Thus, there evolved the major types of functions of the neocortical mantle:
|
|
- Aubrey Parsons
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Thus, there evolved the major types of functions of the neocortical mantle: Location sense This set the stage for more and more anticipation of inputs Object sense This also set the stage for more and more anticipation of inputs, involving both social and non-social objects Functions of the prefrontal elaborations of motor cortex: Cortical elaboration of complex movement abilities More and more planning for future actions became possible: - Initially the immediate future, later the more distant future as well 1
2 Questions, chapter 32 6) Discussion question: How does the hippocampal system facilitate the ability to anticipate the stimuli that an animal or person is about to encounter? What neocortical areas are primarily involved? 7) Contrast the anticipatory activity of the neocortical areas rostral to the primary motor cortex with the anticipatory activity of the multimodal association areas of the parietal and temporal lobes. 2
3 Why neocortex? Anticipation: The major innovation Evidence from physiology & from brain damage effects For location sense: Need for projections from neocortex to and from hippocampal formation (classes 28 and 30) 1. Head direction information for anticipating changes 2. Multiple frames of reference retained in multimodal association cortex, especially posterior parietal: Imposed on hippocampus For object sense, neocortical connections to and from amygdala/ventral striatum, and to dorsal striatum. Object perception allows prediction/ anticipation of inputs. 1. Social objects: living beings that move about 2. Non-social objects: both moving and fixed Planning: Prefrontal elaborations of motor cortex 1. Premotor, supplementary motor: learned movement patterns 2. Lateral prefrontal: Anticipatory eye movements and other movements, longer-range intentions 3. Orbital prefrontal: Anticipatory and learned motivations 3
4 Neocortex as anticipator and planner: Theory with evidence from electrical stimulation and recording, and lesion effects in humans Evolution of anticipatory activity in posterior neocortex, behind the central fissure: The central model of expected inputs: Images of objects at specific locations Novelty (unexpected input) causes arousal and orienting responses, with attraction of attention: when the model does not match the inputs. Lab studies by Eugene Sokolov, Moscow, 1960s: Novelty & the orienting reflex Suppression of this arousal when inputs are familiar Anterior to motor cortex, the same kind of central model corresponds to anticipation and planning of actions The model can control endogenous generation of actions (what we call voluntary actions) The activity of prefrontal cortex affects not only the premotor and motor cortex, but also the posterior association areas, activating the images relevant to the planned actions This kind of view of neocortex was presented by D.M. MacKay in the 1960s, and has been updated more recently. In computational terms, we can say that the central model of the world (of expected inputs) is a kind of simulation. This is what generates the imagery of lucid dreams (as in hypnogogic imagery/ dream state). 4
5 Ideas about CNS evolution: Multiple parallel pathways acting simultaneously Expansions of both striatum and neocortex occurred: They could operate relatively independently However, the striatum in mammals became increasingly dependent on neocortex for inputs. Neocortex expanded more. Distinct expansions of segregated neocortical regions occurred (mosaic evolution of functional modules) Example: expansion of visual areas in primates (See next slide and class 23.) These areas all act simultaneously. Example: expansions of subregions of somatosensory cortex representing fingers and tongue, with expansion of corresponding regions of motor cortex 5
6 From class 23 Evolutionary multiplications of cortical representations of the retina, especially in primates Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see course textbook or: Allman, John M., and Jon H. Kaas. "Representation of th e Visual Field on th e Medical Wall of Occipital-parietal Cort ex in the Owl Mon key." Science 191, no (1976): (Left) Microelectrode mapping of visual area M of the owl monkey. (Right) All visual areas thus mapped seen from the lateral side, including areas in the posterior parietal, temporoparietal, and inferotemporal neocortex. 6
7 Questions, chapter 32 8) What was probably the earliest parcellation of the pallium in chordates? 9) Discuss factors that must have influenced thalamic parcellation during brain evolution. 10)Discuss the common belief that the multimodal association areas of the neocortex, including the posterior parietal areas and prefrontal areas, are recent products of brain evolution. 7
8 Ideas about forebrain evolution: Suggested major steps reviewed and extended 1. Hagfish-like olfactory dominance of endbrain 2. Invasion of other modalities to give multimodal areas 3. Early dominance of the midbrain tectum critical for rapid reactions to non-olfactory stimuli: It became the major source of non-olfactory inputs to endbrain Via multimodal neurons of paleothalamus and portions of caudal neothalamus Via unimodal projections: The spatial pattern in lateral thalamus corresponds to the segregation of modalities in dorsal midbrain (next slide). 8
9 LD Fig 32-4 Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain Structure and its Origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, ISBN: Midbrain tectal and pretectal projections to lateral thalamic nucleus 9
10 Thalamic evolution: proposed parcellation of lateral nucleus by competition Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Fig 22-1 Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain Structure and its Origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, ISBN:
