CONTRALATERAL CONNECTIONS OF THE DOG'S FRONTAL ASSOCIATIOK CORTEX
|
|
- Dorthy Farmer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1989, 49: CONTRALATERAL CONNECTIONS OF THE DOG'S FRONTAL ASSOCIATIOK CORTEX Graiyna RAJKOWSKA and Anna KOSMAL Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology 3. Pasteur St., Warsav~, Poland Keu words: frontal association cortex, contralateral connections, dog, HRP method Abstract. We studied the topography of contralateral connections of both prefrontal and premotor regions of the dog's frontal association cortex (FAC) by charting distributions of retrogradely labeled cells following unilateral MRP injections to various areas of this cortex. Generally, in the contralateral hemisphere the labeled cells were most numerous in the FAC areas localized homotopically to the injection sites, less numerous in FAC areas heterotopic to injections, and the least numerous in cortical areas situated outside the I'rontal lobe. The nonfrontal areas which project to the dorsal azd ventral FAC dlffer from one another. Dorso-caudal parts of the cingular and insular areas, as well as the auditory, somatosensory and visual association cortices project to the dorsal FAC, while the ventro-rostra1 parts of the cingular and insular areas, together with the prepiriform and periamygdaloid areas of the olfactory cortex as well as the subcallosal area send their axons to the ventral FAC. Thus, the dorsal and ventral FAC areas are supplied by contralatera! afferents originating from different cortical areas. Similar organization of ipsilateral FAC connections was described previously. INTRODUCTION There are few papers on the organization of contralateral connections of the frontal lobe cortex in such species as monkey (5, 7, 16, 18), cat (3, 4, 11, 15, 19) and rat (1, 2, 6, 13), while in the dog this projection
2 has never been investigated. A general opinion is that the most numerous transcallosal connections run between prefrontal areas situated homotopically. It has been reported that a weaker contralateral projection to this cortex arises from heterotopic areas of the frontal lobe as well as from the cingular, insular and sensory association cortices (3, 5, 7, 15). A heterotopical transcallosal projection from the retrosplenial area to the prefrontal cortex has been reported in the cat (3) and rat (1). Additionally in the rat, callosal afferents to the prefrontal cortex have been found in the perirhinal, entorhinal and presubicular areas (1, 2, 13). Thus, the contralateral projection originates in the cortical areas which are the source of strong ipsilateral connections as well (3, 7, 13). All those callosal axons reach the opposite hemisphere via respective parts of the corpus callosum (16, 19). The homotopical afferents pass through the rostral part of the corpus callosum, while the heterotopical ones run through both its rostral and caudal parts. In the present paper the topography of contralateral connections of the frontal association cortex in the dog is analyzed. A comparison is also made with the previously described organization of ipsilateral connections in the dog, as well as with the pattern of contralateral frontal connections in other mammalian species. MATERIAL AND METHOD In 23 young dogs unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made to various areas of the frontal association cortex under Nembutal anesthesia (35 mg/kg of body weight). In each subject the cortex was injected by means of a Hamilton syringe with /o HRP solution 9n 8-12 neighbouring points at the depth of 2 mm from the cortical surface. The total volume of injected HRP in a single animal was about 1.5 p1. After 48 h the animals were deeply anesthetized and perfused transcardially with NaCl (0.9 /o), followed by an aldehyde mixture in 0.1 phosphate buffer at ph = 7.4. The brains were removed and stored for 48 h at 4OC in the phosphate buffered sucrose (30 /o, ph = 7.4) and then frozen they were cut coronally in sections 40 pm thick. Every 10th section was collected and processed with tetramethylbenzidine as the chromagen (14) to reveal the HRP-positive neurons. Another series of sections was counterstained with thionine. RESULTS Contralateral cortico-cortical connections of the frontal association cortex (FAC, see the extent of this cortex in Fig. 1) were examined on the basis of 23 cases of frontal injections. All cases of FAC injections
3 Fig. 1. Extent of the frontal association cortex (FAC) in the dog's brain. A, lateral surface of the hemisphere; B, medial surface; C, coronal sections from rostra1 (1) to caudal (4) direction. FAC involves two cortical regions (according to 17) premotor (squared area) and prefrontal (vertical lines area) and is divided into many small areas (according to 8, 9) delineated by broken lines. For the used names, see the list of abbreviations. were arranged in two groups, dorsal and ventral, according to localization of injections within the frontal lobe and a pattern of distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons. The dorsal group involves 17 cases of injections into different areas of the premotor and dorsal prefrontal regions (Fig. 2). The ventral group involves 6 cases of injections into areas of the ventral prefrontal region (Fig. 3). All injections caused the retrograde labeling of neurons in the cortex of the opposite hemisphere in areas homotopic and heterotopic to the insection sites. The results of the dorsal group are illustrated with a chosen representative, case D6 (Fig. 4). In this subject the injection was large and involved the cortex of the dorsal prefrontal region of both aspects of the hemisphere, dorso-lateral (PR, PRL, PORd areas) and dorso-medial (part of the PR area). A zone of diffusion of HRP covered some further parts of the above mentioned areas, as well as XM prefrontal area and CA premotor area (Fig. 4A and B). Following the D6 injection the greatest number of labeled neurons was observed in the contralateral
4 Fig. 2. Localization of FAC injections included in the dorsal group; black areas indicate sites of the highest concentration of injected enzyme; broken lines show the zone of enzyme diffusion. Note tha.t injections Dl-D4 are situated in the premotor region, while D5-Dl7 - in the dorsal prefrontal region. Among the latter ones, injections D5-D9 cover prefrontal areas situated most dorsally on one or both (lateral, a) and (medial, b) aspects of the hemisphere, D10-Dl3 involve central arezs on the lateral aspect, while D14-Dl7 - ce~tral areas on the medial aspect of the hemisphere. For the used names, see the list of abbreviations. frontal lobe cortex in areas localized homotopically to the injection site (areas PR, PRL, PORd, XM in Fig. 4C and D). Less numerous cells were found in heterotopic areas situated around the previously mentioned ones, but also in the dorsal prefrontal and premotor areas (XP, PGd, CA, XC, ORBd in Fig. 4C and D). On the contrary, in the ventral prefrontal areas only single HRP-positive neurons were found (areas, PGv, SG in Fig. 40).
