotides DNA RNA
61 Nucleotides 3 parts nitrogen base (C-N ring) pentose sugar (5C) ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA phosphate (PO 4 ) group Nitrogen base I m the A,T,C,G or U part! Are nucleic acids charged molecules?
62 Types of nucleotides 2 types of nucleotides different nitrogen bases purines double ring N base adenine (A) guanine (G) pyrimidines single ring N base cytosine (C) thymine (T) uracil (U) Purine = AG Pure silver!
63 Nucleic polymer Backbone sugar to PO 4 bond phosphodiester bond new base added to sugar of previous base polymer grows in one direction N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Dangling bases? Why is this important?
64 Pairing of nucleotides Nucleotides bond between DNA strands H bonds purine :: pyrimidine A :: T 2 H bonds G :: C 3 H bonds Matching bases? Why is this important?
65 DNA molecule Double helix H bonds between bases join the 2 strands A :: T C :: G H bonds? Why is this important?
66 Copying DNA Replication 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole Matching halves? Why is this a good system?
67 When does a cell copy DNA? When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied? cell reproduction mitosis gamete production meiosis
68 DNA replication It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material. James Watson Francis Crick 1953
69 Watson and Crick and others
70 Maurice Wilkins and
71 Rosalind Franklin ( )
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