11 Ideas about CNS evolution: Suggested major steps, continued 4. Segregation of modalities within multimodal cell groups in forebrain Thalamus: Posterior nuclear group and ventral part of LP remain multimodal in modern mammals, abutting unimodal regions. Proposal: Multimodal convergence was the primitive state of most or all of the thalamus. Then parcellation occurred. Correlated changes occurred within neocortex - Multimodal thalamus to multimodal association cortex - Unimodal thalamus to primary sensory areas and to unimodal association cortex 11
12 Blue: thalamic cell groups dominated by inputs from midbrain tectum Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain Structure and its Origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, ISBN: Fig 32-5 Segregation of distinct cell groups in the dorsal thalamus in major vertebrate groups 12
13 Ideas about CNS evolution: Suggested major steps, continued 5. Evolution of pathways to neocortex not synapsing in midbrain VISUAL: Appearance of a lateral geniculate body within lateral posterior thalamus was very early in evolution, and was probably independent of the route from midbrain tectum to lateral thalamus. SOMATOSENSORY: Direct pathways from spinal cord and from hindbrain trigeminal nuclei to thalamus probably occurred very early. AUDITORY: In the auditory system, pathways bypassing the midbrain exist but are not well developed. Next: evolution of somatosensory and visual cortical areas. 13
14 Review: from chapter 15 Parcellation of sensorimotor cortex into distinct motor and sensory areas (the sensorimotor amalgam hypothesis) In evolution, parcellation probably occurred first in the thalamus, and later in neocortex. Remember the figure from an earlier class: 14
15 Virginia opossum Brush-tailed possum Rat Galago Fig 15-6 Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain Structure and its Origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, ISBN: VP to somatosensory cortex. VL to motor cortex. 15
16 Phylogenetic tree of visual neocortical areas A geniculostriate projection appears to have arisen by the tim of the transition to mammals. At least its precursor probably existed much earlier. Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see course textbook or: Rosa, Marcello G. P, and Leah A. Krubitzer. "The Evolution of Visual Cortex: Where is V2?" Trends in Neurosciences 22, no. 6 (1999): (based on Rosa, 1999) Primary visual cortex and adjacent unimodal visual area probably appeared very early in evolution, as all extant mammals have 16
17 Evolutionary expansions of sensory neocortex by two different means By expansion of total area By multiplication of distinct representations of sensory surfaces 17
18 Old and new neocortical areas (Striedter p 205) Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see: Striedter, Georg F. Principles of Brain Evolution. Sinauer Associates, ISBN: All extant mammals studied show the same primary sensory neocortical areas. 18
19 What the previous picture fails to show: 1. Multimodal regions do exist in between the major sensory areas in hedgehog, hamster, vole. Well studied in voles Unimodal and multimodal association areas are not as distinguishable as in primates. 2. Multimodal inputs to the primary sensory areas, e.g., auditory input to area 17. Parcellation of different sensory areas is not complete Importance? These neglected facts give us clues about the evolution of the neocortex. Ideas about this evolution have varied, and they continue to be developed as new data are obtained. 19
20 Evolutionary changes in thalamocortical axon trajectories Comparative neuroanatomical studies give indications of which pathways are more primitive and which are more recent in evolution. 20
21 Amphibian and reptilian dorsal cortex (multimodal) Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see: Allman, John Morgan. Evolving Brains. Scientific American Library: Distributed by W. H. Freeman and Co., ISBN:
22 (Includes some thalamocortical axons) Fig 32-6 Image is in public domain. Herrick, C. Judson. "The Morphology of the Forebrain in Amphibia and Reptilia." Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 20, no. 5 (1910): Frog endbrain, frontal section, Golgi stain 22
23 Hedgehog neocortex, salamander dorsal pallium, turtle dorsal cortex (Striedter p 270) Note the differences in trajectories of axons from the thalamus (in red). Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see: Striedter, Georg F. Principles of Brain Evolution. Sinauer Associates, ISBN:
24 For comparison: Trajectories of axons from thalamic nucleus LP in hamster: Possible significance for evolution Type 2 axon Type 1 axon Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain Structure and its Origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, ISBN: Fig
25 Brain structure and its origins MIT 9.14 Class 36 G. E. Schneider 2014 Neuronal arrangements of the neopallium, major cortical regions and axonal pathways Chapter 33 issues and questions 25
26 Topics Session 1 Evolution and functions of endbrain structures (introduction with review) Introduction to neocortical cell arrangements Comparisions to avian Wulst Session 2 Cell types and their connections Regions of the expanding neocortex Major fiber routes in and out of endbrain Sessions 3-4 Thalamocortical connections Association cortex and transcortical connections Thalamic evolution Sessions 4-5 Cortical development Cortical plasticity with effects of activity 26
27 Questions, chapter 33 1) Contrast some of the major neuronal cell types of the neocortex: first the spiny excitatory neurons, and second the non-spiny inhibitory neurons. What are the main neurotransmitters? What other characteristics can be used to differentiate them? 27
28 What are the names of the two most commonly encountered classes of cortical cells? Contrast and compare them. Classifying anything depends on the criteria used. In this case, do you use just morphological characteristics? Neurotransmitters and physiological effects? Molecular specificity of other kinds? 28