5 Fig. 3. Localization of FAC injections included in the ventral group. Injections D18, Dl9 are localized most ventrally on both aspects of the frontal lobe. In cases D20, D21 the injections cover ventro-c;;udal areas of the lateral aspect of the frontal lobe, while in cases D22 and D23 - ventral areas of the medial aspect. Denotations as in Fig. 2. Also in other cases of this group the largest accumulation of labeled cells in FAC was found exactly in areas homotopic to the injection sites, while more dispersed labeling was observed in areas situated heterotopically to the injections, but wa.s restricted to the dorsal half of the frontal lobe cortex (Figs. 5 and 7). Significantly fewer HRP-positive neurons were observed in the ventral half of the contralateral frontal lobe. In all cases with dorsal injections heterotopic projections originating from cortical areas localized outside the FAC are far less numerous. That is why individual charts of these labeled neurons were pulled together in Fig. 7 (see localization of dotted areas and black circles). The labeled cell bodies were found in the cingular cortex (in its dorso-central (CN) and caudal e.g. retrosplenial (RSPL) parts); in the insular cortex (INS) of the caudal orbital gyrus and in the depth of the dorso-caudal sylvian sulcus (ss); in the auditory association cortex (AAC) of the dorsal sylvian gyrus and the depth of the ectosylvian sulcus (ses); in area 7 of the dorsal edge of suprasylvian sulcus (sss); in area 19 of the dorsal edge of the splenial sulcus (sspl); in area 20 of the posterior suprasylvian gyrus, as well as in the perirhinal (PRH) cortex (Fig. 7C and D, black circles).
6 Fig. 4. Distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons in the contralateral FAC after dorsal FAC injection D6. A, lateral aspect of the frontal lobe; B, medial aspect of the frontal lobe; C, lateral aspect of the frontal lobe of the contralateral hemisphere; D, medial aspect of the frontal lobe of the contralateral hemisphere. Black areas indicate site of injection; broken lines show-zone of enzyme diffusion; black dots symbolize localization of contralaterally labeled neurons on the convexity of gyri; open circles, localization of labeled neurons in the depth of sulci. For the used names, see the list of abbreviations. The results of the ventral injections are illustrated by a representative case Dl9 (Fig. 6). In this subject the injection was restricted to the anterior parts of the subproreal gyrus (SPR) situated ventrally on both aspects of the hemisphere, as well as to the ventrolateral areas SPRL, PORv, and part of the frontal pole cortex (POL) situated ventro-medially (Fig. 6A and B). The zone of enzyme diffusion covered more posterior parts of the above mentioned areas and other ventral prefrontal areas, ORBv and PGv (Fig. 6A and B). In the case Dl9 the largest accumulation of labeled neurons was observed in the contralateral frontal lobe cortex
7 Fig. 5. Microphotograph of H R P labeled neurons in the cortex of the contralateral dorsal FAC, homotopic to the injection site. Case Dl5 with injection into dorsomedial FAC area - XM.
8 Fig. 6. Distribution of labeled neurons in the contralateral FAC after ventral FAC injection in D19. Denotations as in Fig. 4.
9 homotopically to the injection site (areas SPR, SPRL, POL, ORBv, PGv in Fig. 6C and D). Less numerous cells were found in ventral prefrontal areas, but situated heterotopically to the injection site, whereas only single neurons were observed in dorsal prefrontal areas (ORBd, PRL, PR, XM in Fig. 6C and D). In all other cases of ventral group injections (Fig. 3), a general pattern of distribution of contralaterally labeled cells was similar to the one described above. It is worth emphasizing that neurons of this projection were predominantly found in the ventral half of the frontal cortex. Moreover, in cases of ventral FAC injections, a smali number of labeled cells was found in non-frontal cortical areas, which is shown in FAC CONTRALATERAL CONNECTIONS Latera view Medial view Fig. 7. General scheme of the organization of contralateral homo - and heterotopic projections to the FAC (results collected from all cases). Dotted areas in A and R symbolize dorsal FAC injections, while checkered areas - ventral FAC injections. Black circles in C and D represent areas which are the source of contralateral afferents to the dorsal FAC, while open squares indicate sources of afferents to the ventral FAC. For the used names see the list of abbreviations.
