UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY PATHWAYS SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016

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1 EDP07 UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY PATHWAYS SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016 COGNITIVE AND BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES MODULE NO: PSC4003 Date: Wednesday 18 th May 2016 Time: 2:00 4:00pm (2 hours) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Candidates are advised that the examiners attach importance to legibility of writing and clarity of expression. YOU ARE STRONGLY ADVISED TO PLAN YOUR ANSWERS. There are 60 questions on this paper. Answer 60 questions. All questions carry equal marks.

2 Page 2 of Which of the following approaches relating to the functioning of the Mind was most influential in the establishment of Cognitive Psychology: a. Connectionist b. Information processing c. Computational Modeling d. Artificial Intelligence 2. In an experimental study, which is the variable being manipulated? a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Control variable d. Random variable 3. The Chinese Room argument against the Turing Test being a demonstration of computers behaving intelligently is based on the idea that: a. Manipulation of symbols does not necessarily involve understanding of semantics b. Manipulation of symbols cannot occur without understanding the meaning of these symbols c. The meaning of symbols are dependent on the perceiver s knowledge and expectations d. The meaning of symbols must be understood for these to be manipulated 4. Which methodological approach (based on the study of abnormal cognition) is behind the development of theories about normal cognition? a. Experimental Neuropsychology b. Cognitive Neuropsychology c. Clinical Neuropsychology d. Forensic Neuropsychology 5. Sternberg s (1966) study on Short Term Memory search reaction time, which inspired the Sternberg s Paradigm, is an example of which type of processing a. Bottom-up b. Top-down c. Serial d. Parallel

3 Page 3 of Visual illusions are an example of which type of processing? a. Bottom-up b. Top-down c. Serial d. Parallel 7. Which cognitive process is responsible for interpreting information derived from environmental stimuli and gathered by the senses? a. Sensation b. Perception c. Attention d. Both b and c 8. In Visual Perception, how can Sensory Illusions be described? a. Perceptual distortions of existing stimuli b. A type of hallucination c. An accurate reflex of reality d. Not based on sensory information 9. Which of the following can be explained by data-driven theoretical accounts of visual perception? a. Inaccurate perception b. Visual illusions c. Ambiguous perceptions d. All of the above 10. According to Gibson s (1966) theory of direct perception, what is motion parallax an example of? a. A theory-driven notion of distance b. A data-driven notion of distance c. A socially-constructed notion of distance d. None of the above 11. According to Marr s (1982) Computational Theory of Visual Perception, which stage corresponds to the detection of visual stimuli by the Retina? a. Raw Image b. Primal Sketch c. 2 ½ D Sketch d. 3 D Model

4 Page 4 of Which of the following would be a limitation for a Template-matching Model of object recognition? a. Objects that exactly match the internally stored representation b. Objects that very slightly differ from the internally stored representation c. Objects that significantly differ from the internally stored representation d. Objects that have not been previously encountered 13. Which of the following theories of object recognition cannot adequately account for the recognition of objects from non-canonical views? a. Template Matching Models b. Feature Analysis Models c. Recognition by Components Models d. All of the above 14. Which of the following assumptions of Cognitive Psychology is illustrated by the role played by Attention? a. Visual perception is based on a combination of data-driven processes and concept-driven processes b. There are limits to the amounts of information that can be processed at a given moment c. Memory permits encoding, storing, and retrieving information in the future to optimize behaviour d. None of the above 15. According to Broadbent s (1958) Filter Theory of Attention, which type of information-processing occurs after the Attentional Bottleneck? a. Serial b. Parallel c. Both serial and parallel d. None of the above 16. To which level did Treisman s (1964) theory of selective attention suggest that unattended information was processed? a. Physical b. Sensorial c. Perceptual d. Semantic

5 Page 5 of What did Gray and Wedderburn s (1960) and Treisman s (1960) dichotic listening studies suggest? a. Semantic characteristics of the message are the only selection criteria b. Physical characteristics of the message are the only selection criteria c. Both physical and semantic characteristics can serve as selection criteria d. None of the above 18. In Memory, the difficulty added to recalling a passage by blurring the text reflects a problem in the process of: a. Encoding b. Consolidation c. Storage d. Retrieval 19. Which of the following can be used as examples to illustrate the suggestion that information is actively organized in Memory? a. Evidence suggesting that using category names as retrieval cues facilitates recall of items on a list b. Evidence that items with similar meanings may be activated by the same trigger c. Evidence suggesting that recall of items is improved by recreating the context and state in which learning of those items occurred d. All of the above 20. If the typical pattern of errors in recalling items from a list is based on their acoustic properties, what does it suggest in terms of the format in which information was encoded? a. Information was coded visually b. Information was coded semantically c. Information was coded phonologically d. Information was coded abstractly 21. Which of the following Working Memory components is responsible for rehearsal of acoustically encoded information? a. Central Executive b. Visuo-spatial Sketch Pad c. Phonological Loop d. All of the above

