EVOLUTION S ACHILLES HEELS 13:25

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EVOLUTION S ACHILLES HEELS 13:25 01/28/16 Larry Springer: chslyf@gmail.cm OUTLINE 0. INTRODUCTION 1. NATURAL SELECTION 3. ORIGIN OF LIFE 4. FOSSIL RECORD 5. GEOLOGIC RECORD 6. RADIOMETRIC DATING 7.

1 EVOLUTION S ACHILLES HEELS 13:25 01/28/16 Larry Springer: chslyf@gmail.cm OUTLINE 0. INTRODUCTION 1. NATURAL SELECTION 3. ORIGIN OF LIFE 4. FOSSIL RECORD 5. GEOLOGIC RECORD 6. RADIOMETRIC DATING 7. COSMOLOGY 8. ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS 9. SUMMARY 2. GENETICS INFORMATION, INTELLIGENCE & NETWORKS Intracellular cmmunicatins Fr cells t be functinal, the fllwing nnmaterial entities are required: A language is required fr any cmmunicatins t ccur as cells cntain senders & receivers fr cmmunicating. There are cmmunicatin netwrks just as we have fr ur telephne, televisin, and internet netwrks. Withut meaningful infrmatin it wuld be impssible fr the cell t functin. This infrmatin, sent thrugh the cmmunicatin netwrks, is translated int a language that bth the senders and receivers recgnize. An addressing system: The cellular system cntains a pst ffice addressing arrangement fr delivering infrmatin and materials. Kinesins, shwn later in a vide, are cmplex prteins that walk alng micrtubules physically carrying packages t predetermined lcatins. As all f these are nnmaterial entities they culd nt have been prduced thrugh materialistic evlutin. Intelligence was required t prduce this interrelated system, as randm ccurrences culd nt pssibly prduce them even given an astrnmical amunt f time. And t rule ut any pssibility f randm ccurrence, they are mutually defining s that all f them must have arisen simultaneusly! DNA and prtein The material parts f the equatin fr life in ur bdies are the DNA data strage devices in each cell, which have the capacity f 30 billin letters f infrmatin, and the prtein, machines within the cells that d the physical wrk. Cmmunicatin netwrks are systems fr cnveying meaningful data in a recgnized language t the prtein machines, just as tw humans must knw the same language t prperly cmmunicate. In ur apprximately 100 trillin cells each nuclei cntains 23 pair f chrmsmes cmpsed f DNA. 1 DNA, in the frm f a duble helix, cmprises chrmsmes. The tw uter backbnes must be cmprised f all righthanded 2, chiral (ky-ral) sugar mlecules. These mlecules ccur in equal numbers f right-handed

and left-handed in nature, s fabricating the backbne by the randm chance ccurrence f billins f all right-handed mlecules appearing in nature wuld nt be pssible.

There are abut 500 amin acids in nature, but nly 20 specific amin acids that make up the prteins in life. They must all be in the exact right rder.

This reveals that the genme is ptimized t near perfectin. Overlapping cdes are nearly impssible t imprve upn, as attempts t imprve ne f them will disrupt r destry ne r mre f the thers.