10 a general scheme (Fig. 7, open squares). Labeled neurons were observed in the cingular cortex (predominantly in its ventro-rostra1 part - G); in the insular cortex (INS) of the caudal orbital gyrus and in the depth of the anterior sylvian sulcus (ss), as well as in the prepiriform (Ppir) and periamygdaloid (Pamg) areas of the olfactory cortex and in the subcallosal (SC) area (Fig. 7, open squares). It can be concluded that dorsal and ventral FAC areas are supplied by contralateral afferents originating from differently localized cortical areas in dorsal and ventral half of the hemisphere, respectively (Fig. 7, compare distribution of black circles versus open squares). The neurons of contralateral projections to the FAC were predominantly found in cortical layers IIIb, V, IIIa, and sporadically in layers I1 and VI (Fig. 5), which is in accordance with a general pattern of laminar organization of cortical projections in the dog (8). DISCUSSION The obtained results provide a general rule of the distribution of callosal connections to the frontal cortex. The most numerous connections link homotopic areas of the dog's frontal association cortex of both hemispheres, while more scarce connections run between areas situated heterotopically within the frontal cortices. Additionally, sporadic callosal afferents to the FAC arrive from many other neocortical, but also mesocortical and allocortical regions situated outside the frontal lobe. This general rule and the sources of contralateral connections to the prefrontal cortex were earlier demonstrated in investigations on other mammalian species (1-7, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19). In the present study we described the topography of callosal FAC connections in the dog brain. In addition to a general rule of strong connections between homotopic areas of both hemispheres and weaker connections between heterotopic areas, we found in the dog brain a differentiation in callosal connections reaching the dorsal and ventral FAC areas. Dorsal areas of both prefrontal and premotor regions are predominantly connected with the contralateral homo- and heterotopic areas of the dorsal FAC and have weak connections with nonfrontal cortex of the dorsal half of the hemisphere, Nonfrontal afferents come from the cingular and insular cortices (their dorso-caudal parts), association cortex of the auditory, somatosensory and visual areas and from the perirhinal cortex. On the contrary, ventral FAC areas are supplied by numerous afferents from homo- and heterotopic areas of the ventral contralateral FAC and also by scarce nonfrontal heterotopical connections from the ventral half of the hemi-
11 sphere, namely from the ventro-rostral cingular and insular cortices, as well as from the subcallosal area and the pkiform cortex. All the above mentioned areas giving rise to connections to the contralateral FAC have been also reported to be the sources of ipsilateral afferents to the FAC (12, 17). The organization of both ipsilateral and contralateral projections of the dog FAC seems to be similar. The dorsal FAC areas are connected ipsi- and contralaterally with neocortical and mesocortical areas involved in the processing of polysensory information, while the ventral FAC areas are supplied by afferents from allo- and mesocortical areas presumably related to the emotional behavior. Ipsilateral connections are however much more numerous than the contralateral ones. Finally, we should like to emphasize that in the dog FAC the extent of dorsal and ventral zones, determined on the basis of differentiation in patterns of short and distal ipsilateral connections (12, 17), is in accordance with the topography of their contralateral connections. This investigation was supported by Project CPBP 0401 of the Polish Academy of Sciences. ABBREVIATIONS A AC C A CJ CN CX I fg fpg fps F AC G HRP INS MI MI1 ORB ORBd ORBv Pamg PG PGd PGv PM POL auditory association cortex area composita anterior area compoeita internal gyrus cinguli. pars dorsalis area composita precruciata fissura fissura genualis fissura pregenualis fissura presylvia frontal association cortex area genualis horseradish peroxidase cortex insularis primary motor cortex secondary motor cortex gyrus orbitalis gyrus orbitalis pars dorsalis gyrus orbitalis pars ventralis cortex piriformis pars periamygdalaidea area pregenualis area pregenualis pars dorsalis area pregenualis pars ventralis premotor cortex area polaris 2 - Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 4/89
12 PORd PORv Ppir PR PRH PRL RSPL S scr ses sg spg srha srhp ss ssp1 sss SC SG SPR SPRL XC XL m XP area paraorbitalis dorsalis area paraorbitalis ventralis cortex piriformis pars prepiriformis gyrus proreus cortex perirhinalis area prorea lateralis area retrosplenialis sulcus sulcus cruciatus sulcus ectosylvius sulcus genualis sulcus pregenualis sulcus rhinalis anterior sulcus rhinalis posterior sulcus sylvius sulcus splenialis sulcus suprasylvius area subcallosa area subgenualis gyrus subproreus gyrus subproreus lateralis area precruciata centralis area precruciata lateralis area precruciata medialis area precruciata posterior REFERENCES 1. AUDINAT, E., CONDE, F. and CREPEL, F Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 69: BECKSTEAD, R. M An autoradiographic examination of the corticocortical and subcortical projections of the medio-dorsal-projection (prefrontal) cortex in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 184: CAVADA, C. and REINOSO-SUAREZ, F Interhemispheric cortico-cortical connections to the prefrontal cortex in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 24: CAVADA, C. and REINOSO-SUAREZ, F Topographical organization of the cortical afferent connections of the prefrontal cortex in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 242: GOLDMAN-RAKIC, P. S. and SCHWARTZ, M. L Interdigitation of contralateral and ipsilateral columnar projections to frontal association cortex in primates. Science 216: JACOBSON, S IntraIaminar, interiaminar, callosal and thalamocorticai connections in frontal and parietal areas of the albino rat cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 124: JACOBSON, S. and TROJANOWSKI, J. Q Prefrontal granular cortex of the rhesus monkey. 11. Interhemispheric cortical afferents. Brain Res. 132: KOSMAL, A., STEPNIEWSKA, I. and MARKOW, G Laminar organization of efferent connections of the prefrontal cortex in the dog. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 43:
13 9. KREINER, J Myeloarchitectonics of the frontal cortex in dog. J. Comp. Neurol. 116: KREINER, J Reconstruction of neocortical lesions within the dog's brain: Instructions. Acta Biol. Exp. 26: LUTTENBERG, J Heterotropic contralateral projection of the neocortical spheres of the cat brain. I. Frontal cortex. A. Interhemispheric association of the frontal spheres. Acta Univ. Carol. Med. 20: MARKOW-RAJKOWSKA, G. and KOSMAL, A Organization of cortical afferents to the frontal association cortex in dogs. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 47: MARKOWITSCH, H. J. and GULDIN, W Heterotopic interhemispheric cortical connections in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 10: MESULAM, M. M Tetramethylbenzidine for horseradish peroxidase neurochemistry: a non-carcinogenic blue reaction product with superior sensitivity for visualizing neuronal afferents and efferents. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 26: MIZUNO, N., CLEMENTE, D. C. and SAURLAND, E. K Projections from the orbital gyrus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 136: PANDYA, D. N. and VIGNOLO, L. A Intra- and interhemispheric projections of the precentral, premotor, arcuate area in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 26: RAJKOWSKA, G. and KOSMAL, A Intrinsic connections and cytoarchitectonic data of the frontal association cortex in the dog. Acta Neurobiol. EXP. 48: SCHWARTZ, M. L. and GOLDMAN-RAKIC, P. S Single cortical neurones have axon collaterals to ipsilateral and contralateral cortex in fetal and adult primates. Nature 299: VONEIDA, T. J. and TREVARTHEN, C. R An experimental study of transcallosal connections between the proreus gyri of the cat. Brain Res. 12: Accepted 2 February 1989
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX IN DOGS
ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1987, 47: 137-161 ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX IN DOGS Grazyna MARKOW-RAJKOWSKA and Anna KOSMAL Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute
More informationINTRINSIC CONNECTIONS AND CYTOARCHITECTONIC DATA OF THE FRONTAL ASSOCIATION CORTEIX IN THE DOG
ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1988, 48: 169-192 INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS AND CYTOARCHITECTONIC DATA OF THE FRONTAL ASSOCIATION CORTEIX IN THE DOG Grazyna RAJKOWSKA and Anna KOSMAL Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki
More informationP. Hitchcock, Ph.D. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Kellogg Eye Center. Wednesday, 16 March 2009, 1:00p.m. 2:00p.m.
Normal CNS, Special Senses, Head and Neck TOPIC: CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES FACULTY: LECTURE: READING: P. Hitchcock, Ph.D. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Kellogg Eye Center Wednesday, 16 March
More informationCEREBRUM. Dr. Jamila EL Medany
CEREBRUM Dr. Jamila EL Medany Objectives At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: List the parts of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, medulla, basal nuclei, lateral ventricle). Describe
More informationNigral Projections to the Inferior and the Superior Colliculus in the Rat: A Horseradish Peroxidase Study
Okajimas Foils Anat. Jpn., 56(5) : 289-296, December 1979 Nigral Projections to the Inferior and the Superior Colliculus in the Rat: A Horseradish Peroxidase Study By KAZUO WATANABE and ETSURO KAWANA Department
More informationEFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALOID PART TO THE ARCHI-, PALEO-, AND NEOCORTEX IN DOGS
ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1976, 36: 319-331 8 EFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALOID PART TO THE ARCHI-, PALEO-, AND NEOCORTEX IN DOGS Anna KOSMAL Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute
More informationTHE MAJOR AND MINOR SULCI OF THE BRAIN OF THE SHEEP.
THE MAJOR AND MINOR SULCI OF THE BRAIN OF THE SHEEP. F. L. LANDACRE, Department of Anatomy, Ohio State University. INTRODUCTION. A description of the constant and variable sulci of the cerebral hemispheres
More informationRegional and Lobe Parcellation Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas. Manual Tracing for Parcellation Template
Regional and Lobe Parcellation Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas Manual Tracing for Parcellation Template Overview of Tracing Guidelines A) Traces are performed in a systematic order they, allowing the more easily
More informationA bilateral cortico-striate projection
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 71 J. B. CARMAN, W. M. COWAN, T. P. S. POWELL, AND K. E. WEBSTER From the Departments of Anatomy, University of Oxford, and University College, London During
More informationOutline of the next three lectures
Outline of the next three lectures Lecture 35 Anatomy of the human cerebral cortex gross and microscopic cell types connections Vascular supply of the cerebral cortex Disorders involving the cerebral cortex
More informationChapter 3. Structure and Function of the Nervous System. Copyright (c) Allyn and Bacon 2004
Chapter 3 Structure and Function of the Nervous System 1 Basic Features of the Nervous System Neuraxis: An imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the
More informationDissociable Roles of Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex in Visual Working Memory
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 1, 2000, 20(19):7496 7503 Dissociable Roles of Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex in Visual Working Memory Michael Petrides Montreal Neurological
More informationCortical Control of Movement
Strick Lecture 2 March 24, 2006 Page 1 Cortical Control of Movement Four parts of this lecture: I) Anatomical Framework, II) Physiological Framework, III) Primary Motor Cortex Function and IV) Premotor
More informationMotor Functions of Cerebral Cortex
Motor Functions of Cerebral Cortex I: To list the functions of different cortical laminae II: To describe the four motor areas of the cerebral cortex. III: To discuss the functions and dysfunctions of
More informationCISC 3250 Systems Neuroscience
CISC 3250 Systems Neuroscience Levels of organization Central Nervous System 1m 10 11 neurons Neural systems and neuroanatomy Systems 10cm Networks 1mm Neurons 100μm 10 8 neurons Professor Daniel Leeds
More informationDepartment of Cognitive Science UCSD
Department of Cognitive Science UCSD Verse 1: Neocortex, frontal lobe, Brain stem, brain stem, Hippocampus, neural node, Right hemisphere, Pons and cortex visual, Brain stem, brain stem, Sylvian fissure,
More informationCEREBRUM & CEREBRAL CORTEX
CEREBRUM & CEREBRAL CORTEX Seonghan Kim Dept. of Anatomy Inje University, College of Medicine THE BRAIN ANATOMICAL REGIONS A. Cerebrum B. Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus C. Brain Stem Midbrain Pons
More informationNeuroanatomy lecture (1)
Neuroanatomy lecture (1) Introduction: Neuroanatomy has two parts: the central and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of brain and spinal cord. The brain has the following
More informationCEREBRUM Dr. Jamila Elmedany Dr. Essam Eldin Salama
CEREBRUM Dr. Jamila Elmedany Dr. Essam Eldin Salama Objectives At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: List the parts of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, medulla, basal nuclei, lateral
More informationCerebrum-Cerebral Hemispheres. Cuneyt Mirzanli Istanbul Gelisim University
Cerebrum-Cerebral Hemispheres Cuneyt Mirzanli Istanbul Gelisim University The largest part of the brain. Ovoid shape. Two incompletely separated cerebral hemispheres. The outer surface of the cerebral
More informationTHE ORGANIZATION OF AMYGDALOPETAL PROJECTIONS FROM THE LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS AND PREOPTIC AREA IN THE RAT
ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1977, 37: 247-252 THE ORGANIZATION OF AMYGDALOPETAL PROJECTIONS FROM THE LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS AND PREOPTIC AREA IN THE RAT Liliana NITECKA, Olgierd NARKIEWICZ and Czeslaw JAKIEL Department
More informationLEC 1B ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Cogs 17 * UCSD
LEC 1B ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Cogs 17 * UCSD Cerebral Cortex A 6-layer sheet of cells, unfolded = < 1 m square X 3 mm thick Cortex 6 layers of cells Nissl Stain for Cell Bodies Info projected to
More informationDiversity of connections of the temporal neocortex with amygdaloid nuclei in the dog (Canis familiaris)