6 Page 6 of What is mostly associated with the process of rehearsal in Memory? a. Maintaining items in the Short Memory Store b. Preventing items from naturally decaying from the Sensory Memory Store c. Transferring items from Short Memory to the Long Memory Store d. Allowing for a deeper processing of the information being memorised 23. Craik and Lockhart s (1972) study showed a positive relationship between recall rates and depth of processing, as better recall was associated with encoding information based on its: a. Visual properties b. Phonological properties c. Semantic properties d. All of the above 24. Which of the following could be predicted from severe damage to the Prefrontal Cortex? a. Difficulty in recognizing objects visually b. Difficulty in consolidating new information c. Difficulty in inhibiting inappropriate social behaviours d. Difficulty in understanding the meaning of Language 25. Which of the following describes the Serial Position Effect? a. Difficulty in recalling items presented at the beginning of a list b. Difficulty in recalling items presented at the middle of a list c. Difficulty in recalling items presented at the end of a list d. Difficulty in recalling items independently from their position on a list 26. The Stroop Test s requirement that information is processed in a controlled manner requires inhibiting which prepotent type of information processing? a. Bottom-up b. Parallel c. Automatic d. None of the above

7 Page 7 of Which of the following describes the main idea behind the Somatic marker Hypothesis? a. Behavioural decisions are influenced by attentional biases which are not always under voluntary control b. Behavioural decisions are influenced by the automatic activation of Schema Control Units c. Behavioural decisions are influenced by Working Memory s ability to monitor and update the requirements of the present situation d. Behavioural decisions are influenced by re-experiencing emotions previously associated with similar situations 28. Norman and Shallice s (1986) Supervisory Attentional System plays a key role in terms of: a. Activating Schema Control Units b. Monitoring the activity level of Schema Control Units c. Selecting the appropriate Schema Control Units d. Ending the activation of Schema Control Units 29. Hemispatial Neglect is a disorder of which cognitive process? a. Visual perception b. Attention c. Memory d. Executive function 30. Which of the following does Collins and Quinlan s (1969) model of the organization of Memory suggest regarding the principle behind storage of information? a. Physical b. Semantic c. Random d. None of the above 31. What landmark separates the frontal and parietal lobes? a. Tectum b. Central sulcus c. Superior frontal gyrus d. Fusiform gyrus

8 Page 8 of Which of the following is considered a major sensory relay centre? a. Thalamus b. Fourth ventricle c. Medulla d. Amygdala 33. The pituitary gland is implicated in: a. Digestion b. Enzyme creation c. Hormone release d. Face recognition 34. Language comprehension is processed in: a. Speech area b. Wernicke's area c. Broca's area d. Luria's area 35. The occipital lobe is implicated in: a. Auditory processing b. Balance c. Sense of smell d. Early visual processing 36. Dendritic spines increase: a. Action potentials b. Receptor sites c. Calcium channels d. Enzyme capacity 37. The all or nothing threshold is summated at the: a. Axon tree b. Axon hillock c. Axon myelin d. Axon fibril

9 Page 9 of At resting potential the inside of the axon is: a. Neutral b. Positively charged c. Depolarlised d. Negatively charged 39. Multiple sclerosis is characterised by changes in: a. Sensory receptors b. Synapses c. Myelin d. Neuromuscular junctions 40. Action potentials are maintained by: a. Propagation b. The chloride pump c. ATP d. Glial cells 41. Neurotransmitters are stored in: a. Myelin b. Dendrites c. Vesicles d. Receptors 42. Which of these is a catecholamine? a. Substance K b. Aceytlcholine c. Epinephrine d. GABA 43. The mesolimbic is a pathway a. Visual b. Serotonin c. Dopamine d. Hormone

10 Page 10 of Some neurotransmitters are synthesised from: a. Hormones b. Blood cells c. Food d. Myelin 45. In an excitatory post synaptic potential which ion enters the postsynaptic neuron? a. Iron b. Chloride c. Oxygen d. Sodium 46. The striatum and substantia nigra are part of which system? a. Motor nuclei b. Limbic c. Basal ganglia d. Cerebellum 47. Which of the following is a movement disorder? a. Cushing's syndrome b. Huntington's chorea c. Vascular dementia d. Korsakoff's syndrome 48. Control of the opposite side of the body is referred to as: a. Ipsilateral b. Lateral gyrus c. Contralateral d. Longitudinal 49. The sensory and motor neurons enter and leave which parts of the spinal cord? a. Dorsal and lateral b. Medial and ventral c. Dorsal and medial d. Ventral and dorsal

11 Page 11 of Which major structure is implicated in movement coordination? a. Cerebellum b. Limbic system c. Temporal lobe d. Thalamus 51. Which of these is not a type of anti-depressant action? a. Selective serotonin reuptake Inhibitor b. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors c. Selective glutamate reuptake Inhibitor d. Selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Inhibitor 52. Antagonist drugs might: a. Stop action potentials b. Block receptor sites c. Increase the release of serotonin d. Cause drowsiness 53. Amphetamines act on: a. The limbic system b. Energy circuits c. The reward pathway d. Adrenaline 54. Cocaine is an: a. Agonist b. Antagonist c. Neurotransmitter d. Inhibitor 55. Which hypothesis of depression has been challenged? a. Monoamine b. Protein c. Virus d. Neuropeptide

12 Page 12 of One schizophrenia medication is: a. Haloperidol b. Barbiturates c. Lithium d. L-dopa 57. Abnormal development in which lobe is most likely to account for schizophrenia symptoms? a. Parietal b. Frontal c. Temporal d. Occipital 58. Which type of hallucination is most common in schizophrenia? a. Tactile b. Auditory c. Olfactory d. Visual 59. Two neurotransmitters that are implicated in schizophrenia are: a. ACh and dopamine b. GABA and glutamate c. GABA and oxytocin d. Dopamine and glutamate 60. Which of the following is not a usual symptom of schizophrenia? a. Delusions b. Disordered thinking c. Violent behaviour d. Clanging END OF QUESTIONS