2 and left-handed in nature, s fabricating the backbne by the randm chance ccurrence f billins f all right-handed mlecules appearing in nature wuld nt be pssible. T further rule ut chance ccurrence, the prteins in ur bdies are actually machines cmpsed f 400 t 30,000 amin acids. They will nly functin if frmed using all left-handed amin acids. There are abut 500 amin acids in nature, but nly 20 specific amin acids that make up the prteins in life. They must all be in the exact right rder. Each sectin f prtein cding DNA (a gene) has the ability t cde fr many different prteins. Any given sectin f each genme can be ding multiple tasks simultaneusly using verlapping cdes. This reveals that the genme is ptimized t near perfectin. Overlapping cdes are nearly impssible t imprve upn, as attempts t imprve ne f them will disrupt r destry ne r mre f the thers. Randm chance mdificatins and natural selectin cannt achieve ptimizatin in a highly cmplex rganism. It wuld require an astrnmical number f extremely rare beneficial mutatins, plus a likewise astrnmical number f trials and errrs t achieve. 3-D micr-bilgical prtein machines DNA hlds the instructins fr building prteins, (3-dimensinal micr-bilgical prtein machines) in ur bdy. Making them requires enzymes, which are themselves prteins, and prteins such as RNA plymerase (pəˈliməˌrās) and the ribsme (rībəˌsōm) described belw, etc. are needed t fabricate all these. There are ver 100,000 unique types, including ATP synthase (sĭn thās ). These and many/mst thers are cmpsed f multiple prtein units. S, the bi-mlecular hardware required fr life is actually a cascading rder f irreducibly cmplex machines. (Fr simplificatin we call them prteins frm nw n.) Sme imprtant prteins are: ATP synthase: a rtary mtr-generatr that prduces the currency (nurishment) t sustain cells (the image at the right). In ur mitchndria are hundreds f trillins f these mtrs. RNA plymerase: cpies a sectin f the DNA s genetic cde (a gene). It must separate the duble helix bnds, start and stp cpying at exactly the right letter n the DNA, and prduce a perfect errr checked cded strand. Ribsme: prcesses the cded strand t prduce the prtein prescribed by its data (the image at the right). A prtein cntains frm abut 400 t 30,000 (the prtein titin in muscles) amin acids. All must be in the exact right rder, and lefthand rientated fr the prtein t functin. Based n these mlecular dictates, hardly ne f the mre than 100,000 prtein types needed fr life culd have arisen by chance randm mutatins, let alne all; and thusands wuld have been simultaneusly required fr even the first simplest life frm, a cell. Many even prduce txins if they are fabricated incrrectly. DNA Instability As DNA carries the entire cde fr the cnstructin and functining f an rganism, it must remain free f inadvertent changes. Hwever, it is quite unstable. If unrepaired n rganism wuld survive its embry stage as an estimated ne millin breaks per day ccur in the DNA within each cell.3 With abut 100 trillin cells in ur bdies, each cell has t repair abut 1014 x 106 breaks r, 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 breaks per day. Therefre in each cell an assemblage f prteins (enzymes) is required t wrk cntinuusly t keep the DNA in tact. This is a real, chicken-and-egg challenge fr the evlutin mdel. DNA needs a huge cmpliment f these repair enzymes t be maintained as each repairs a different type f damage. They are cded

in the DNA, yet the DNA in the chrmsmes requires them. They wuld be severely affected by DNA changes, and mutatins are ften catastrphic.

Infrmatin: fundamental t intra-cellular life The prblem is nt just stred data, but als cmmunicatin netwrks interfacing with machinery.

In these peratins, multiple infrmatin systems direct elabrate machines (prteins) t accmplish these and thusands f ther tasks.