Diversity of connections of the temporal neocortex with amygdaloid nuclei in the dog (Canis familiaris) Anna Kosmal, Monika Malinowska and Agnieszka Woinicka Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute
More informationCerebral Cortex 1. Sarah Heilbronner
Cerebral Cortex 1 Sarah Heilbronner heilb028@umn.edu Want to meet? Coffee hour 10-11am Tuesday 11/27 Surdyk s Overview and organization of the cerebral cortex What is the cerebral cortex? Where is each
More informationProf. Saeed Abuel Makarem & Dr.Sanaa Alshaarawy
Prof. Saeed Abuel Makarem & Dr.Sanaa Alshaarawy 1 Objectives By the end of the lecture, you should be able to: Describe the anatomy and main functions of the thalamus. Name and identify different nuclei
More informationA few notions of brain anatomy
A few notions of brain anatomy Christophe Pallier CNRS, INSERM 562, Orsay, France Note some slides were taken from lectures available from the excellent web site 'fmri for dummies' by Jody Culham. Drawing
More informationGross Organization I The Brain. Reading: BCP Chapter 7
Gross Organization I The Brain Reading: BCP Chapter 7 Layout of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Located inside of bone Includes the brain (in the skull) and the spinal cord (in the backbone)
More informationExam 1 PSYC Fall 1998
Exam 1 PSYC 2022 Fall 1998 (2 points) Briefly describe the difference between a dualistic and a materialistic explanation of brain-mind relationships. (1 point) True or False. George Berkely was a monist.
More informationSUBCORTICAL CONNECTIONS OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN DOGS: AFFERENTS TO THE MEDIAL CORTEX
ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1981, 41: 339-356 SUBCORTICAL CONNECTIONS OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN DOGS: AFFERENTS TO THE MEDIAL CORTEX Anna KOSMAL Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental
More informationSupplementary Material S3 Further Seed Regions
Supplementary Material S3 Further Seed Regions Figure I. Changes in connectivity with the right anterior insular cortex. (A) wake > mild sedation, showing a reduction in connectivity between the anterior
More informationGives few collaterals, it is mainly a single process surrounded by a myelin sheath
Lecture 1 - Nerve fiber refers to both axons and dendrites, the dendrites are the afferent fibers (sensory); they receive impulses from neighbouring neurons, and the axon is the efferent fiber (motor);
More informationBiological Bases of Behavior. 3: Structure of the Nervous System
Biological Bases of Behavior 3: Structure of the Nervous System Neuroanatomy Terms The neuraxis is an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain Anatomical directions are
More informationCortical Field of Origin of the Anterior Commissure of the Rhesus Monkey
EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY 66, 381-397 (1979) Cortical Field of Origin of the Anterior Commissure of the Rhesus Monkey MARC L. JOUANDET AND MICHAEL S.GAZZANIGA Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive
More informationEfferent Association Pathways from the Rostral Prefrontal Cortex in the Macaque Monkey
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 24, 2007 27(43):11573 11586 11573 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Efferent Association Pathways from the Rostral Prefrontal Cortex in the Macaque Monkey Michael Petrides
More informationBrain anatomy tutorial. Dr. Michal Ben-Shachar 459 Neurolinguistics
Brain anatomy tutorial Dr. Michal Ben-Shachar 459 Neurolinguistics The human brain Left hemisphere Right hemisphere http://www.brainmuseum.org/ Zoom out Zoom in Types of Brain Tissue Gray Matter: Cell
More informationCORTICAL AFFERENT INPUT TO THE PRINCIPALS REGION OF THE RHESUS MONKEY
Neuroscience Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 619-637, 1985 Printed in Great Britain 0306-4522/85 $3.00 + 0.00 Pergamon Press Ltd 1985 IBRO CORTICAL AFFERENT INPUT TO THE PRINCIPALS REGION OF THE RHESUS MONKEY H. BARBAS
More informationTHALAMIC PROJECTION TO FRONTAL CORTEX IN MAN* BY TURNER McLARDY
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1950, 13, 198. THALAMIC PROJECTION TO FRONTAL CORTEX IN MAN* BY From the Department of Neuropathology, the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London The object of this
More informationNature Neuroscience doi: /nn Supplementary Figure 1. Characterization of viral injections.
Supplementary Figure 1 Characterization of viral injections. (a) Dorsal view of a mouse brain (dashed white outline) after receiving a large, unilateral thalamic injection (~100 nl); demonstrating that
More informationFrom Brodal, 2 nd ed. fig 20.1; 3 rd ed. Fig 21.1
From Brodal, 2 nd ed. fig 20.1; 3 rd ed. Fig 21.1 Note the names of the layers-- named for cell types rather than for axonal stratification. Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see figure
More informationAuditory and Vestibular Systems
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective To learn the functional organization of the auditory and vestibular systems To understand how one can use changes in auditory function following injury to localize
More informationNervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters
Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters Neurons Structure of neurons Soma Dendrites Spines Axon Myelin Nodes of Ranvier Neurons Structure of neurons Axon collaterals 1 Neurons Structure of neurons
More informationTelencephalon (Cerebral Hemisphere)
Telencephalon (Cerebral Hemisphere) OUTLINE The Cortex - Lobes, Sulci & Gyri - Functional Subdivisions - Limbic Lobe & Limbic System The Subcortex - Basal Ganglia - White Matter (Internal Capsule) - Relations
More informationCortical Organization. Functionally, cortex is classically divided into 3 general types: 1. Primary cortex:. - receptive field:.
