TEACHER KEY. 1.Communica)ng within the body and controlling the body. Examples: blinking, breathing, walking, heart rate

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1 TEACHER KEY STATION 1: FUNCTIONS AND PARTS 1.Communica)ng within the body and controlling the body. Examples: blinking, breathing, walking, heart rate 2. CommunicaFng the external environment to the body Examples: seeing, hearing, feeling external objects such as heat or textures. The main parts of the nervous system are: 1) brain, 2 spinal cord, 3) sensory organs and 4) nerves. STATION 2: THE BRAIN The brain is the most complex organ, and is typically located near the primary sense organs. The brain is made up of two types of cells: 1) Neurons 2) Glial Cells How is the brain like a computer? Because it is able to interpret, process, Respond to and store informa)on. The human brain has the largest body to brain size ra)o. STATION 3: PARTS OF THE BRAIN The brain is divided into 3 parts: Frontal lobe 1) Cerebrum Parietal lobe Occipital lobe 2) Cerebellum 3) Brainstem LABEL THE PARTS OF THE BRAIN: FRONTAL LOBE Temporal lobe PARIETAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE STATION 4: THE CEREBRUM The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, separated into 4 lobes. TEMPORAL LOBE CEREBELLUM BRAIN STEM CEREBRAL LOBE Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital FUNCTION Plays a role in determining consequence, reward, as well as determining similari)es and differences among objects and events. Plays a role in spa)al relafonships, number concepts, and sensory input from the skin. Plays a role in language comprehension, visual memories and emo)onal associafon. The visual processing center of the brain. The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex and is made up of gray maier.

2 STATION 5: THE CEREBELLUM Why does the cerebellum contain more neurons than any other part of the brain? Because it contains 2015 Vanessa Jason accordion- like ( Biology Roots ) folds, which increase the surface area. PRIMARY ROLE The cerebellum plays an important role in motor contorl (muscle movements). It helps with: Coordina)on Precision and Fming of movements And it controls Balance and Posture SECONDARY ROLE- The cerebellum plays a small role with language, aien)on and mental imagery. STATION 6: THE BRAINSTEM Three parts of the brainstem: STATION 7: CEREBRAL PALSY Cerebral palsy is a wide range of condifons that affects body movement and muscle coordina)on. Caused by faulty development or damage to motor areas of the brain. Symptoms may include: Poor coordina)on S)ff or weak muscles Trouble speaking or swallowing Involuntary body tremors STATION 8: ALZHEIMER S DISEASE What is Alzheimer s? An irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory. How are Alzheimer s pafents brains different than others? Their brains have reduced neural )ssue. What can help reduce the chances of acquire Alzheimer s? Keeping mentally fit- playing musical instruments or games like chess (Luminocity). STATION 9: THE SPINAL CORD The brainstem connects all the motor and sensory neurons from the brain to the rest of the body The brainstem Maintains consciousness Regulates. The sleep cycle Heart rate Breathing Diges)on MIDBRAIN PONS MEDULLA The spinal cord is a long bundle of nerve cells that extends from the medulla of the brainstem all the way down the vertebral column. The spinal cord is made up of gray ma^er and white ma^er. The spinal cord connects the sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system to the brain What protects the spinal cord? The vertebral column. Gray ma^er White ma^er

3 NERVOUS STATION 10 CENTRAL NERVOUS Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data. Involves the brain and spinal cord. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS Receives informafon from the environment and relays commands from CNS to organs and glands Somatic Motor Division Transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands Autonomic Sensory Division Transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS Regulates acfvifes under conscious control ex) movement of skeletal muscles Regulates involuntary acfvifes ex) heartbeat, smooth muscle contrac)ons Parasympathetic Controls organs at rest Sympathetic Controls organs in stress STATION 11: CENTRAL NERVOUS FuncFons of the CNS: Interpret informa)on from all parts of the body. Coordinate and influence all parts of the body. The CNS is protected by the cranium and vertebral column. STATION 12: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS Where is the PNS located? Outside the brain and spinal cord. FuncFon of the PNS: To connect the central nervous system to the limbs and organs. What categories is the PNS divided into? The motor division (somca)c), which controls voluntary movements and communicates with skeletal muscles, and the sensory division (automa)c) which controls involntary movements with cardiac and smooth muscles..

