1 Food and its use by the body (pp )

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1 Checkup Chapter 6 1 Food and its use by the body (pp ) 1. This is what Veronica ate for supper: 1 grilled Atlantic salmon steak 1 baked potato 5 ml of butter (on the potato) 3 boiled broccoli florets 2 glasses (500 ml) of 2% milk 125 ml of chocolate ice cream 60 g of strawberries (on the ice cream) For each food item eaten by Veronica: a) Name the food group to which the item belongs. b) State the amount of energy provided by the item. (See Appendix 2, The nutritional value of certain foods, page 424.) FOOD GROUP AMOUNT OF ENERGY PROVIDED BY THE FOOD Salmon Meat and alternatives = 1142 kj Potato Vegetables and fruits 921 kj Butter Milk and alternatives 150 kj Broccoli Vegetables and fruits 130 kj Milk Milk and alternatives = 1072 kj Ice cream Milk and alternatives 630 kj Strawberries Vegetables and fruits 75 kj 2. In a 250-mL glass of 2% milk: a) How many grams (g) of proteins, carbohydrates and fats does this glass contain? PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES FATS 9 g 12 g 5 g B 1 CHECKUP OF CHAPTER 6

b) How many micrograms (µg) of vitamin A does it contain? 529 IU 0.3 µg/iu = 158.7 µg c) How much energy (kj) is provided by the glass of milk?

2 b) How many micrograms (µg) of vitamin A does it contain? 529 IU 0.3 µg/iu = µg c) How much energy (kj) is provided by the glass of milk? 536 kj or Energy from proteins: 9 g 17 kj/g = 153 kj Energy from carbohydrates: 12 g 17 kj/g = 204 kj Energy from fats: 5 g 37 kj/g = 185 kj Total energy value: 153 kj kj kj = 542 kj 3. At right is the Nutritional Facts label found on a bag of raisin bread. a) If you eat two slices of raisin bread, will you have eaten most of your recommended daily fat requirements? Explain your answer. No, because two slices of bread provide only 3% of the recommended daily fat requirements. b) This raisin bread contains niacin (vitamin B3). What other vitamins does it contain? Thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2) and folate (B9) c) This raisin bread contains zinc. What other minerals does it contain? Sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, phosphorous and magnesium CHECKUP OF CHAPTER B

3 4. For each of the following statements, indicate whether it refers to a chemical transformation or a mechanical transformation. TYPE OF TRANSFORMATION CHEMICAL MECHANICAL a) Teeth grind and cut food. b) Saliva breaks down starch. c) The stomach churns the food. d) Gastric juices break down proteins. 5. For each structure of the digestive tract, indicate: a) the kind of conversion (mechanical or chemical) that takes place b) the substances that are secreted for digestion, if applicable c) the glands that secrete these substances d) the nutrients that are broken down by these secretions Write your answers in the table below. STRUCTURE TYPE OF CONVERSION SUBSTANCES THAT ARE SECRETED GLANDS THAT SECRETE THESE SUBSTANCES NUTRIENTS THAT ARE BROKEN DOWN Mouth Mechanical and Saliva Salivary glands Complex chemical carbohydrates (starch) Pharynx None None None None Esophagus None None None None Stomach Mechanical and Gastric juice Gastric glands Proteins chemical Small intestine Mechanical and Intestinal juice Intestinal glands Proteins, chemical Pancreatic juice Pancreas carbohydrates, fats Bile Liver Proteins, carbohydrates, fats Fats B 3 CHECKUP OF CHAPTER 6

4 STRUCTURE TYPE OF CONVERSION SUBSTANCES THAT ARE SECRETED GLANDS THAT SECRETE THESE SUBSTANCES NUTRIENTS THAT ARE BROKEN DOWN Large intestine None None None None Rectum None None None None 6. Digestion prepares nutrients so they can be used by the body. a) What do we call the transport of nutrients from the digestive tract into the blood and lymph? b) From which part of the digestive tract are most nutrients absorbed into the blood and lymph? Absorption The small intestine 2 Respiration (pp ) 7. Our respiratory system enables us to extract a gas from the air, which we need in order to live. a) Name this gas. Oxygen b) What is the general equation that summarizes the role of this gas in the nutritional process? Nutrients + oxygen Æ Energy + carbon dioxide + water 8. A student eating in the cafeteria starts to choke. Once he stops coughing, he wonders what made his body react this way. How could you explain it to him? When you swallowed, the epiglottis did not completely seal the trachea. This allowed food to enter it. To remove the food, coughing produced an air current, which pushed the food back out. CHECKUP OF CHAPTER B

9. Below are some statements about respiration. For each statement, indicate whether it refers to inhalation or exhalation. INHALATION EXHALATION a) Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract.