Cortical Organization Functionally, cortex is classically divided into 3 general types: 1. Primary cortex:. - receptive field:. 2. Secondary cortex: located immediately adjacent to primary cortical areas,
More informationAnatomical Substrates of Somatic Sensation
Anatomical Substrates of Somatic Sensation John H. Martin, Ph.D. Center for Neurobiology & Behavior Columbia University CPS The 2 principal somatic sensory systems: 1) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system
More informationCingulofrontal Interactions and the Cingulate Motor Areas
CHAPTER 5 Cingulofrontal Interactions and the Cingulate Motor Areas Robert J. Morecraft and Jun Tanji Chapter contents Goals and Organization of this Chapter 114 Overview of Monkey Cingulate Cortex 115
More informationMedical Neuroscience Tutorial Notes
Medical Neuroscience Tutorial Notes Finding the Central Sulcus MAP TO NEUROSCIENCE CORE CONCEPTS 1 NCC1. The brain is the body's most complex organ. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After study of the assigned learning
More informationLateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization Michael Petrides* 360, 781 795 doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1631 Published online 29 April 2005 Montreal Neurological Institute and Department
More information1. The basic anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Psyc 311A, fall 2008 Conference week 1 Sept 9 th to 11 th TA: Jürgen Germann; e-mail: jurgen.germann@mcgill.ca Overview: 1. The basic anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS) 2. Cells of the CNS 3.
More informationOverview of the Nervous System (some basic concepts) Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Overview of the Nervous System (some basic concepts) Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Coffee Hour Tuesday (Sept 11) 10:00-11:00am Friday (Sept 14) 8:30-9:30am Surdyk s
More informationDepartment of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 410:343 367 (1999) Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior Temporal Cortices and Distinguished by Input From Memory-Related Areas
More informationAnatomy and Physiology (Bio 220) The Brain Chapter 14 and select portions of Chapter 16
Anatomy and Physiology (Bio 220) The Brain Chapter 14 and select portions of Chapter 16 I. Introduction A. Appearance 1. physical 2. weight 3. relative weight B. Major parts of the brain 1. cerebrum 2.
More informationPROPERTY OF ELSEVIER SAMPLE CONTENT - NOT FINAL. Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System
3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System C h a p t e r O u t l i n e The Long Axis of the CNS Bends at the Cephalic Flexure Hemisecting a Brain Reveals Parts of the Diencephalon,
More informationConnections between Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex and Superior Temporal Sulcus Regions in the Macaque Monkey
The Journal of Neuroscience, July 1, 2000, 20(13):5083 5101 Connections between Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex and Superior Temporal Sulcus Regions in the Macaque Monkey K. S. Saleem, 1,2 W. Suzuki, 1,3
More informationNeocortex. Hemispheres 9/22/2010. Psychology 472 Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs. Structures are divided into several section or lobes.
Neocortex Psychology 472 Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs 1 Is the most developed in Humans Has many folds and fissures The folds of tissue are called gyri or a gyrus (single) The fissures or valleys
More informationcorrelates with social context behavioral adaptation.
REVIEW OF FRONTAL LOBE STRUCTURES Main organization of frontal cortex: 1. Motor area (precentral gyrus). 2. Premotor & supplementary motor areas (immediately anterior to motor area). Includes premotor,
More informationM555 Medical Neuroscience Lab 1: Gross Anatomy of Brain, Crainal Nerves and Cerebral Blood Vessels
M555 Medical Neuroscience Lab 1: Gross Anatomy of Brain, Crainal Nerves and Cerebral Blood Vessels Anatomical Directions Terms like dorsal, ventral, and posterior provide a means of locating structures
More informationNote: Waxman is very sketchy on today s pathways and nonexistent on the Trigeminal.
Dental Neuroanatomy Thursday, February 3, 2011 Suzanne Stensaas, PhD Note: Waxman is very sketchy on today s pathways and nonexistent on the Trigeminal. Resources: Pathway Quiz for HyperBrain Ch. 5 and
More informationBRAIN AND ITS VITAL FUNCTIONS 1 Brain and Its Vital Functions Student s Name Institution Name Professor s Name Course Title BRAIN AND ITS VITAL FUNCTIONS 2 The brain is the integral organism and all its
More informationThe Central Nervous System I. Chapter 12
The Central Nervous System I Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System The Brain and Spinal Cord Contained within the Axial Skeleton Brain Regions and Organization Medical Scheme (4 regions) 1. Cerebral Hemispheres
More informationHomework Week 2. PreLab 2 HW #2 Synapses (Page 1 in the HW Section)
Homework Week 2 Due in Lab PreLab 2 HW #2 Synapses (Page 1 in the HW Section) Reminders No class next Monday Quiz 1 is @ 5:30pm on Tuesday, 1/22/13 Study guide posted under Study Aids section of website
More informationBrain-Behavior Network. Central Nervous System. Cerebral Cortex Gyrus and Sulcus. Nervous System
Brain-Behavior Network Nervous System Sensory information comes into and decisions come out of the central nervous system (CNS) Central Nervous System The nerves outside the CNS are called the peripheral
More informationAnnouncement. Danny to schedule a time if you are interested.
Announcement If you need more experiments to participate in, contact Danny Sanchez (dsanchez@ucsd.edu) make sure to tell him that you are from LIGN171, so he will let me know about your credit (1 point).
