Due: Monday, March 4 th

Transcription

1 Name: AP Biology: Chapters 35, 39 & 42 Review Questions Due: Monday, March 4 th Directions: Write the number choice and associated word/sentence answer for each question. Do NOT submit the question sheets with your answers circled you MUST fill in this sheet to receive credit for the assignment. Ques. # Choice # Answer (words/sentences)

2 Fill-ins:

3 Name: AP Biology: Chapters 35, 39 & 42 Review Questions 1. Which of the following is part of the specific defenses of the body? A. sebaceous glands of the skin B. antibody production C. cilia of the respiratory tract D. inflammation E. fever 2. Which statement is NOT true of the B cells? A. B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. B. B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces. C. B cells produce antibodies when stimulated and changed into plasma cells. D. B cells require presentation of antigens by macrophages before they are able to recognize the antigen. 3. Which statement is NOT true of the T cells? A. T cells mature in the thymus. B. T cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces. C. T cells produce antibodies when stimulated and changed into plasma cells. D. T cells require presentation of antigens by macrophages before they are able to recognize the antigen. 4. The clonal selection theory states that A. all B cells are exact clones of each other. B. all T cells are exact clones of each other. C. when a B or T cell is stimulated by encountering the correct antigen, it divides to form a clone of cells that will respond to the same antigen. D. when a B or T cell is stimulated by encountering the correct antibody, it divides to form a clone of cells that will respond to the same antibody. 5. Comparing invertebrate and vertebrate immune defenses, A. both have specific and nonspecific defenses. B. invertebrates have specific defenses and vertebrates only have nonspecific defenses. C. vertebrates only have specific defenses and invertebrates only have nonspecific defenses. D. invertebrates only have nonspecific defenses while vertebrates have both specific and nonspecific defenses. E. vertebrates only have nonspecific defenses while invertebrates have both specific and nonspecific defenses. 6. The shark appears to have immune defenses A. similar to invertebrates indicating its primitive status as a vertebrate. B. similar to vertebrates in all ways establishing it as a full vertebrate and the immune system as having evolved completely at an early time. C. of both specific and nonspecific types, but has more inherited or genetic immunity against pathogens it is apt to encounter. D. only of nonspecific types but has a far greater range of immune chemicals that fully handle all pathogens it encounters in a uniform marine environment. E. that exceed those of humans. Due: Monday, March 4 th 7. The presence of antibodies in a newborn baby is most often due to A. active immunity from the mother. B. passive immunity from the mother. C. immunity developed after birth. D. natural immunity developed in the baby before birth. E. exposure of the baby to antigens after birth. 8. Maturation of B cells occurs in the A. bone marrow. B. lymph nodes. C. spleen. D. thymus. E. Peyer's patches. 9. Maturation of T cells occurs in the A. bone marrow. B. lymph nodes. C. spleen. D. thymus. E. Peyer's patches. 10. A cell responsible for an organism producing a rapid antibody response against a foreign protein when it is encountered years after the first encounter is a A. memory B cell. B. memory T cell. C. killer T cell. D. plasma cell. 11. Which kind of T cells function as killers in cell-mediated immunity? A. helper T cells (T H) B. suppressor T cells (T S) C. cytotoxic T cells (T C) D. memory T cells (T M) 12. Which kind of T cells regulate the immune response by producing stimulatory lymphokines? A. helper T cells (T H) B. suppressor T cells (T S) C. cytotoxic T cells (T C) D. memory T cells (T M) 13. Major histocompatibility complex proteins A. mark the cells belonging to a particular individual. B. are the proteins that must be circumvented during tissue and organ transplants. C. limit transplant opportunities. D. All of the choices are true. 14. We can define a nerve impulse as A. an electrical current that moves along one nerve cell as if it were a copper wire. B. a collection of sodium ions that start at the dendrite end and individually move all the way to eventually arrive at the brain.

4 C. a change in sodium ion concentrations on the nerve cell membrane(a change that moves generally from dendrites to axon). D. a change in sodium ion concentrations on the nerve cell membrane(a change that moves generally from axon to dendrites). 15. Which is NOT a correct association of structure and function? A. axons--outgoing signals B. sensory neuron--delivers signals to control sensory organs such as eye movement C. cell body--nucleus and organelles D. dendrites--incoming signals E. interneuron conveys signals to other parts of the CNS 16. Which statement is NOT true about the action potential of the neuron? A. Large fibers in neurons of some invertebrates carry very rapid nerve impulses. B. The action potential travels the length of the axon in a selfpropagating fashion. C. Repolarization occurs as movement of potassium ions occurs across the cell membrane. D. The action potential moves more slowly along a myelinated nerve fiber than along one with no myelin sheath. E. Saltatory conduction occurs from one neurilemmal node to another along a myelinated neuron. 17. The connection space between the dendrite of one cell and the axon of another cell is called A. a synapse. B. a neurotransmitter. C. an axonic connection. D. a threshold. 18. Which statement is NOT correct about the peripheral nervous system? A. The nerves contain the cell bodies of the neurons. B. The nerves contain nerve fibers consisting of axons and dendrites. C. The somatic nervous system sends motor impulses to the skeletal muscles. D. Effectors include the muscles that carry out the instructions sent from the central nervous system. E. Receptors are stimulated by changes in the environment to send an electrical impulse toward the central nervous system. 19. The primary functions of the spinal cord involve A. intelligence and memory. B. speech, taste, smell, vision, hearing. C. reflex actions and communication between the brain and spinal nerves. D. controlling muscle activity and maintaining balance. E. local control and decision-making for local anatomy. 20. Which statement is NOT true about the autonomic nervous system? A. The autonomic nervous system is a completely motor system. B. The sympathetic nervous system deals with "fight-orflight" responses. C. The functions of the autonomic system are generally involuntary and subconscious. D. The parasympathetic nervous system promotes actions associated with relaxation. E. The neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic system is norepinephrine. 21. Which of these pairs of phrases is mismatched? A. synaptic vesicles neurotransmitters B. ganglia cell bodies outside the CNS C. autonomic nervous system mixed nerves D. nodes of Ranvier unmyelinated regions of a nerve fiber. E. membrane potential Na + and K Which of these statements about the parts of the unconscious brain is NOT correct? A. The pons is the lowest part of the brain, just above the spinal cord. B. The thalamus relays sensory input from lower brain areas to the cerebrum. C. The cerebellum functions in muscle coordination, muscle tone, posture, and balance. D. The medulla oblongata has reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing. E. The hypothalamus is concerned with homeostasis and regulation of thirst, hunger, and blood pressure. 23. Which statement about brain function is NOT true? A. Learning and memory are associated with the function of the limbic system. B. Intelligence and reason are associated only with the cerebrum. C. The cerebral cortex consists of white matter on the surface. D. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are found in the brain. E. Endorphins in the brain produce a feeling of elation and interfere with pain production. 24. Which lobe of the cerebrum is associated with vision? A. occipital B. frontal C. temporal D. parietal 25. Older people can remember where they were when they heard President Kennedy was assassinated; younger persons recall hearing about the Challenger explosion. This flash memory is most likely connected with the A. amygdala. B. prefrontal area. C. left hemisphere. D. primary somatosensory area. E. Wernicke's area. 26. The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called A. cerebrospinal membranes. B. meninges. C. ventricles. D. epithelium. E. gray matter.

5 27. Which is NOT a correct association of brain structures and functions? A. midbrain reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses B. cerebellum coordinates smooth and coordinated motions C. cerebrum higher thought processes including learning, memory, and speech D. pons regulates breathing rate E. thalamus regulates heartbeat and blood pressure 28. Which part of the brain contains centers for the heartbeat and respiration? A. medulla oblongata B. hypothalamus C. cerebellum D. cerebrum E. pons 29. Why is nicotine so addictive? A. it increases heart rate and blood pressure. B. it causes neurons to release dopamine that is associated with behavioral states and has a reinforcing effect that leads to drug dependency. C. it increases skeletal muscle activity leading to weight loss. D. it causes the kidneys to retain water. 30. Previously, pheromones, nerve impulses, and hormones were considered three different systems. What is the current perspective? A. Hormones and pheromones are now combined as chemical signals but nerve impulses are quite distinct. B. Hormones, pheromones, and nerve impulses are now considered as even more distinct. C. Hormones and nerve impulses both use liquid chemical messengers and only vary by speed, but pheromones use gaseous chemicals and are totally different. D. Hormones, pheromones, and nerve impulses are all considered chemical signals although pheromones extend outside the body. E. Our concepts have been confirmed and the ideas remain well established. 31. An example of a hormone signal that acts locally between adjacent cells is A. insulin. B. growth hormone. C. pheromones. D. prostaglandins. E. cortisol. 32. What is the mode of action of hormones? A. Peptide hormones bind to cell-surface receptors and result in the activation of enzymes. B. Steroid hormones enter the cell, bind to receptors in the nucleus, and result in the activation of certain genes. C. Hormones are actually precursors or raw materials that are naturally converted to end products by the correct target cell. D. Hormones are chunks of DNA that are sent out to be incorporated into target cells and become activated to produce hormone products. E. It is correct that peptide hormones bind to cell-surface receptors and that steroid hormones enter the cell. 33. Which body system coordinates activities of body parts by releasing hormones into the blood? A. nervous system B. digestive system C. respiratory system D. circulatory system E. endocrine system 34. Which of the following is NOT true about hormones? A. Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream. B. Hormones are released from exocrine glands. C. Hormones may be classified as peptides or steroids. D. Hormones usually affect a target organ. E. Cells that react to a hormone have specific receptors for that hormone. 35. The part of the brain controlling the anterior pituitary gland secretions is the A. medulla. B. thalamus. C. cerebral cortex. D. hypothalamus. E. cerebellum. 36. Which is NOT a correct association for hormonal disorders? A. acromegaly overproduction of GH in adult B. pituitary dwarf too little GH produced during childhood C. Cushing syndrome oversecretion due to an adrenal cortex tumor D. diabetes either the pancreas produces too much insulin or liver and muscle cells have too many receptors E. goiter thyroid is unable to produce thyroxine due to too little iodine in diet 37. Which of the following hormones is NOT correctly matched with its description? A. thymosin aids in production of T cells B. thyroxin needed for growth and development in vertebrates C. parathyroid hormone increases level of calcium ions in blood D. cortisol lowers blood glucose level by removing glucose into tissues E. epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla under stressful conditions 38. Which is NOT a correct association of tissues and hormones or functions? A. adipose tissue leptin to regulate a feeling of fullness B. thymus use of iodine to make thyroxine for regulation of body growth C. pineal gland production of melatonin and involvement in seasonal affective disorder D. pancreas insulin for regulation of blood glucose levels E. pancreas glucagon for regulation of blood glucose levels

6 Fill-Ins For questions 39 53, write the name of the hormone that matches the description. 39. Stimulates uterine muscle contraction in response to uterine wall nerve impulses 40. Promotes the reabsorption of Na+ and the excretion of K+ 41. Promotes the breakdown of muscle protein into amino acids taken up by the liver from the blood 42. Causes the excretion of sodium 43. Is secreted between meals in response to low blood glucose level; liver and adipose tissue are the main targets 44. Act on the gonads (ovaries and testes) to secrete sex hormones 45. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol 46. Promotes reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts in the kidneys 47. Its main function is its role in the feedback control of appetite; it can suppress appetite 48. Stimulates the thyroid to produce and secrete thyroxin 49. Promotes skeletal and muscular growth and acts to stimulate the transport of amino acids into cells and to increase the activity of ribosomes 50. Stimulates the absorption of Ca2+ by activating vitamin D, the retention of Ca2+ (and excretion of phosphate) by the kidneys, and demineralization of bone 51. Causes skin color changes in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles with melanophores, special skin cells 52. Stimulates the production of red blood cells and speeds up their maturation 53. Is secreted when the blood glucose level is high after eating; stimulates liver, fat, and muscle cells to take up glucose