3 in the DNA, yet the DNA in the chrmsmes requires them. They wuld be severely affected by DNA changes, and mutatins are ften catastrphic. Therefre, as evlutin takes millins f years, and life cannt exist withut them, hw culd they have riginated by the prcess f mutatins ver time? Infrmatin: fundamental t intra-cellular life The prblem is nt just stred data, but als cmmunicatin netwrks interfacing with machinery. Within the cell are prteins that divide cells, reprduce chrmsmes, read the cde n a sectin f DNA (a gene), and fabricate prteins that the cde describes. In these peratins, multiple infrmatin systems direct elabrate machines (prteins) t accmplish these and thusands f ther tasks. Replicatin f chrmsmes (DNA) (Image n right) Prteins called RNA plymerases pen bth strands f the DNA helix by breaking the hydrgen bnds, One mves alng each strand, duplicating it by adding letters (bases) t cmplete the pen bases f the riginal parent, thus frming tw daughters, Transfer RNA (trna) mlecules are instructed t bring the exact bases needed at each lcatin at the rate f abut 1000 per secnd. A majr cmplicatin is that the upper (lagging) strand is the reverse f the bttm, and cannt add bases directly. Okazaki fragments must be built up and inserted requiring added prteins. Prtein fabricatin Transcriptin is the first prcess (cpying the DNA cde) The RNA plymerase cpies ne strand nt a mlecular ribbn, a messenger RNA (mrna), It must attach t an exact lcatin n the gene at ne specific base pair, a DNA cde letter, Again as in attaching, it must terminate n an exact base pair n the gene. If it des nt the resulting prtein will nt wrk. (And, if just ne cde letter is incrrect it als will nt wrk.) The cde is a sequence f ne f the fur bases, the amin acids (G, C, A, T) n the mrna, The mrna is then checked as it exits the nucleus thrugh ne f 2000 nuclear pre cmplexes (NPC) each made f at least 256 prteins, and each can cnduct 1000 translcatins / secnd. It is then exprted ut f the nucleus by imprtins, carrier mlecules that recgnize and transprt carg cntaining a nuclear lcalizatin signal (NLS) int and ut f the nucleus. Translatin is the secnd prcess (fabricating the prtein) The mrna, nw in the cytplasm utside the nucleus, is guided t a ribsme, which engulfs it and prcesses its cde, like an auditape being fed thrugh a reel-t-reel tape player, t fabricate a prtein specified by the cde. (image far right) Again, transfer RNA mlecules bring amin acids t fabricate the new prtein t the ribsme. Each is prgrammed t transfer ne f the 20 specific amin acids in the exact needed sequence. As the mrna is prcessed thrugh the ribsme, trna units match a three-letter cde (a cdn) with the three-letter cde n the mrna t reduce fabricatin errrs t near zer. The specified amin acid attached t the trna is delivered t the grwing prtein. Then, ther mlecules called chaperes surrund the fabricated prtein because f its fragility, and carry it t a chapernin that receives instructins t fld it t the exact shape fr this particular machine. (These transcriptin, translatin, and flding prcess is shwn in the images abve.)

4 Nw the fabricated prtein, thrugh the bimlecular cmmunicatin system, is sent t the lcatin t d the task that it was fabricated fr. This prcess uses a whle series f prteins t translate between tw cmpletely unrelated languages, the linear cde f mrna and pened DNA, t the threedimensinal cde f prteins. S, we ve added a layer f cmplexity t the language, and we will see in the next sectin that DNA has 4-dimensins f cmmunicatin. There certainly appears t be intelligence required fr this prcess. Even the simplest first cell wuld have required this, but hw wuld all this have arisen by chance? GENOME COMPLEXITY, REDUNDANCY, AND JUNK DNA The multi-dimensinal cmplexity f the genme As mentined abve, there is anther level f cmplexity. The genme, which cnsists f cded sectins n each chrmsme, is actually a ne, tw, three and fur-dimensinal unit: The First Dimensin is when DNA is stretched ut t allw cpying t take place. Alng with mrna, it is a ne-dimensinal cded string f base pairs. The Secnd Dimensin is the multiplicity f prteins that can be fabricated frm nly a part f ne gene. The human bdy has ver 100,000 different prteins, and Smithsnian.cm (2015) estimates abut 19,000 genes. The Encyclpedia f DNA Elements prject (ENCODE) fund that each part f a gene can be used in many different prteins, these parts are spliced tgether t frm the mre than 100,000 distinct prteins. Als, different cells can prduce different prteins, and they can be different at different times! Cells knw what, when, and under what cnditins t prduce them. Certainly this prcess is intelligently cntrlled. The Third Dimensin is the 3-D structure f DNA (the chrmsmes) in the nucleus. Here, genes are rdered and clustered accrding t need. Genes nrmally used tgether end up next t each ther when the chrmsmes are flded, and are als clse t a nuclear pre r a transcriptin area. Therefre, smething in the first dimensin cde cntrls the 3-D flding. The Furth Dimensin is that this three-dimensinal structure is changing ver time. As different cell types need access t different genes n different chrmsmes at different times, the genme is cnstantly unwrapping, wrapping, and then unwrapping different sectins t expse the apprpriate genes. 4 This perfectly directed symphny f a cmplex, interleaved, fur-dimensinal system with data cmpressin and flexibility again culd hardly have been created by mutatin and natural selectin. The genme far exceeds the cmplexity f the largest cmputer perating systems in the wrld tday. Cdn redundancy Our mathematics perates in a base-10 system (0-9), and cmputers in a base-2 system (0-1). The genme, with it its fur bases f Guanine, Cytsine, and Adenine, Thymine, perates n a base-4 system. (In RNA the Thymine is replaced by Uracil.) The ribsme attaches each amin acid t the grwing prtein by matching a three-letter cde (a cdn) n the trna that brings the amin acid t the ribsme, t the cmplementary cdn n the mrna. cmplimentary matches are A-U and G-C. Three psitins f fur letters allws fr 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 cmbinatins. But, there are nly 20 different amin acids that fabricate prtein, s sme can be given multiple cdn cmbinatins. Alanine fr example is assigned GCA, GCC, GCG, and GCU s that a mutatin in the last letter will prduce the same amin acid. That way at least sme mutatins in prtein cding regins f the genme will have little r n effect.

5 Junk DNA (nn-prtein cding) Nn-prtein cding DNA, which makes up abut 98% f the genme, was initially called junk DNA by evlutinary bilgists wh claimed it was garbage (junk) left ver frm evlutinary mistakes and therefre didn t have any functin. Hwever: The ENCODE prject mentined abve prved that that all r almst all f it is functinal. Instead f cntaining cdes t fabricate prteins, it fabricates RNA, cellular wrkhrses that ften affect prtein prductin dwn the line. It als cntrls many different functins in the cell. Randmly a letter f cde in junk DNA is used n average in six different RNA transcriptins, which means that statistically nearly 100% f the letters are functinal. It s like having a variety f clred balls in a bag in relatively equal numbers. If yu blindly pull ut a particular clr six times, yu will prbably end up pulling ut balls f mst clrs. The Junk DNA is effectively an RNA cmputer as it can be transcribed t: regulatry nncding RNAs (i.e. trnas, rrnas), rigins f DNA replicatin, centrmeres, telmeres, and scaffld attachment regins (SARs). 5 It als cntrls the cell by regulating genes, serving as gene prmters/enhancers, prtein splicing, cntrlling prtein switches, etc. Accrding t evlutinary bilgist, J.S. Mattick: The failure t recgnize the full implicatins f this... may well g dwn as ne f the biggest mistakes in the histry f mlecular bilgy. 6 Virlgist Nessa Carey says in her bk: it's the junk DNA that is running the whle shw. 7 HUMAN / CHIMP GENETIC SIMILARITY The similarity f human and chimp DNA myth defies Evlutinary bilgists in the effrt t demnstrate primate evlutin by shwing similarity had claimed that the DNA was 99% identical. Again, nly lking at the prtein cding DNA was their dwnfall. There is actually nly 70% similarity with entire human gene families nt in chimps. And there shuld be cnsiderable similarity as we are physically very similar. In fact there are abut 35 millin single-letter differences that had t arise (half in each species), spread thrugh the respective ppulatins, and becme fixed... in thse few (thusand) generatins. Likewise, tens f thusands f chrmsmal rearrangements had t ccur, spread, and fix, as well as tens f millins f base pairs f insertins and deletins. 8 Human chrmsme 2 fusin myth Dr. Jeffrey Tmpkins, Ph.D. in Genetics frm Clemsn University, states:... the chrmsme end-capping (telmere)... prtect the ends f linear chrmsmes... A cluster f these telmere sequences in the middle f human chrmsme 2 has, in part, led evlutinists t pstulate that it was prduced by the fusin f tw smaller ape-like chrmsmes... [I]t has becme evident that telmere repeats were nt unique t the ends f chrmsmes. Therefre this authr develped sftware that enables the scanning f whle chrmsmes fr internal telmere cntent.... Surprisingly, the entire human genme cntains t 0.25% intact telmere sequences.... chrmsme 2 (the suppsed fusin prduct) cntains ver 91,000 (0.23%) intact internal telmere sequences. Fewer than attributed t the s-called fusin site. 9 It s nw knwn this particular ITS [Interstitial Telmere Sequence] is... a secnd genetic switch called a prmter. Telmeres are... vid f genes, s it wuld be impssible fr a telmere fusin t prvide the prper DNA sequences.... ITSs shw strng evidence f design.... The presence f ITSs affects gene expressin by changing the... (three-dimensinal) prperties f the DNA. 10 BUILDUP OF DETRIMENTAL MUTATIONS Genetic entrpy There is a prfund prblem with the genmes f all rganisms, which is that they are all degrading due t the accumulatin f detrimental mutatins. In an average human, abut three new