29 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see course textbook or: Kwan, Kenneth Y., Nenad Šestan, et al. "Transcriptional Co-regulation of Neuronal Migration and Laminar Identity in the Neocortex." Development 139, no. 9 (2012): Fig
30 The two major shapes of cortical neurons: Pyramidal & stellate cells (Nauta & Feirtag, fig. 109 & 110) Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see: Nauta, Walle J. H., and Michael Feirtag. Fundamental Neuroanatomy. Freeman, ISBN:
31 Neocortical interneurons, mostly stellate in shape: Examples of specializations Brodal fig Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see figure 20.6 of: Brodal, Per. The Central Nervous System, Structure and Function. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, ISBN: There are many more types of interneurons, especially if neurotransmitters and peptides in these cells are considered. 31
32 Not all local interconnections within the neocortex are made by the short-axon interneurons: 32
33 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see course textbook or: Scheibel, Madge E., and A. B. Scheibel. "Elementary Processes in Selected Thalamic and Cortical Subsystems the Structural Substrates." The Neurosciences. Second Study Program (1970): Fig 33-2 The extent of axon collaterals and dendritic arbors in 60-day cat cortex (drawing from Rapid Golgi sections by the Scheibels (1970) 33
34 What are the major morphological characteristics of the neocortex? Questions, chapter 33 2) How have neuroscientists defined cortical layers and cortical columns? Name the most common methods. 3) Describe different methods for differentiating different areas of the mammalian neocortex. How did Brodmann do it? 34
35 (From previous class) Human neocortex: 3 cytoarchitectural methods: The dominant cell type is the pyramidal cell. Is there a consistent pattern of connections of these neocortical cells? See fig 32.2 (and later in this class) Fig 32-1a Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain Structure and its Origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, ISBN:
36 From Brodal, 2 nd ed. fig 20.1; 3 rd ed. Fig 21.1 Note the names of the layers-- named for cell types rather than for axonal stratification. Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see figure 21.1 of: Brodal, Per. The Central Nervous System, Structure and Function. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, ISBN: Note: The source of this particular figure is usually not cited accurately! 36
37 Question on cortical fiber architecture: What are the radial fascicles of the neocortex (Nauta & Feirtag p )? What are three major groups of cortical output axons found in these fascicles? and what are their destinations? 37
38 MIT OpenCourseWare Brain Structure and Its Origins Spring 2014 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
9.14 Classes #21-23: Visual systems
9.14 Classes #21-23: Visual systems Questions based on Schneider chapter 20 and classes: 1) What was in all likelihood the first functional role of the visual sense? Describe the nature of the most primitive
More informationVisual system invades the endbrain: pathways to striatum and cortex (continued) Why this happened in evolution
Visual system invades the endbrain: pathways to striatum and cortex (continued) Why this happened in evolution What were the adaptive advantages? Visual information reaching the striatum directly: Advantages
More informationFrom Brodal, 2 nd ed. fig 20.1; 3 rd ed. Fig 21.1
From Brodal, 2 nd ed. fig 20.1; 3 rd ed. Fig 21.1 Note the names of the layers-- named for cell types rather than for axonal stratification. Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see figure
More information9.14 Qs on post-midterm class sessions and Schneider chapters 18-34
9.14 Qs on post-midterm class sessions and Schneider chapters 18-34 (Bold font indicates terms you should be able to define.) Ch 18 Ch 19 Ch 20 1. In comparative neuroanatomical studies, the taste system
More informationClasses #5-6: Specializations in CNS evolution
Classes #5-6: Specializations in CNS evolution Questions based on Schneider chapter 5: 1. Does ontogeny really recapitulate phylogeny? What is a phylotypic stage? Explain the terms and discuss the concepts
More informationThe basal forebrain: Questions, chapter 29:
The basal forebrain: Questions, chapter 29: 7) What is the "basal forebrain", and what is its involvement in Alzheimer' s Disease? The acetylcholine-containing neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynart
More informationA sketch of the central nervous system and its origins. MIT 9.14 Classes 31
A sketch of the central nervous system and its origins G. E. Schneider 2014 Part 9: Hypothalamus & Limbic System MIT 9.14 Classes 31 The vertebrate medial pallium; in mammals: the hippocampal formation
More informationCNS pathways. topics. The auditory nerve, and the cochlear nuclei of the hindbrain
CNS pathways topics The auditory nerve, and the cochlear nuclei of the hindbrain Sensory channels of information flow in CNS Pathways to medial geniculate body of thalamus Functional categorization of
More informationCerebral Cortex 1. Sarah Heilbronner
Cerebral Cortex 1 Sarah Heilbronner heilb028@umn.edu Want to meet? Coffee hour 10-11am Tuesday 11/27 Surdyk s Overview and organization of the cerebral cortex What is the cerebral cortex? Where is each
More informationLawrence & Kuypers, 1968:
Lawrence & Kuypers, 1968: Lesion #2: destruction of medial brainstem pathways (added to pyramidotomy) Defective axial control: Righting: only after 10-40 days Falling: failure to elicit the usual corrective
More informationPHY3111 Mid-Semester Test Study. Lecture 2: The hierarchical organisation of vision
PHY3111 Mid-Semester Test Study Lecture 2: The hierarchical organisation of vision 1. Explain what a hierarchically organised neural system is, in terms of physiological response properties of its neurones.