5 9. Below are some statements about respiration. For each statement, indicate whether it refers to inhalation or exhalation. INHALATION EXHALATION a) Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract. b) Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax. c) Lung volume increases. d) Lung volume decreases. e) Air pressure in the lungs decreases. f) Air pressure in the lungs increases. g) Air inside the lungs flows outside. 3 Blood and lymph circulation (pp ) 10. This is a photo of a drop of blood seen through a microscope. a) Name element 1 and 2 and give their respective functions. ELEMENT FUNCTION 1 Red blood cell Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. 2 White blood cell Defends against disease B 5 CHECKUP OF CHAPTER 6

6 b) What other formed element in the blood is not shown in the photo? What is its function? Platelets. They help in the blood-clotting process. c) What percentage of blood volume is composed of formed elements? 45% 11. a) What is the name of the liquid that contains the formed elements of the blood? Plasma b) What are the main constituents of this liquid? Water, nutrients, antibodies and waste 12. Here are the blood types of four friends: Joseph : AB + Karla : B + Maxime : O Samir : A a) Draw the red blood cells of these four people while showing the substances found on each type of cell membrane. Joseph (AB + ) Karla (B + ) Maxime (O ) Samir (A ) CHECKUP OF CHAPTER B

b) Samir is in a serious car accident and loses a lot of blood. He needs a transfusion. Which one of his friends could give him blood? Explain your answer.

7 b) Samir is in a serious car accident and loses a lot of blood. He needs a transfusion. Which one of his friends could give him blood? Explain your answer. Only Maxime can give blood to Samir because Maxime s red blood cell membranes do not carry any substances that differ from those on Samir s red blood cell membranes. c) Which one of these four friends could be considered a universal recipient? Joseph 13. Name the type of blood vessel referred to in each of the following statements. a) This vessel carries blood back to the heart. Vein b) This vessel is where most of the exchanges occur between the blood and the cells. c) In this vessel, blood circulates under high pressure. d) In this vessel, blood moves forward with the help of muscular contractions. Capillary Artery Vein e) In this vessel, red blood cells travel in single file. Capillary f) In this vessel, blood travels from the heart to the capillaries. 14. The illustration at right shows the heart and the main vessels attached to it. Name each of the numbered structures and indicate whether it contains oxygen-rich blood or carbon-dioxide rich blood. Write your answers in the table on the next page. Artery B 7 CHECKUP OF CHAPTER 6

8 STRUCTURE OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD CARBON DIOXIDE-RICH BLOOD 1 Right atrium 2 Left atrium 3 Right ventricle 4 Left ventricle 5 Superior vena cava 6 Pulmonary vein 7 Pulmonary artery 8 Aorta 15. There are two blood circulation routes inside our body. a) Name the circulation route that carries blood to the lungs and then returns it to the heart. b) Name the circulation route that carries blood to all the other parts of our body. Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation 16. The blood, the extracellular fluid and the lymph are three liquids contained in our body. a) Describe how the elements in plasma and the white blood cells can leave the cardiovascular system and end up in the extracellular fluid and the lymph. Plasma: By leaking through pores in the membranes of capillaries White blood cells: By diapedesis, a process whereby they are able to squeeze through the pores in the capillary membranes CHECKUP OF CHAPTER B

9 b) In the table below, indicate where the blood, the extracellular fluid and the lymph circulate. LIQUID WHERE IT CIRCULATES Blood In the cardiovascular system Extracellular fluid Between cells Lymph In lymphatic vessels 17. While observing the lymph through a microscope, a microbiologist sees a white blood cell wrapped around a microorganism. a) What is happening? Phagocytosis b) What other means can white blood cells use to defend the body? By secreting antibodies 4 The elimination of waste (pp ) 18. a) What are the organs and structures involved in the formation, circulation and storage of urine? The kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra b) Give the equation that summarizes how cells produce urea. Amino acids + oxygen Æ Energy + water + urea c) What organs help to eliminate carbon dioxide? The lungs B 9 CHECKUP OF CHAPTER 6

10 19. For the following situations, indicate whether the amount of urine produced by the kidneys increases or decreases. a) Nicole drank several glasses of water before going to class. It increases. b) Jean-Philippe put a lot of salt on his fries. It decreases. c) Andrès forgot his water bottle and went on a bike ride during which he perspired a lot. It decreases. 20. The presence of certain blood elements in the urine may indicate a health problem. What are these elements? Red blood cells CHECKUP OF CHAPTER B

Nutrition, part 2. Because 1 part isn t enough!

Nutrition, part 2. Because 1 part isn t enough! Nutrition, part 2 Because 1 part isn t enough! 4. Calories and Caloric Intake Calories per gram of our Macro and Micro nutrients Macro Carbohydrates: 4 cal/g Fats: 9 cal/g Proteins: 4 cal/g Micro Vitamins: