4. The notion that all living things are related was put forward by: A) Charles Darwin. B) Alfred Russel Wallace. C) Gregor Mendel. D) both a and b.

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1 *see the end of the exam for multiple choice correct answers and all matching answers* 1. Phineas Gage's animal behavior was a result of damage to: A) the frontal lobes. B) the temporal lobes. C) the parietal lobes. D) the occipital lobes. 2. Which of the following is not part of the cortex? A) limbic lobe B) parietal lobe C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe 3. Which of the following statements is most accurate? A) Nonhuman animals have mostly inherited behavior and are little influenced by learning. B) Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning. C) Unlike nonhuman animals, humans share very few inherited behaviors and are mostly influenced by learning. D) Unlike nonhuman animals, humans' behavior is totally learned. 4. The notion that all living things are related was put forward by: A) Charles Darwin. B) Alfred Russel Wallace. C) Gregor Mendel. D) both a and b. 5. Our small face, vaulted cranium, upright mobility, and distribution of hair are features that link us with juvenile chimps. This illustrates: A) natural selection. B) neoteny. C) selective dominant traits. D) selective environmental influences. 6. The large cavities inside the brain are known as: A) ventricles and are filled with CSF. B) ventricles and are filled with blood. C) the arachnoid layer and are filled with CSF. D) the arachnoid layer and are filled with blood. Page 1

2 7. Ischemic stroke is caused by: A) a clot. B) a broken blood vessel. C) meningitis. D) encephalitis. 8. The superior and inferior colliculi have what respective functions? A) auditory and visual B) visual and auditory C) tactile and visual D) visual and tactile 9. Which of the following is not part of the forebrain? A) cortex B) tectum C) basal ganglia D) limbic system 10. Sexual behavior is a primary function of: A) the thalamus. B) the hypothalamus. C) the gyrus fornicutus. D) the red nucleus. 11. The law of Bell and Magendie states: A) the dorsal spinal cord is motor and the ventral is sensory. B) the medial spinal cord is motor and the lateral is sensory. C) the dorsal spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor. D) the medial spinal cord is sensory and the lateral is motor. 12. Language is usually localized: A) in the same place on both hemispheres. B) in different locations on each hemisphere. C) in the right hemisphere. D) in the left hemisphere. Page 2

3 13. Hydrocephalus is usually caused by blockage at: A) the first ventricle. B) the lateral ventricle. C) the third ventricle. D) the fourth ventricle. 14. Multiple sclerosis symptoms are caused by: A) excess myelin on axons. B) loss of myelin on axons. C) excess excitatory input. D) excess inhibitory input. 15. Human cells contain: A) 46 chromosomes. B) 23 chromosomes. C) 92 chromosomes. D) 13 chromosomes. 16. Protein molecules can: A) act as a gate. B) act as a pump. C) change shape. D) do all of the above. 17. A child who suffers seizures, blindness, and degenerating motor and mental ability and dies at an early age is most likely suffering from: A) Down's syndrome. B) Huntingdon's disease. C) Tay-Sachs disease. D) Parkinson's disease. 18. The person most credited with mapping the human cortex was: A) Gustave Fritsch. B) Eduard Hitzig. C) Roberts Bartholow. D) Wilder Penfield. Page 3

4 19. An action potential goes only in one direction in an axon because: A) the ions can flow only in one direction. B) the refractory periods force the impulse to go in one direction. C) the ion flow is attracted to chemicals in the synaptic knob. D) autoreceptors inhibit backward flow of ions. 20. Spatial summation is more likely to occur: A) when the two impulses are far apart on the membrane. B) when the two impulses are close together on the membrane. C) without regard to distance on the membrane. D) when one EPSP follows the second by a short interval. 21. What did Darwin postulate about emotional expressions? 1 pt. That all organisms had it (1/2 pt) and that it was an evolutionary trait passed on by a common ancestor (1pt) p Match the letter to the appropriate brain region. 1 pt 1. Occipital lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Frontal lobe 4. Temporal lobe Page 4

5 23. Match the letter to the correct brain structure. 2 pts 1. Caudate nucleus 2. Lateral ventricle 3. Basal ganglia 4. Substantia nigra 5. Subthalamic nucleus 6. Thalamus 7. Putamen 8. Globus pallidus 9. Corpus callosum *see page 55 for the above question, lateral ventrical, basal ganglia, thalamus and corpus callosum had to be right* 24. What is a dermatome? 1 pt Area of the sink/body supplied with nerve fibers from on spinal cord dorsal root. Page 5

6 25. Match the letter to the correct structure on the neuron. 2 pts Cell body End foot Axon Dendrites Dendrites of target neuron Axons from other neurons *see page 78 need all for 2 pts, 4=1.5, 3=1, 2 or 1=.5 pts Page 6

7 26. Match the pictures to their appropriate name. 2 pts a. Microglial cell b. Ependymal cell c. Oligodendroglial cell d. Schwann cell e. Astrocyte *see p 82 was allowing switch of c&d. 5=2pts, 4=1.5, 3=1, 1or2= Differentiate between Santiago Ramón y Cajal's and Camillo Golgi's views on brain cell functioning. 2 pts Golgi neurons were interconnected, like fibres the nerve net Cajal neurons were discrete cells the neuron hypothesis *needed to have the names with the correct description for full points* 28. What is Huntington's chorea? 1 pt Inherited autosomal disorder of movement.5pts Results from degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia.5 pts Gave points for information on the trinucleotide repeat problem, protein aggregation too. *multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder labeling huntingtons this way is wrong* 29. What role does the axon hillock play in the action potential? 1 pt Juncture of the axon and soma this region decides whether an action potential will occur; or is the source of the action potential *it is not where the action potential takes place that is on/in the axon! Page 7

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9 30. What is an action potential? 1 pt Large reversal in polarity of an axon *part points for information on axon contribution to cell-cell communication 31. Why do researchers not do experiments on Humans? (2 pts) - big cost - hard to house - long gestational period - 1pt for the above - unethical to do some kinds of tests on humans - 1 pt for the above - *note if first two were not true, MORE tests would be done on humans - *we DO tests on humans just not all 32. What are the arguments against using animals in research (2 pts) Philosophical research on animals is unethical if you would not do the same to a person Scientific some achievements did not come from tests on animals and animal testing has sometimes not provided insight into human conditions. *need both types of approaches for full points. 33. Your instructor had a cranial nerve cut what happened? (1 pt) This actually happened and it was talked about in class. Facial nerve of the mouth was cut, there was a loss of the sensation of taste, but the nerve grew back. *I was not paralysed nor did I have any other strange motor problems. 34. In the video Stress, trauma and the brain, what causes the breakdown with stress? (1pt). Cortisol levels increase Page 9

10 Long answer questions (answer 2 of the 3 here). Each question is worth 5 points. Your answers should not be briefer than the answers you gave for 1 or 2 point questions. You have seen each of these questions either in class or in the book. In either case you were also provided with the answer I would be looking for. 35. Explain the relationship between the nervous system and behaviour? Goal question asked in class notes. Answer should indicate the differences between innate and learned behaviour (2 pts), the role of evolution (1 pt) in behaviour and the differences in complexity of behaviour in simple (less evolved) versus more complex (more evolved) organisms (2 pts). Examples of the marsupial and rat behaviour (the experiment I spoke about) would have been ideal to provide information on this (1 point). Adaptions to the environment 1 pt. 36. What are the important structures and functions of the forebrain? This answer is in your text on p 71. Notice that the question asked for information on the structures (plural) and functions (plural) you needed the four key areas, plus what they did correct. Throwing something in that was so wrong, may have caused you to lose points! Key things worth 1 point Cortex role in planning, social behaviour, many higher order functions. Basal ganglia role in movement Limbic system hippocampus is involved in memory amygdala involved in emotion. 37. What technical problems needed to be overcome to measure activity in a single neuron. This answer is in your text on p Key things 1) Needed the development of small electrodes to record from small tissue microelectrodes. 2pts 2) Needed the development of a way to record from cells and see that electrical activity the oscilloscope.1 pt *not the microscope the question did not ask about seeing the cells, but measuring activity. 3) Brain cells are small, so there was a need to find cells that were large enough to record from. - the discovery of the giant squid axon here was very important! 2 pts. Page 10

11 Answer Key 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. B C; 2. B; 3. A; 4. D D; 2. C; 3. G; 4. I; 5. H; 6. A; 7. E; 8. F; 9. B C; 2. F; 3. D; 4. A; 5. B; 6. E B; 2. E; 3. A; 4. C; 5. D Page 11