More informationNotes: Organization. Anatomy of the Nervous System. Cerebral cortex. Cortical layers. PSYC 2: Biological Foundations - Fall Professor Claffey
PSYC 2: Biological Foundations - Fall 2012 - Professor Claffey Notes: Organization Version: 10/30/12 - original version Anatomy of the Nervous System Content covered in Hans's lecture: CNS & PNS Directions/Planes
More informationAnterior Olfactory Nucleus
A Anterior Olfactory Nucleus PETER C. BRUNJES, KURT R. ILLIG Department of Psychology, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA Synonyms Anterior olfactory cortex Definition The primary component
More information-Zeina Assaf. -Omar Odeh. - Maha Beltagy
-3 -Zeina Assaf -Omar Odeh - Maha Beltagy 1 P a g e The Inferior Surface Of The Brain The inferior surface of the brain is divide by the stem of the lateral fissure into 2 parts : The orbital surface and
More informationLIMBIC SYSTEM. Dr. Amani A. Elfaki Associate Professor Department of Anatomy
LIMBIC SYSTEM Dr. Amani A. Elfaki Associate Professor Department of Anatomy Learning Objectives Define the limbic system Identify the parts of the limbic system Describe the circulation of the limbic system
More informationMotor Systems I Cortex. Reading: BCP Chapter 14
Motor Systems I Cortex Reading: BCP Chapter 14 Principles of Sensorimotor Function Hierarchical Organization association cortex at the highest level, muscles at the lowest signals flow between levels over
More informationRole of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Executive Behavioral Control
Physiol Rev 88: 37 57, 2008; doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2007. Role of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Executive Behavioral Control JUN TANJI AND EIJI HOSHI Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute,
More informationProjections from the hippocampal region to the mammillary bodies in macaque monkeys
European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 22, pp. 2519 2530, 2005 ª Federation of European Neuroscience Societies Projections from the hippocampal region to the mammillary bodies in macaque monkeys John P.
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF LESIONS OF AUDITORY CORTEX ON DISCRIMINATION OF SOUND LOCALIZATION IN DOG
ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1971, 31: 237-250 THE EFFECTS OF LESIONS OF AUDITORY CORTEX ON DISCRIMINATION OF SOUND LOCALIZATION IN DOG Genowefa SZWEJKOWSKA and Barbara SYCHOWA Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki
More informationFor more information about how to cite these materials visit
Author(s): Peter Hitchcock, PH.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
More informationLayered organization of cortex: Paleocortex 3 layers hippocampal formation / ventral & medial cortex closest to brainstem
Layered organization of cortex: Paleocortex 3 layers hippocampal formation / ventral & medial cortex closest to brainstem Archicortex 3-4 layers hippocampal formation / amygdala Neocortex 6 layers more
More informationCognitive Neuroscience Attention
Cognitive Neuroscience Attention There are many aspects to attention. It can be controlled. It can be focused on a particular sensory modality or item. It can be divided. It can set a perceptual system.
More informationFUNCTION OF CAT'S CAUDATE NUCLEUS IN TASKS INVOLVING SPATIAL DISCONTIGUITY BETWEEN LOCATION OF CUE AND RESPONSE
ACTA NEUROBIOL. EXP. 1983, 43: 103-113 FUNCTION OF CAT'S CAUDATE NUCLEUS IN TASKS INVOLVING SPATIAL DISCONTIGUITY BETWEEN LOCATION OF CUE AND RESPONSE Wanda FRYSZ and Irena STVIER Department of Neurophysiology,
More informationPrimary pouches: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon Secondary pouches: telencephalon diencephalon
Telencephalon Ontogenic development of CNS Primary pouches: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon Secondary pouches: telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon ---- pons (pons Varoli),
More informationFunctional Neuroanatomy and Traumatic Brain Injury The Frontal Lobes
Functional Neuroanatomy and Traumatic Brain Injury The Frontal Lobes Jessica Matthes, Ph.D., ABN Barrow TBI Symposium March 23, 2019 jessica.matthes@dignityhealth.org Outline TBI Mechanisms of Injury Types
More informationSystems Neuroscience Dan Kiper. Today: Wolfger von der Behrens
Systems Neuroscience Dan Kiper Today: Wolfger von der Behrens wolfger@ini.ethz.ch 18.9.2018 Neurons Pyramidal neuron by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934, Nobel prize with Camillo Golgi in 1906) Neurons
More informationL. D. Selemon and P. S. Goldman-Rakic Section of Neuroanatomy, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 1988, 8(11): 4049-4088 Common Cortical and Subcortical Targets of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Posterior Parietal Cortices in the Rhesus Monkey: Evidence for a
More information25/09/2012. Capgras Syndrome. Chapter 2. Capgras Syndrome - 2. The Neural Basis of Cognition
Chapter 2 The Neural Basis of Cognition Capgras Syndrome Alzheimer s patients & others delusion that significant others are robots or impersonators - paranoia Two brain systems for facial recognition -
More informationIMPAIRMENTS ON LOCOMOTOR TASK INVOLVING SPATIAL OPPOSITION BETWEEN CUE AND REWARD IN FRONTALLY ABLATED MONKEYS
Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1970, 30: 1-12 IMPAIRMENTS ON LOCOMOTOR TASK INVOLVING SPATIAL OPPOSITION BETWEEN CUE AND REWARD IN FRONTALLY ABLATED MONKEYS Irena STEPIER~ and John S. STAMM Department of Psychology,
More informationCetacean Brains Cogs 143 * UCSD
Cetacean Brains Cogs 143 * UCSD EQ -- Encephalization Quotient EQ = Actual brain mass / Expected brain mass Where expected = 0.12 x (Body mass) 2/3 EQ -- Encephalization Quotient Chimp Human Dolphin Globular
More informationof Primary Auditory Cortex
THE JOURNAL OF COMPAKATIVE NEUROLOGY 337~317-333 (1993) Visual Projections Induced Into the Auditory Pathway of Ferrets: 11. Corticocortical Connections of Primary Auditory Cortex S.L. PALLAS AND M. SUR
More informationDiagnosing Complicated Epilepsy: Mapping of the Epileptic Circuitry. Michael R. Sperling, M.D. Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA
Diagnosing Complicated Epilepsy: Mapping of the Epileptic Circuitry Michael R. Sperling, M.D. Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA Overview Definition of epileptic circuitry Methods of mapping
More informationMedical Neuroscience Tutorial Notes
Medical Neuroscience Tutorial Notes Lateral Surface of the Brain MAP TO NEUROSCIENCE CORE CONCEPTS 1 NCC1. The brain is the body's most complex organ. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After study of the assigned learning
More informationThe human brain. of cognition need to make sense gives the structure of the brain (duh). ! What is the basic physiology of this organ?