More informationOutline of the next three lectures
Outline of the next three lectures Lecture 35 Anatomy of the human cerebral cortex gross and microscopic cell types connections Vascular supply of the cerebral cortex Disorders involving the cerebral cortex
More informationBrain anatomy and artificial intelligence. L. Andrew Coward Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
Brain anatomy and artificial intelligence L. Andrew Coward Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia The Fourth Conference on Artificial General Intelligence August 2011 Architectures
More informationFinal review, 9.14_2014. Slides for special study
Final review, 9.14_2014 Slides for special study 1 Mammalian Taste Pathways Neocortical Gustatory area VPM pc Parabrachial nucleus Gustatory nucleus (rostral part of nuc. of solitary tract visceral sensory
More informationMITOCW MIT9_14S14_lec35.mp3
MITOCW MIT9_14S14_lec35.mp3 The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free.
More informationMITOCW MIT9_14S14_lec23.mp3
MITOCW MIT9_14S14_lec23.mp3 The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free.
More informationCognitive Neuroscience Structure and Function
Phylogeny of the cortex Cognitive Neuroscience Structure and Function The neocortex of mammals developed out of the primordial neopallium, which, like that of certain present-day amphibians, consisted
More informationHuman neocortical anatomy in Moscow
Human neocortical anatomy in Moscow Three types of cortex described by Polyakov (illustrated by A. Luria, fig. 15). Polyakov, G.I. (1966) Modern data on the structural organization of the cerebral cortex.
More informationP. Hitchcock, Ph.D. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Kellogg Eye Center. Wednesday, 16 March 2009, 1:00p.m. 2:00p.m.
Normal CNS, Special Senses, Head and Neck TOPIC: CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES FACULTY: LECTURE: READING: P. Hitchcock, Ph.D. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Kellogg Eye Center Wednesday, 16 March
More informationCortical Organization. Functionally, cortex is classically divided into 3 general types: 1. Primary cortex:. - receptive field:.
Cortical Organization Functionally, cortex is classically divided into 3 general types: 1. Primary cortex:. - receptive field:. 2. Secondary cortex: located immediately adjacent to primary cortical areas,
More informationNervous Systems. Brain Development
Nervous Systems Brain Development 2007-2008 Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Brain Spinal cord Sensory pathways Motor pathways Sympathetic arousal & energy production fight
More informationLEAH KRUBITZER RESEARCH GROUP LAB PUBLICATIONS WHAT WE DO LINKS CONTACTS
LEAH KRUBITZER RESEARCH GROUP LAB PUBLICATIONS WHAT WE DO LINKS CONTACTS WHAT WE DO Present studies and future directions Our laboratory is currently involved in two major areas of research. The first
More informationYou submitted this quiz on Sun 19 May :32 PM IST (UTC +0530). You got a score of out of
Feedback Ex6 You submitted this quiz on Sun 19 May 2013 9:32 PM IST (UTC +0530). You got a score of 10.00 out of 10.00. Question 1 What is common to Parkinson, Alzheimer and Autism? Electrical (deep brain)
More information4) Modification of Development by Sensory Experience (Nurture)
Lecture 7 (Jan 29 th ): BRAIN DEVELOPMENT and EVOLUTION Lecture Outline 1) Overview of Neural Development 2) Stages of Neural Development 3) The Nature vs. Nurture Issue 4) Modification of Development
More informationVision II. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Vision II Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Ganglion Cells The axons of the retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve and carry visual information into the brain. 2 Optic
More informationHomework Week 2. PreLab 2 HW #2 Synapses (Page 1 in the HW Section)
Homework Week 2 Due in Lab PreLab 2 HW #2 Synapses (Page 1 in the HW Section) Reminders No class next Monday Quiz 1 is @ 5:30pm on Tuesday, 1/22/13 Study guide posted under Study Aids section of website
More information9.14 Class 32 Review. Limbic system
9.14 Class 32 Review Limbic system 1 Lateral view Medial view Brainstem, sagittal section Sensory- Perceptual Motor Behavior Major functional modules of the CNS Motivation Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with
More informationThe Visual System. Cortical Architecture Casagrande February 23, 2004
The Visual System Cortical Architecture Casagrande February 23, 2004 Phone: 343-4538 Email: vivien.casagrande@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu Office: T2302 MCN Required Reading Adler s Physiology of the Eye Chapters
More informationNeocortex. Cortical Structures in the Brain. Neocortex Facts. Laminar Organization. Bark-like (cortical) structures: Shepherd (2004) Chapter 12
Neocortex Shepherd (2004) Chapter 12 Rodney Douglas, Henry Markram, and Kevan Martin Instructor: Yoonsuck Choe; CPSC 644 Cortical Networks Cortical Structures in the Brain Bark-like (cortical) structures:
More informationExam 1 PSYC Fall 1998
Exam 1 PSYC 2022 Fall 1998 (2 points) Briefly describe the difference between a dualistic and a materialistic explanation of brain-mind relationships. (1 point) True or False. George Berkely was a monist.
More informationOverview of the Nervous System (some basic concepts) Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Overview of the Nervous System (some basic concepts) Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Coffee Hour Tuesday (Sept 11) 10:00-11:00am Friday (Sept 14) 8:30-9:30am Surdyk s
More informationHuman Paleoneurology and the Evolution of the Parietal Cortex
PARIETAL LOBE The Parietal Lobes develop at about the age of 5 years. They function to give the individual perspective and to help them understand space, touch, and volume. The location of the parietal
More informationMotor Functions of Cerebral Cortex
Motor Functions of Cerebral Cortex I: To list the functions of different cortical laminae II: To describe the four motor areas of the cerebral cortex. III: To discuss the functions and dysfunctions of
More informationNeurophysiology of systems
Neurophysiology of systems Motor cortex (voluntary movements) Dana Cohen, Room 410, tel: 7138 danacoh@gmail.com Voluntary movements vs. reflexes Same stimulus yields a different movement depending on context
More informationPlasticity of Cerebral Cortex in Development
Plasticity of Cerebral Cortex in Development Jessica R. Newton and Mriganka Sur Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences Picower Center for Learning & Memory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge,
More informationCISC 3250 Systems Neuroscience
CISC 3250 Systems Neuroscience Levels of organization Central Nervous System 1m 10 11 neurons Neural systems and neuroanatomy Systems 10cm Networks 1mm Neurons 100μm 10 8 neurons Professor Daniel Leeds
More informationNeural Basis of Motor Control
Neural Basis of Motor Control Central Nervous System Skeletal muscles are controlled by the CNS which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Determines which muscles will contract When How fast To what
More informationAnnouncement. Danny to schedule a time if you are interested.
Announcement If you need more experiments to participate in, contact Danny Sanchez (dsanchez@ucsd.edu) make sure to tell him that you are from LIGN171, so he will let me know about your credit (1 point).
More informationLesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 14 The Nervous System Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells The nervous system has two principal cell types: Neurons (nerve cells) Glia The functions
More informationA sketch of the central nervous system and its origins
A sketch of the central nervous system and its origins G. E. Schneider 2014 Part 3: Specializations in the evolving CNS; introduction to connection patterns MIT 9.14 Class 6 Interlude: Some specializations
More informationNervous System C H A P T E R 2
Nervous System C H A P T E R 2 Input Output Neuron 3 Nerve cell Allows information to travel throughout the body to various destinations Receptive Segment Cell Body Dendrites: receive message Myelin sheath
More informationMotor Systems I Cortex. Reading: BCP Chapter 14
Motor Systems I Cortex Reading: BCP Chapter 14 Principles of Sensorimotor Function Hierarchical Organization association cortex at the highest level, muscles at the lowest signals flow between levels over
More informationThalamus: VA VM, MD S N. GPi Superior colliculus. compacta reticulata
. Putamen & Caudate Putamen & Caudate GPe Neocortex Thalamus: VA VM, MD S N GPi Superior colliculus compacta reticulata Substantia Nigra Pedunculopontine nuc. of midbrain ret.form. Satellites of the corpus
More informationThe Central Nervous System I. Chapter 12
The Central Nervous System I Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System The Brain and Spinal Cord Contained within the Axial Skeleton Brain Regions and Organization Medical Scheme (4 regions) 1. Cerebral Hemispheres
More informationDepartment of Cognitive Science UCSD
Department of Cognitive Science UCSD Verse 1: Neocortex, frontal lobe, Brain stem, brain stem, Hippocampus, neural node, Right hemisphere, Pons and cortex visual, Brain stem, brain stem, Sylvian fissure,
More informationLeah Militello, class of 2018
Leah Militello, class of 2018 Objectives 1. Describe the general organization of cerebral hemispheres. 2. Describe the locations and features of the different functional areas of cortex. 3. Understand
More informationChapter 3. Structure and Function of the Nervous System. Copyright (c) Allyn and Bacon 2004
Chapter 3 Structure and Function of the Nervous System 1 Basic Features of the Nervous System Neuraxis: An imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the
More informationAll questions below pertain to mandatory material: all slides, and mandatory homework (if any).
ECOL 182 Spring 2008 Dr. Ferriere s lectures Lecture 6: Nervous system and brain Quiz Book reference: LIFE-The Science of Biology, 8 th Edition. http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/ All questions below
More informationNEOCORTICAL CIRCUITS. specifications
NEOCORTICAL CIRCUITS specifications where are we coming from? human-based computing using typically human faculties associating words with images -> labels for image search locating objects in images ->
More informationCYTOARCHITECTURE OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY CYTOARCHITECTURE OF CEREBRAL CORTEX ZSOLT LIPOSITS 1 CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THE CEREBRAL CORTEX CONSISTS OF THE ARCHICORTEX (HIPPOCAMPAL FORMA- TION), PALEOCORTEX
More informationThe neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible:
NERVOUS SYSTEM The neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible: the neuron and the supporting cells ("glial cells"). Neuron Neurons
More informationCNS Tour (Lecture 12)
A. Introduction CNS Tour (Lecture 12) There are to a chemical pathways in the nervous system. These pathways also form different neurological structures B. Spinal Cord Receives sensory neurons from skin
More informationNote: Waxman is very sketchy on today s pathways and nonexistent on the Trigeminal.
Dental Neuroanatomy Thursday, February 3, 2011 Suzanne Stensaas, PhD Note: Waxman is very sketchy on today s pathways and nonexistent on the Trigeminal. Resources: Pathway Quiz for HyperBrain Ch. 5 and
More informationThe Nervous System. Nerves, nerves everywhere!
The Nervous System Nerves, nerves everywhere! Purpose of the Nervous System The information intake and response system of the body. Coordinates all body functions, voluntary and involuntary! Responds to
More information25/09/2012. Capgras Syndrome. Chapter 2. Capgras Syndrome - 2. The Neural Basis of Cognition
Chapter 2 The Neural Basis of Cognition Capgras Syndrome Alzheimer s patients & others delusion that significant others are robots or impersonators - paranoia Two brain systems for facial recognition -
More informationFor more information about how to cite these materials visit
Author(s): Peter Hitchcock, PH.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
More informationMIT 9.14 Class 9b-10a
9.14 - Brain Structure and its Origins Spring 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Instructor: Professor Gerald Schneider A sketch of the central nervous system and its origins G. E. Schneider 2005
More information21)Describe what happens to regeneration of CNS axons in mammals early in development as the animal grows older. In brief, why does it happen?
Questions on chapter 13 21)Describe what happens to regeneration of CNS axons in mammals early in development as the animal grows older. In brief, why does it happen? 1 Axon regeneration studies: a very
More informationTHE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Brain & Spinal Cord
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Brain & Spinal Cord Review: Nervous System Parallel Distributed Processing Composition of the CNS Nuclei: Clusters of neurons in the CNS ( neighborhoods ) Fiber Tracts/Pathways:
More information1) Drop off in the Bi 150 box outside Baxter 331 or to the head TA (jcolas).
Bi/CNS/NB 150 Problem Set 5 Due: Tuesday, Nov. 24, at 4:30 pm Instructions: 1) Drop off in the Bi 150 box outside Baxter 331 or e-mail to the head TA (jcolas). 2) Submit with this cover page. 3) Use a
More informationOrganization of the nervous system 2
Organization of the nervous system 2 Raghav Rajan Bio 334 Neurobiology I August 22nd 2013 1 Orienting within the brain absolute axes and relative axes SUPERIOR (above) ANTERIOR (in front) Anterior/Posterior,
More informationSOMATIC SENSATION PART I: ALS ANTEROLATERAL SYSTEM (or SPINOTHALAMIC SYSTEM) FOR PAIN AND TEMPERATURE
Dental Neuroanatomy Thursday, February 3, 2011 Suzanne S. Stensaas, PhD SOMATIC SENSATION PART I: ALS ANTEROLATERAL SYSTEM (or SPINOTHALAMIC SYSTEM) FOR PAIN AND TEMPERATURE Reading: Waxman 26 th ed, :
More informationI: To describe the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. II: To discuss the functions of the descending tracts.
