Chapter 1: The Human Organism
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1 Chapter 1: The Human Organism I. Anatomy and Physiology A. Anatomy - study of structure 1. Studying structural changes from conception to adulthood is called: 2. Embryology is the study of 3. The study of cellular structure is referred to as 4. A histologist studies the anatomical structure of 5. Gross anatomy refers to 6. Studying one body system at a time is 7. Studying all structures contained in the arm is 8. Surface Anatomy refers to 9. Creating pictures of internal body structures is B. Physiology - study of function 1. A cell physiologist would study 2. Studying how the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines function together to digest food would be an example of II. Structural and Functional Organization A. Chemical Level 1. Basic components are _ 2. The basic components are joined together to form B. Cell Level 1. Basic unit of 2. Made up of small structures called 1
2 C. Tissue Level 1. Composed of: 2. Four basic types:,, and D. Organ Level 1. Composed of: E. Organ System Level 1. Composed of: F. Organism Level 1. In humans a III. The Human Organism - Characteristics of Life A. Organization 1. Large are organized into which in turn form B. Metabolism 1. Consists of C. Responsiveness 1. Sense and to the changes D. Growth 1. Due to cells increasing in or E. Development = 1. A primitive cell becoming specialized for vision is 2. Body changes that occur at puberty are 2
3 F. Reproduction 1. Involves formation of or IV. Homeostasis A. Homeostasis is 1. Body conditions that change over time are known as 2. The normal value for a body condition is referred to as 3. Body conditions are not constant but vary within a B. Negative Feedback 1. Negative means that 2. Negative feedback maintaining homeostasis involves: a. Deviation from the set point called a _ b. The deviation being detected by a c. The deviation being analyzed by the _ d. The moving the variable back toward the set point. C. Positive Feedback 1. Positive means that a deviation from set point causes V. Terminology and the Body Plan A. Body Positions 1. Describe "anatomic position": _ 2. If you lay down on your back you are _ 3. If you lay down on your stomach you are _ B. Directional Terms 1. The proper anatomical term for up is _ 2. The proper anatomical term for down is _ 3
4 3. The proper anatomical term for front is _ 4. The proper anatomical term for back is _ 5. The term "cephalic" is synonymous with _ 6. The term "caudal" is synonymous with _ 7. In humans the term "ventral surface" refers to the 8. In humans the term "dorsal surface" refers to the _ 9. The end of a structure nearer the point of origin is 10. The end of a structure farther from the point of origin is 11. A structure closer to the midline of the body is said to be 12. A structure farther from the midline of the body is _ 13. Structures near the body surface are referred to as 14. Structures that are in the interior of the body are said to be C. Body Parts and Regions 1. The body from the shoulder to the elbow is properly called 2. The body from the elbow to the wrist is properly called 3. The body from the hip to the knee is properly called 4. The body from the knee to the ankle is properly called 5. Label the four quadrants of the abdomen on the diagram below: Right Left 4
5 6. Label the nine regions of the abdomen on the diagram below: Right Left D. Planes 1. What vertical plane divides the body into right and left portions? 2. What vertical plane divides the body into equal right and left halves? 3. What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions? 4. What vertical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions? 5. Cutting through the long axis of an organ creates a 6. Cutting at right angles to the long axis of an organ creates a 7. An oblique section is created by E. Body Cavities 1. Thoracic Cavity a. Located: b. Median portion, which is known as the 5
6 c. On either side of the median portion are found the 2. Abdominal Cavity a. Enclosed by b. Contains the 3. Pelvic Cavity a. Enclosed by b. Contains the 4. Term "abdominopelvic cavity" refers to F. Serous Membranes 1. Found and 2. Visceral serous membrane will be found 3. Parietal serous membrane will be found 4. Between serous membranes is which 5. The pericardial cavity is found 6. The pleural cavity is found 7. The peritoneal cavity is found 8. Mesenteries a. Composed of b. Connect what to what? c. Functionally mesenteries and d. Organs that are directly attached to the body wall and covered only with a parietal peritoneum are referred to as being 6
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