CARDIORESPIRATORY DEVELOPMENT

Transcription

1 CARDIORESPIRATORY DEVELOPMENT Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

2 ANATOMY OF THE HEART O The heart is divided into right and left hand side by the septum. Septum O The 2 sides are separate & have no communication with each other.

3 ANATOMY OF THE HEART Left Atrium Septum Right Atrium Left Ventricle Right Ventricle

4 WHAT IS CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM O It is made up of the following two cooperating systems: O O the cardiovascular/circulatory (the heart and blood vessels) system the respiratory (the lungs and related muscles) system O Together, these systems deliver oxygen and nutrients, and remove waste products, throughout the body O Exercise challenges the cardiorespiratory system by increasing the demand for oxygen and nutrients in working muscles

5 Cardiorespiratory System O The Heart (two pumps in one) O Right side/pulmonary circuit O Left side/systemic circuit O Blood Vessels O Arteries: carry blood away from the heart O Veins: carry blood from body tissues back to the heart O Capillaries: thin-walled blood vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through to tissues, and waste products (e.g.,carbon dioxide) to pass back into the vascular system for processing

6 Cardiorespiratory System Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

7 Circulation in the Heart Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

8 Cardiorespiratory System O Blood vessels O Arteries = vessels that carry blood away from the heart O Veins = vessels that carry blood to the heart O Capillaries = very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

9 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM O Controls breathing O Consists of lungs and related muscles O The lungs O exhale carbon dioxide and waste products O inhale oxygen, some of which passes into alveoli (tiny air sacs), and then into capillaries O send oxygen-rich blood back to the heart Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

10 O Alveoli = tiny air sacs in the lungs through whose walls gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of the blood O Lungs expand and contract about times a minute Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

11 EARLIEST DEVELOPMENT O Cardiovascular system makes its first appearance while the embryo is still flat. O Clusters of mesodermal cells specialise to form blood cells. O Mesodermal cells around these flatten to form endothelium of blood vessels. O These clusters are called blood islands of angiogenic ( blood vessel-forming ) cell clusters. Source: National Weather Service Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

12 O In the accompanying diagram note that these form a curve reaching well beyond the neural plate and the notochord. A mass of mesoderm, called cardiogenic area, near the head end (H) will give rise to the heart. O The sagittal section below illustrates the three germ layers, prochordal plate and the cardiogenic area. Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

13 FOETAL CIRCULATION Very little pulmonary flow Placental Circulation Right to Left Passages Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

14 Cardiorespiratory System AT REST O Heart rate: beats/minute O Breathing rate: breaths/minute O Blood pressure: 110/70 O Cardiac output: 5 quarts/minute O Blood distributed to muscles: 15 20% DURING EXERCISE O Heart rate: beats/minute O Breathing rate: breaths/minute O Blood pressure: 175/65 O Cardiac output: 20 quarts/minute O Blood distributed to muscles: 85 90% Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

15 Energy Production O Metabolism the sum of all chemical processes necessary to maintain the body O Energy from food O Broken down into glucose O Stored as glycogen O ATP (adenosine triphosphate): The energy currency of cells Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

16 Benefits of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise O Improved cardiorespiratory function O Improved cellular metabolism O Reduced risk of chronic disease O Cardiovascular disease O Cancer O Type 2 diabetes O Osteoporosis O Deaths from all causes Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

17 Benefits of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise O Better control of body fat O Improved immune function O Improved psychological and emotional well-being Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 3

18 SUMMARY & FUNCTIONS O Right Atrium (RA) O receives deoxygenated blood from the organs of the body. O Right Ventricle (RV) O pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. O Left Atrium (LA) O receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. O Left Ventricle (LV) O pumps oxygenated blood to all organs of the body O larger & stronger than RV O as it pumps blood through the body.

19 SUMMARY & FUNCTIONS O Valves: O there are 4 one O way valves in the heart that open or close in response to pressure of blood flow: O Bicuspid Valve: O separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. O Tricuspid Valve: O separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. O Aortic Valve : O separates the left ventricle from the aorta. O Pulmonary Valve: O separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery.

20 SUMMARY & FUNCTIONS O Blood vessels leading to and from the heart are as follows: O Aorta carries oxygenated blood out of the left ventricle to the body. O Superior Vena Cava returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the head & upper body. O Inferior Vena Cava returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the lower body. O Pulmonary Vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. O Pulmonary Artery carries deoxygenated blood from body to lungs.