The human brain The human brain! What is the basic physiology of this organ?! Understanding the parts of this organ provides a hypothesis space for its function perhaps different parts perform different
More informationPHY3111 Mid-Semester Test Study. Lecture 2: The hierarchical organisation of vision
PHY3111 Mid-Semester Test Study Lecture 2: The hierarchical organisation of vision 1. Explain what a hierarchically organised neural system is, in terms of physiological response properties of its neurones.
More informationModel 3-50B or 3-88 III VIII. Olfactory Nerve. Optic Nerve. Oculomotor Nerve. Trochlear Nerve. Trigeminal Nerve. Abducens Nerve.
Model 3-50B or 3-88 I Olfactory Nerve II Optic Nerve Oculomotor Nerve III IV Trochlear Nerve Trigeminal Nerve V VI Abducens Nerve Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX VII Facial Nerve VIII Vestibocochlear Nerve or
More informationCortical Connections of Area V4 in the Macaque
Cerebral Cortex March 2008;18:477-499 doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm061 Advance Access publication June 4, 2007 Cortical Connections of Area V4 in the Macaque Leslie G. Ungerleider 1, Thelma W. Galkin 2, Robert
More informationNeuroanatomy. Dr. Maha ELBeltagy. Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018
Neuroanatomy Dr. Maha ELBeltagy Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (NS) It is divided into 2 major divisions: 1) Central Nervous System
More informationPsyc 311A, fall 2008 Conference week 3 TA: Jürgen Germann
Psyc 311A, fall 2008 Conference week 3 TA: Jürgen Germann e-mail: jurgen.germann@mcgill.ca Overview: 1. Meninges 2. Cerebral cortex-cytoarchitecture 3. Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus) (this replaces
More informationBrain anatomy and artificial intelligence. L. Andrew Coward Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
Brain anatomy and artificial intelligence L. Andrew Coward Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia The Fourth Conference on Artificial General Intelligence August 2011 Architectures
More informationThe Visual Parietal Areas in the Macaque Monkey: Current Structural Knowledge and Ignorance
NeuroImage 14, S21 S26 (2001) doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0818, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on The Visual Parietal Areas in the Macaque Monkey: Current Structural Knowledge and Ignorance Carmen
More informationLeah Militello, class of 2018
Leah Militello, class of 2018 Objectives 1. Describe the general organization of cerebral hemispheres. 2. Describe the locations and features of the different functional areas of cortex. 3. Understand
More informationDifferential afferent projections to the inferior colliculus from the cochlear nucleus in the albino mouse
342 Brain Research, 210 (198l)342-.-349 :(:~ Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press Differential afferent projections to the inferior colliculus from the cochlear nucleus in the albino mouse D. K. RYUGO,
More informationPSY 215 Lecture 17 (3/28/2010) (Lateralization in the Brain) Dr. Achtman PSY 215
PSY 215 Lecture 17 Topic: Lateralization in the Brain Chapter 14.1, pages 403-414 Corrections: Lecture 16 (page 4) Broca s Area: trouble producing language, comprehension is okay. Announcements: Review
More informationAnat Embryol (2000) 201:15 25 Springer-Verlag 2000
Anat Embryol (2000) 201:15 25 Springer-Verlag 2000 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Katarzyna Majak Przemysław Kowiański Janusz Moryś Jan Spodnik Zbigniew Karwacki Henryk M. Wisniewski The limbic zone of the rabbit and
More informationCONNEXIONS OF THE SOMATIC SENSORY CORTEX OF THE RHESUS MONKEY
Brain (1969) 92, 477-502. CONNEXIONS OF THE SOMATIC SENSORY CORTEX OF THE RHESUS MONKEY I. IPSILATERAL CORTICAL CONNEXIONS BY E. G. JONES AND T. P. S. POWELL {From the Department of Human Anatomy, Oxford)
More informationLecture 35 Association Cortices and Hemispheric Asymmetries -- M. Goldberg
Lecture 35 Association Cortices and Hemispheric Asymmetries -- M. Goldberg The concept that different parts of the brain did different things started with Spurzheim and Gall, whose phrenology became quite
More informationGENERALITIES OF THE ADULT BRAIN
GENERALITIES OF THE ADULT BRAIN Average weight = 1.3-1.4 kg o 2-3% of body weight Total intracranial volume = 1,700 ml o Brain = 1,400 ml (80%) o Blood = 150 ml (10%) o CSF = 150 ml (10%) Number of neurons
More informationParts of the Brain. Hindbrain. Controls autonomic functions Breathing, Heartbeat, Blood pressure, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc. Upper part of hindbrain
Parts of the Brain The human brain is made up of three main parts: 1) Hindbrain (or brainstem) Which is made up of: Myelencephalon Metencephalon 2) Midbrain Which is made up of: Mesencephalon 3) Forebrain
More information