$An even bigger prblem threatening humanity and all rganisms is genetic entrpy. Offspring inherit a fractin f ur mutatins, which cntinues n with each generatin adding mre mutatins.$

6 mutatins are frmed every time a cell divides. By the time we are sixty, we have up t 40,000 mutatins per skin cell, with the ttal in ur bdy numbering in the trillins. An even bigger prblem threatening humanity and all rganisms is genetic entrpy. Offspring inherit a fractin f ur mutatins, which cntinues n with each generatin adding mre mutatins. The average mutatin rate f 1 in 85 millin nucletides r genetic cde letter during sperm r egg prductin may sund lw. Hwever, the human genetic cde is 6 billin [single] letters lng. This mutatin rate adds up t dzens f mutatins per generatin Natural selectin cannt slve this prblem, it can nly slw it dwn by preventing reprductin in the unfit (eugenics, cvered later in ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS ). Mst f the rest with detrimental mutatins will pass them n. There are nw ver 188,000 (August release ) disease-causing mutatins in the Human Genme Mutatin Database, with ver 10,000 mre discvered each year. Organisms are devlving rather than evlving due t ver 1000 detrimental mutatins t nly ne that is beneficial. This degradatin f the genme is the cmplete ppsite f evlutin. Genetic crrelatin t biblical timescale A research reprt by Jacb A. Tennessen et al. published in Science in 2012 cncluded that, The resulting demgraphic mdel... strngly supprts a recent, dramatic acceleratin f ppulatin grwth. The maximum-likelihd time fr accelerated grwth was 5115 years ag. 12 The chart t the right is frm anther paper, which validated that the live spans f Nah s descendants decrease expnentially as genetic entrpy wuld predict. The time frame equates t a time beginning at Nah s birth abut 4900 years ag, with the beginning f the ppulatin acceleratin abut 600 years later. The authr nted regarding the accelerated ppulatin grwth that, Amazingly, this recent explsin f human genme variatin, mstly assciated with genetic entrpy, [mutatins] als fits the same pattern f human life expectancy rapidly declining after the Fld as recrded in the Bible....The results f these genetic studies fit perfectly with the predictins f a yung-earth creatin timeframe In anther reprt, Mthers pass mitchndrial DNA (mtdna) t their ffspring, s any mutated mtdna leaves a genetic trail thrugh the female lineage. Thus, everyne alive tday carries a unique ancestral maternal sequence. Dr. Nathaniel Jeansn, a PhD in Cell and Develpmental Bilgy frm Harvard, dwnladed mtdna sequences frm Human Mitchndrial Genme Database (HMGD), and then arranged the mst similar sequences clsest tgether. The result is a tree-like diagram with three majr ndes f ancestry (the green arrws in the image), and 115 mtdna differences between thse individuals and tdays. Factring in the established number f generatins per mutatin using a divergence calculatin (differences = mutatin rate*time*2), crrelates with the date f the wrldwide fld. This fits Genesis 6:18, which cnveys that all humans wh exist tday descended frm the three wives f Nah s three sns. 14 In additin, ur current lifespan was prclaimed by Gd in the Bible. Wikipedia (als cnfirmed by Guinness Wrld Recrds) states: This is a list f the 100 verified ldest peple. The ldest verified persn n recrd was French wman Jeanne Calment ( ), wh lived t the age f 122 years 164 days. 15 After Calment, the next 99 range frm 119 dwn t 114 years. Genesis 6:3, which recrds life beginning abut 100 years befre the wrldwide fld (ver 4000 years ag) states: Then the LORD said, "My Spirit will nt put up with humans fr such a lng time, fr they are nly mrtal flesh. In the future, their nrmal lifespan will be n mre than 120 years." Nw, ver 4000 years later, after great health and medical advances, Gd s cmmand is still true!

7 SUMMARY v Neither DNA backbnes cmprised f billins f all right-handed sugar mlecules, nr prteins cmprised f thusands f all left-handed amin acids, culd have arisen by randm chance. v Each sectin f prtein cding DNA has the ability t cde fr many different prteins. Any given sectin f each genme has mre than ne message, which can cntrl verlapping cdes. This is extreme ptimizatin, nearly impssible t imprve upn. v A huge assemblage f special prteins (enzymes) is required t wrk cntinuusly t repair the apprximately 100 millin, trillin DNA breaks that are ccurring in ur bdies each day. v In rder fr the simplest cell t functin, an enrmus amunt f data, incredible cmmunicatin netwrks, and thusands f cmplex prteins are simultaneusly required. v DNA is a ne, tw, three, and fur-dimensinal cmmunicatin system with data cmpressin. v The base-4 cdn redundancy is yet anther ptimizatin. v All the abve had t cme abut withut evlutin as they re prir t the first life, the cell. v Junk DNA, a blunder by evlutinary bilgists claiming it junk frm evlutinary mistakes t supprt evlutinary mdel is nw knwn ~100% functinal, a vastly cmplicated RNA cmputer. v A 99% human/chimp DNA similarity was claimed by evlutinary bilgists t supprt primate evlutin. Hwever, it is clser t 70% with abut 35 millin single-letter differences. v Recent data shws human chrmsme 2 is nt the fusin f tw ape-like nes. Rather the ITSs are genetic switches, prmters that affect gene expressin. They are strng evidence f design. v The accumulating f harmful mutatins is being passed dwn frm generatin t generatin, crrupting the genmes f all rganisms. In effect we are de-evlving, rather than evlving. v Recent research fund a dramatic acceleratin f ppulatin grwth arund 5115 years ag. This equates amazingly well t the wrldwide fld after which life n earth was reestablished. v The pattern f human life expectancy decline after the fld, due t genetic entrpy frm mutatins that began after man sinned, fits perfectly with the predictins f a yung-earth creatin timescale. v mtdna genetic ancestry dates back t three ndes, relatable t the three wives f Nah s sns. v The number f mtdna variances frm the three ndes t nw places them at the time f the fld. v >4000 years ag Gd ruled 120-year future lives. With mdern health & medicine is still 120 years! BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Creatin Ministries Internatinal, Evlutin s Achilles Heels, Creatin Bk Publishers, p , Ldish, H. et al., Mlecular Bilgy f the Cell, 5 th ed., W.H. Freeman and Cmpany, New Yrk, Creatin Ministries Internatinal, Ref 1, pp Gibbs, W.W., The Unseen genme: gems and junk, Scientific American, pp , Nv Nessa Carey, Junk DNA: A Jurney Thrugh the Dark Matter f the Genme, Clumbia University Press (April 14, 2015) 8. Creatin Ministries Internatinal, Ref 1, p Tmpkins, J., Acts & Facts, p. 6, Nv 2011, at: Tmpkins, J., Acts & Facts, p. 9, Oct science.ppsingviews.cm/mutatin-dna-mlecule-passed-ffspring-2346.html

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variations on a Theme

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variations on a Theme BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 13: Meisis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variatins n a Theme Meisis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variatins n a Theme CONCEPTS: 13.1 Offspring acquire genes frm their parents by inheriting chrmsmes