Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3

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1 Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 Nervous System and Sensory Organs von Werner Kahle, Michael Frotscher 1. Auflage Thieme 2010 Verlag C.H. Beck im Internet: ISBN Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei beck-shop.de DIE FACHBUCHHANDLUNG

2 IX The Nervous System... 1 Introduction... 1 The Nervous System An Overall View... 2 Development and Subdivision... 2 Functional Circuits... 2 Position of the Nervous System in the Body... 4 Development and Structure of the Brain... 6 Development of the Brain... 6 Anatomy of the Brain... 8 Evolution of the Brain Basic Elements of the Nervous System The Nerve Cell Methods in Neuroanatomy Ultrastructure of the Nerve Cell The Synapse Localization Structure Function Types of Synapses Neurotransmitters Axonal Transport Transmitter Receptors Synaptic Transmission Neuronal Systems Neuronal Circuits The Nerve Fiber Ultrastructure of the Myelin Sheath Development of the Myelin Sheath inthepns Development of Unmyelinated NerveFibers Structure of the Myelin Sheath in thecns Peripheral Nerve Neuroglia Blood Vessels Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Overview The Spinal Cord Structure Reflex Arcs Gray Substance and Intrinsic System Cross Sections of the Spinal Cord.. 54 Ascending Pathways Descending Pathways Visualization of Pathways Blood Vessels of the Spinal Cord Spinal Ganglion and Posterior Root Spinal Meninges Segmental Innervation Spinal Cord Syndromes... 68

3 X Peripheral Nerves Nerve Plexusus Cervical Plexus (C1 C4) Posterior Branches (C1 C8) Brachial Plexus (C5 T1) Supraclavicular Part Infraclavicular Part Nerves of the Trunk Posterior Branches Anterior Branches Lumbosacral Plexus Lumbar Plexus Sacral Plexus Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves Overview Longitudinal Organization Cranial Nerves Base of the Skull Cranial Nerve Nuclei Medulla Oblongata Hypoglossal Nerve Vagus Nerve Pons Genu of the Facial Nerve Trigeminal Nerve Cranial Nerves (V, VII XII) Hypoglossal Nerve Accessory Nerve Vagus Nerve Glossopharyngeal Nerve Vestibulocochlear Nerve Facial Nerve Trigeminal Nerve Parasympathetic Ganglia Ciliary Ganglion Pterygopalatine Ganglion Otic Ganglion Submandibular Ganglion Midbrain Structure Cross Section Through the Inferior Colliculi of the Midbrain Cross Section Through the Superior Colliculi of the Midbrain Cross Section Through the Pretectal Region of the Midbrain Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra. 136 Eye-Muscle Nerves (Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI) Abducens Nerve Trochlear Nerve Oculomotor Nerve Long Pathways Corticospinal Tract and Corticonuclear Fibers Medial Lemniscus Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Internuclear Connections of the Trigeminal Nuclei Central Tegmental Tract Posterior Longitudinal Fasciculus Reticular Formation Histochemistry of the Brain Stem.. 148

4 XI Cerebellum Structure Subdivision Cerebellar Peduncles and Nuclei Cerebellar Cortex Neuronal Circuits Functional Organization Fiber Projection Results of Experimental Stimulation Pathways Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (Restiform Body) Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium Pontis) Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium conjunctivum) Diencephalon Development of the Prosencephalon Telodiencephalic Boundary Structure Subdivision Frontal Section at the Level of the Optic Chasm Frontal Section through the Tuber Cinereum Frontal Section at the Level of the Mamillary Bodies Epithalamus Habenula Pineal Gland Dorsal Thalamus Specific Thalamic Nuclei Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei Anterior Nuclear Group Medial Nuclear Group Centromedian Nucleus Lateral Nuclear Group Ventral Nuclear Group Lateral Geniculate Body Medial Geniculate Body Pulvinar Frontal Section Through the Rostral Thalamus Frontal Section Through the Caudal Thalamus Subthalamus Subdivision Responses to Stimulation of the Subthalamus Hypothalamus Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus. 194 Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus. 194 Vascular Supply Fiber Connections of the Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus Fiber Connections of the Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus Functional Topography of the Hypothalamus Hypothalamus and Hypophysis Development and Subdivision of the Hypophysis Infundibulum Blood Vessels of the Hypophysis Neuroendocrine System

5 XII Telencephalon Overview Subdivision of the Hemisphere Rotation of the Hemisphere Evolution Development of the Layers of the CerebralCortex CerebralLobes Sections Through the Telencephalon Frontal Sections Horizontal Sections Paleocortex and Amygdaloid Body. 226 Paleocortex Amygdaloid Body Fiber Connections Archicortex Subdivision and Functional Significance Ammon s Horn Fiber Connections Hippocampal Cortex Neostriatum Insula Neocortex Cortical Layers Vertical Columns Cell Types of the Neocortex The Module Concept Cortical Areas FrontalLobe Parietal Lobe TemporalLobe Occipital Lobe FiberTracts Hemispheric Asymmetry Imaging Procedures Contrast Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging PET and SPECT Cerebrovascular and Ventricular Systems Cerebrovascular System Arteries Internal Carotid Artery Areas of Blood Supply Veins Superficial Cerebral Veins Deep Cerebral Veins Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces Overview Choroid Plexus Ependyma Circumventricular Organs Meninges DuraMater Arachnoid Mater PiaMater

6 XIII Autonomic Nervous System Overview Central Autonomic System Peripheral Autonomic System Adrenergic and Cholinergic Systems Neuronal Circuit Sympathetic Trunk Cervical and Upper Thoracic Segments Lower Thoracic and Abdominal Segments Innervation of the Skin Autonomic Periphery EfferentFibers AfferentFibers Intramural Plexus Autonomic Neurons Functional Systems Brain Function Motor Systems Corticospinal Tract Extrapyramidal Motor System Functional Connections in the Extrapyramidal Motor System Motor End Plate Tendon Organ Muscle Spindle Common Terminal Motor Pathway Sensory Systems Cutaneous Sensory Organs Pathway of the Epicritic Sensibility Pathway of the Protopathic Sensibility GustatoryOrgan OlfactoryOrgan Limbic System Overview Cingulate Gyrus SeptalArea Sensory Organs The Eye Structure Eyelids, Lacrimal Apparatus, and Orbital Cavity Muscles of the Eyeball The Eyeball Anterior Part of the Eye Vascular Supply Fundus of the Eye Retina OpticNerve Photoreceptors Visual Pathway and Ocular Reflexes Visual Pathway Topographic Organization of the Visual Pathway Ocular Reflexes

7 XIV The Ear Structure Overview OuterEar Middle Ear Inner Ear Cochlea OrganofCorti Vestibular Apparatus Vestibular Sensory Cells Auditory Pathway and Vestibular Pathways Auditory Pathway Vestibular Pathways Further Reading Index

b. The groove between the two crests is called 2. The neural folds move toward each other & the fuse to create a

b. The groove between the two crests is called 2. The neural folds move toward each other & the fuse to create a Chapter 13: Brain and Cranial Nerves I. Development of the CNS A. The CNS begins as a flat plate called the B. The process proceeds as: 1. The lateral sides of the become elevated as waves called a. The