Descending Tracts I: To describe the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. II: To discuss the functions of the descending tracts. III: To define the upper and the lower motor neurons. 1. The corticonuclear
More informationFunctional Neuroanatomy. IBRO ISN African Neuroscience School 4-13 th Dec 2014 Nairobi, Kenya
Functional Neuroanatomy IBRO ISN African Neuroscience School 4-13 th Dec 2014 Nairobi, Kenya What is/are the function(s) of the nervous system? Sensation Perception Visceral activities (Homeostasis) Behavior
More informationCEREBRUM Dr. Jamila Elmedany Dr. Essam Eldin Salama
CEREBRUM Dr. Jamila Elmedany Dr. Essam Eldin Salama Objectives At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: List the parts of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, medulla, basal nuclei, lateral
More informationFor more information about how to cite these materials visit
Author(s): Peter Hitchcock, PH.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa3.0/
More informationBiological Bases of Behavior. 3: Structure of the Nervous System
Biological Bases of Behavior 3: Structure of the Nervous System Neuroanatomy Terms The neuraxis is an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain Anatomical directions are
More informationMIT 9.14 Class 15 Motor systems 2: Descending pathways and evolution; Temporal patterns
9.14 - Brain Structure and its Origins Spring 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Instructor: Professor Gerald Schneider A sketch of the central nervous system and its origins G. E. Schneider 2005
More informationThe Nervous System. Biological School. Neuroanatomy. How does a Neuron fire? Acetylcholine (ACH) TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Biological School The Nervous System It is all about the body!!!! It starts with an individual nerve cell called a NEURON. Synapse Neuroanatomy Neurotransmitters (chemicals held in terminal buttons that
More information11/2/2011. Basic circuit anatomy (the circuit is the same in all parts of the cerebellum)
11/2/2011 Neuroscientists have been attracted to the puzzle of the Cerebellum ever since Cajal. The orderly structure, the size of the cerebellum and the regularity of the neural elements demands explanation.
More informationCHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS Name I. AN OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS A. Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output B. Networks of neurons with
More informationThe Cerebellum. Outline. Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley. Overview Structure Micro-circuitry of the cerebellum The cerebellum and motor learning
The Cerebellum Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley 1 Outline Overview Structure Micro-circuitry of the cerebellum The cerebellum and motor learning 2 Overview Little brain 10% of the total volume of the brain,
More informationBRAIN: CONTROL CENTER
BRAIN: CONTROL CENTER ORCHESTRA Scientists now believe the brain functions much like an orchestra, where different instruments each play a different part. Scans show that the brain divides different aspects
More informationNEURONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO NERVOUS SYSTEMS 34.5
NEURONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO NERVOUS SYSTEMS 34.5 INTRODUCTION The cnidarians have nerve nets, the most simple type of nervous system. The sea anemone has a nerve net that serves simple behaviours such as
More informationPhotoreceptors Rods. Cones
Photoreceptors Rods Cones 120 000 000 Dim light Prefer wavelength of 505 nm Monochromatic Mainly in periphery of the eye 6 000 000 More light Different spectral sensitivities!long-wave receptors (558 nm)
More informationMotor systems III: Cerebellum April 16, 2007 Mu-ming Poo
Motor systems III: Cerebellum April 16, 2007 Mu-ming Poo Population coding in the motor cortex Overview and structure of cerebellum Microcircuitry of cerebellum Function of cerebellum -- vestibulo-ocular
More informationMedical Neuroscience Tutorial
Pain Pathways Medical Neuroscience Tutorial Pain Pathways MAP TO NEUROSCIENCE CORE CONCEPTS 1 NCC1. The brain is the body's most complex organ. NCC3. Genetically determined circuits are the foundation
More informationProf. Saeed Abuel Makarem & Dr.Sanaa Alshaarawy
Prof. Saeed Abuel Makarem & Dr.Sanaa Alshaarawy 1 Objectives By the end of the lecture, you should be able to: Describe the anatomy and main functions of the thalamus. Name and identify different nuclei
More informationPsychology in Your Life
Sarah Grison Todd Heatherton Michael Gazzaniga Psychology in Your Life SECOND EDITION Chapter 2 The Role of Biology in Psychology 1 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2.1 How Do Our Nervous Systems Affect
More informationCognitive Neuroscience Cortical Hemispheres Attention Language
Cognitive Neuroscience Cortical Hemispheres Attention Language Based on: Chapter 18 and 19, Breedlove, Watson, Rosenzweig, 6e/7e. Cerebral Cortex Brain s most complex area with billions of neurons and
More informationPSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 1
PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 1 1 What is a neuron? 2 Name and describe the functions of the three main parts of the neuron. 3 What do glial cells do? 4 Describe the three basic
More informationCHAPTER 13&14: The Central Nervous System. Anatomy of the CNS
CHAPTER 13&14: The Central Nervous System Anatomy of the CNS in human consists of brain and spinal cord as stated earlier neurons have little support from their extracellular matrix and depend on glial
More informationAnatomy of the basal ganglia. Dana Cohen Gonda Brain Research Center, room 410
Anatomy of the basal ganglia Dana Cohen Gonda Brain Research Center, room 410 danacoh@gmail.com The basal ganglia The nuclei form a small minority of the brain s neuronal population. Little is known about
More informationVisualizing Psychology
Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar
More informationMechanosensation. Central Representation of Touch. Wilder Penfield. Somatotopic Organization
Mechanosensation Central Representation of Touch Touch and tactile exploration Vibration and pressure sensations; important for clinical testing Limb position sense John H. Martin, Ph.D. Center for Neurobiology
More informationUnit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour
Unit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 1: Communication in the Nervous System Section 2: Organization in the Nervous System Section 3: Researching the Brain Section 4: The Brain Section 5: Cerebral
More informationParts of the Brain. Hindbrain. Controls autonomic functions Breathing, Heartbeat, Blood pressure, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc. Upper part of hindbrain
Parts of the Brain The human brain is made up of three main parts: 1) Hindbrain (or brainstem) Which is made up of: Myelencephalon Metencephalon 2) Midbrain Which is made up of: Mesencephalon 3) Forebrain
More informationBrain Stem and cortical control of motor function. Dr Z Akbari
Brain Stem and cortical control of motor function Dr Z Akbari Brain stem control of movement BS nuclear groups give rise to descending motor tracts that influence motor neurons and their associated interneurons
More informationbiological psychology, p. 40 The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. neuroscience, p. 40
biological psychology, p. 40 The specialized branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and system; also called biopsychology or psychobiology. neuroscience,
More informationChapter 6. Gathering information; the sensory systems
Chapter 6 Gathering information; the sensory systems Gathering information the sensory systems The parts of the nervous system that receive and process information are termed sensory systems. There are
More informationCortical Control of Movement
Strick Lecture 2 March 24, 2006 Page 1 Cortical Control of Movement Four parts of this lecture: I) Anatomical Framework, II) Physiological Framework, III) Primary Motor Cortex Function and IV) Premotor
More informationSystems Neuroscience Dan Kiper. Today: Wolfger von der Behrens
Systems Neuroscience Dan Kiper Today: Wolfger von der Behrens wolfger@ini.ethz.ch 18.9.2018 Neurons Pyramidal neuron by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934, Nobel prize with Camillo Golgi in 1906) Neurons
More informationMITOCW MIT9_14S09_lec05-mp3
MITOCW MIT9_14S09_lec05-mp3 MALE SPEAKER: The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality, educational resources
More informationStrick Lecture 3 March 22, 2017 Page 1
Strick Lecture 3 March 22, 2017 Page 1 Cerebellum OUTLINE I. External structure- Inputs and Outputs Cerebellum - (summary diagram) 2 components (cortex and deep nuclei)- (diagram) 3 Sagittal zones (vermal,
More informationOrientation, Development, Gross Anatomy, Blood Supply and Meninges References... 3
Section I Orientation, Development, Gross Anatomy, Blood Supply and Meninges... 1 1 Orientation... 3 References... 3 2 Development... 7 Early Morphogenesis... 7 FormationoftheBrainRegions... 9 Histogenesis...
More informationNervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters
Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters Neurons Structure of neurons Soma Dendrites Spines Axon Myelin Nodes of Ranvier Neurons Structure of neurons Axon collaterals 1 Neurons Structure of neurons
More informationSOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS Schematic diagram illustrating the neural pathways that convey somatosensory information to the cortex and, subsequently, to the motor system. Double arrows show reciprocal connections.
More informationCOGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A. Sensory Physiology and the Thalamus. Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.
COGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A Sensory Physiology and the Thalamus Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. Sensory Physiology Energies (light, sound, sensation, smell, taste) Pre neural apparatus (collects, filters, amplifies)
More informationNeural Plasticity: Merzenich,Taub, and Greenough
16 Neural Plasticity: Merzenich,Taub, and Greenough BY ERIN CLIFFORD Introduction REVIEW The study of neural plasticity has important implications for psychological development. Plasticity refers to the
More informationOrganization of the nervous system. The withdrawal reflex. The central nervous system. Structure of a neuron. Overview
Overview The nervous system- central and peripheral The brain: The source of mind and self Neurons Neuron Communication Chemical messengers Inside the brain Parts of the brain Split Brain Patients Organization
More information