First stage Lec.1 : Introduction. Asst.Lec.Dr.ABDULRIDHA ALASADY

Transcription

1 First stage Lec.1 : Introduction Asst.Lec.Dr.ABDULRIDHA ALASADY

2 Anatomy the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another aided by dissection or imaging techniques.

3 Branches of anatomy science Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) the study of large, easily observable structures (by naked eye), such as the heart or bone.

4 Microscopic anatomy (cytology, histology) the study of very small structures, where a magnifying lens or microscope is needed.

5 Surface anatomy- (also called superficial anatomy) it is the study of the external features of the body.it deals with shape and marking on the body surface as they relate to deep structures.identifying spots of surface anatomy is by either inspection, feeling, tapping, or listening.

6 Anatomical landmarks; fixed clear points used in determining and describing the position and structure of an organ e.g. umbilicus, &nipple.

7 human body Structures: 1- Chemical level 2- Cellular level 3- Tissue level 4- Organ level 5- System

8 Cytology (science of cell) Cell structure: Important Constituents; Cell membrane; the boundary of cytoplasm Cytoplasm The Nucleus Golgi apparatus Vesicles Peroxisome Lysosomes Mitochondria Microfilaments Microtubules

9 Tissue Skin &Mucous membrane Fatty tissue Fibrous tissue Mules Aponeurosis Tendon Fascia Bone Cartilage Glands Neural tissue Blood Lymphatic tissue.

10 Basic Anatomical Terms Distal= far Proximal= near Caudal= foot Cranial= head Flexion= narrow angle Extension= wide angle Adduction= toward body Abduction= away from body Osseous= bony Dental= tooth Ligament= band

11 Central= middle Peripheral=to outside Superior= upper Inferior= lower Medial=near to center Lateral = away from center Inner= deep-medial Outer= external-lateral Dorsum= back Ventral= anterior Cephalic= head side Thorax = chest Cephalic= top Caudal= down Superior= up -top

12 Pulmonary= of lung Cardiac= of heart Digit= foot finger Peri= around Para=by side Hepatic= liver Renal= kidney Oculus =eye oris = mouth mentis = chin cervix = neck pudendal = external genitalia rectus= straight

13 Cranium= skull Navel= umbilicus Ocular= eye Buccal= mouth Wrist= carpal Oto= of ear Glossal= of tongue Axilla= armpit Gluteus= buttock Lina alba= white line Parietal= of wall Visceral= of deep

14

15

16

17

18 Directions

19 The Anatomical Position When in the anatomical position, the subject, Stands upright Facing the observer, at head level Eyes facing forward Feet flat on the floor Arms at the sides Hands flats anterior.

20 Lying Positions Prone position; the body is lying face down.. Supine position; the body is lying face up. Fowler s position; the bed and chest down to the hip rest elevated by 30 degrees, knees either extended or flexed. Trendelenburg position, the body laid supine or flat on the back with the feet higher than the head by degrees. The reverse Trendelenburg position the body is flat, but the head is degrees higher than the feet. Other positions; kee-chest, Sims, lithatomy&.lateral positions..

21 Lying Positions

22 Basic body planes or sections The sagittal planes; divides the body into equal or unequal (left and right) sides; The midsagittal (median) plane is in the midline through the center of the body dividing it equally, paramedian or parasagittal; are parallel to it. The coronal plane (frontal plane); divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front) portions. The transverse plane (axial, orhorizontalplane); divides the body into superior and inferior (head and tail) portions and is parallel to the ground. Oblique plane;divide the body on angle.

23 Basic body planes or sections

24

25 Body cavities Dorsal cavity; The dorsal cavity is a continuous cavity located on the dorsal side of the body. It houses the brain, meninges and the spinal cord, &cerebrospinal fluid. Cranial cavity; The cranial cavity is the upper portion of the dorsal cavity consisting of the space inside the skull. This cavity contains the brain, the meninges of the brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Vertebral cavity; The vertebral cavity is the lower portion of the dorsal cavity and contains the structures within the vertebral column. These include the spinal cord, the meninges, and CSF.

26 Ventral cavity; Contains many different organ systems. The organs within the ventral cavity also called viscera. The ventral cavity has upper and lower portions divided by the diaphragm, )a sheet of skeletal muscle found beneath the lungs(. Thoracic cavity; is found within the rib cage. It houses the organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and esophagus and the thymus gland. The thoracic cavity is lined by two types of mesothelium: the pleura lining of the lungs, and the pericardium lining of the heart. Abdominopelvic cavity; is lined by a type of mesothelium, called the peritoneum and found below the thoracic cavity and diaphragm. It divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The pelvic cavity is contained within the pelvis and houses the bladder and reproductive system.

27 Body cavities

28