4 STATION 13: BRAIN SURGEONS Neuroscience is the study of the brain and nervous system. Brain surgeons are known as Neurosurgeons How many years of school do you need to become a brain surgeon? 15 STATION 14: NEURONS What are nerves? Cable- like bundles of axons that communicates the brain to the rest of the body. Nerves are made up of neurons, which are the cells of the nervous system. Neurons can transit chemical and electrical informafon in order to communicate. DENDRITES NEURON AXON TERMINAL SOMA NODE OF RANVIER AXON NUCLEUS MYELIN SHEATH SCHWANN CELL THREE TYPES OF NEURONS Sensory Motor Interneuron Carry impulses from the snesory organs to the spinal cord and brain. Carry impulses from the spinal cord and brain to the muscles and glands. Carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons. Who are the nodes of Ranvier named aber? French pathologist Louis Antoine Ranvier Who are Schwann cells named aber? What do they do? _Schwann cells are named azer Theodore Schwann. They help maintain homeostasis and produce the myelin sheath. The soma is the technical term for the cell body, which contains the nucleus. Dendrites are projecfons of the cell body that can receive electrical s)mula)on from other neurons via synapses. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator which helps speed up the rate of impulses.

5 STATION 15: GLIAL CELLS Glial cells are helpers of neurons. FuncFons: 1. To surround neurons and help hold them in place. 2. To supply nutrients oxygen to neurons. 3. To insulate neurons so that they are not directly touching 4. To remove dead neurons and destroy foreign invaders. The funcfon depends on the type of glial cells. Who discovered glial cells? Rudolf Virchow What is interesfng about Albert Einstein s brain? He had significantly more glial cells in the area of the brain related to mathema)cal language. STATION 16: NEURON COMMUNICATION How do neurons communicate? Dendrites pick up electrochemical signals from other neurons. The signal travels down to the axon terminal, where neurotransmiiers are released. The electrochemical signals between each neuron occur within synapses which are specialized connec)ons between the neurons. STATION 17: NEUROTRANSMITTERS are brain chemicals that communicate informa)on throughout our brain and body. They relay signals between neurons. The brain uses neurotransmiiers for: Involuntary acfons (such as heart beafng, breathing, diges)ng, releasing adrenaline) Voluntary movements RegulaFng your mood and sleep cycle. Enforcing posi)ve and nega)ve behavior. NEUROTRANSMITTERS CAN BE Excitatory Neurotransmi^ers that s)mulate the brain. One example= Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Adrenaline LABEL Inhibitory Neurotransmi^ers that calm the brain. One example= Dopamine, Serotonin, Gaba Axon STATION 17 continued The neurotransmi^ers are simply messengers. They can deliver messages from the brain to other body parts and vice versa. The message depends on which type of neurotransmiier it is. For example, adrenaline usually means fight or flight. Neurotransmi^er Impulse Receptor Synapse Dendrite

6 STATION 18: NERVE IMPULSE A nerve impulse is an electrical transmission across neurons. Draw an arrow depicfng the direcfon of a nerve impulse. Nerve impulses within neurons always travel (circle one) [from the axon towards the dendrite] [from the dendrite towards the axon]. Nerve impulses begin when a neuron is s)mulated by another neuron or its environment. Threshold= The minimum level fo s)mulus that must be reached in order for an impulse to occur. What is the all or nothing rule? If the s)mulus reaches the threshold, an impulse will occur, if it does not reach the threshold, the impulse will not occur. STATION 19: MEMRBANE POTENTIAL What is an ion? An element or molecule that has a charge. RESTING POTENTIAL Inside of neuron is nega)ve compared to the outside. ACTION POTENTIAL Inside of neuron is posi)ve compared to the outside. When is a neuron at resting potential? When it is not sending a signal. STATION 20: RESTING POTENTIAL STATION 21: ACTION POTENTIAL What happens when the polarity of the neuron s membrane is reversed? Ac)on poten)al occurs- the sudden change in polarity generates electricity to fire nerve impulses. What causes sodium ions to flow across the cell membrane (into the neuron?) A s)mulus. Why is acfon potenfal important? Our neurons cannot communicate without it.. DRAW AN ARROW DEPICTING WHICH WAY THE SODIUM IONS FLOW DURING ACTION POTENTIAL The word potenfal means that there is a Difference of charge across the membrane. At resfng potenfal, the outside of the membrane has more posi)vely charged sodium ions. PosiFve potassium ions can flow OUT of a neuron faster than sodium ions can flow IN. Result = Nega)ve charge inside the neuron rela)ve to the ousdie. ANSWERS VARY PROTEIN (negafvely charged) Does NaCl contribute to the overall charge? NO