Virus-like particle vaccine activates and promotes B cell differentiation to IgG2a producing plasma cells Qizhi Cathy Yao, M.D., Ph.D.

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1 Virus-like particle vaccine activates and promotes B cell differentiation to IgG2a producing plasma cells Qizhi Cathy Yao, M.D., Ph.D. Molecular Surgeon Research Center Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology Department of Pathology and Immunology Baylor College of Medicine Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center

2 Production of chimeric VLPs Co-infect Sf9 cells rbv SIVmac239 (gag) Envelope from host cell Gene of interest Nucleocapsid rbv HIV Env Baculovirus Gag Sf9 Cell

3 -SIV VLPs, SHIV VLPs, HA/SIV VLPs, CD4L/SHIV VLPs immunization elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice (Guo et al., 23, Yao et al.,22, 24, Zhang et al., 21); -VLPs has been reported to bind and activate dendritic cells (Bosio et al., 24; Lenz et al., 21; Tsunetsugu-Yokota et al., 23; Zhang et al., 24); -VLP interaction with B cells is largely understudied.

4 - B cells can be divided into two subsets (Hardy and Hayakawa, 21) B1 cells: CD5 + CD43 + IgM +, less CSR and SHM (Berland and Wortis, 22, Fagarasan and Honjo, 2) B2 cells: involved in GC formation, memory B cell production, long-lived plasma cell generation (Goldsby et al., 2) - Th1 cells promote B2 cell differentiation into plasma cells and produce predominantly IgG2a antibodies. - Activation-induced cytidine deaminas (AID) is an essential enzyme for both CSR and SHM - Other important transcription factors for plasma cell differentiation such as Blimp-1, XBP-1, IRF4.

5 VLP VLP VLPs directly bind to B cells but not T cells 6.2% 5.76% 6.26% SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP CD19.29%.29%.16% SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP CD3e

6 SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP VLP (red) CD19 (green) VLP (red) CD3e (green)

7 VLP VLPs can specifically bind to B cells 1.44% 2.19% 2.62%.1 μg SHIV VLP 1 μg SHIV VLP 2.5 μg SHIV VLP 3.47% 3.92% 5.71% 5 μg SHIV VLP 1 μg SHIV VLP 2 μg SHIV VLP CD19

8 VLP 6.79% 6.18% 5.1% 3.68% 2.2% 32:1 CD19 8:1 6:1 4:1 1:1 Labeled : Unlabeled VLPs

9 Count VLPs can activate naïve B cells 2.58% 17% 69.7% PBS Anti-CD4 Ab LPS 69.3% 7.7% 7.3% B22+ SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP CD69

10 Count 17.3% 38.6% 78.5% PBS Anti-CD4 Ab LPS 38.9% 4.8% 41.2% B22+ SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP CD86

11 B cells number (X1 4 ) VLPs mainly stimulate naïve, conventional B22 + IgM + CD43 - CD5 - B2 cells but not B22 + IgM + CD43 + B1 cells CD43+CD5+ CD43+CD5- CD43-CD5- PBS anti-cd4 LPS SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP

12 [ 3 H]-Thymidine Incorp. (CPM) VLPs can stimulate B2 cells proliferation ** Purified naïve B2 cells

13 Counts VLPs can stimulate B2 cells proliferation Generations Generations 5,4,3,2,1, 5,4,3,2,1, % 1.55% % 5.2% % 5.1% % 4.83% 5.83% 46.9% 93.9% 35.5% CD19+ PBS CFSE intensity SHIV VLP Overlay

14 [ 3 H]-Thymidine Incorp. (CPM) Activation of B2 cells is due to VLP binding but not endotoxin ** 5 Normal With Polymyxin B

15 MIP-1α (ng/ml) MIP-1β ( ng/ml) IL-12 p7 (ng/ml) RANTES (ng/ml) VLPs stimulate a unique Th1 type of cytokine profile 25 ** ** ** **

16 MCP-1 (ng/ml) IL-4 (ng/ml) VLPs reduce Th2 type of cytokine production 3.2 ** **

17 ELISPOT Analysis PBS Anti-CD4 Ab LPS SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP ELISPOT IFNg (red) and IL-2 (blue)

18 ELISPOT Analysis PBS Anti-CD4 Ab LPS SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP ELIPOT: IL-4 (red) and IL-2 (blue)

19 # of spots/1 6 Splenocytes VLPs stimulate B cells differentiate into antibody producing cells PBS SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP 1 75 ** 5 25 SIV Coating

20 Relative Expression (fold change) Relative Expression (fold change) VLPs stimulate B cells express plasma cell differedntiation and class switching molecules 1. * ** ** 4. * * Blimp IRF4 6. * * 1 ** ** ** XBP 5 25 AID

21 Supernatant Ab Levels (mg/ml) Supernatant Ab Levels (mg/ml) VLPs stimulate antibody production SIV Coating.4 IgG.3 IgM.2.1. ** ** PR8 Coating.4 IgG.3 IgM.2.1. SIV Coating.2 * SIV Coating.2.15 IgG2a.15 IgG

22 CD23 VLPs immunization does not stimulate marginal zone B1 cell expansion 8.6% 5.64% 5.77% 5.89% B22+ PBS SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP CD21

23 B Cells Number (X1 4 ) VLPs immunization does not stimulate B1 cell expansion PBS SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP CD43+CD5+ CD43+CD5- CD43-CD5-

24 fas VLPs immunization enhances germinal center B cells induction.78% 1.42% 8.68% 6.9% B22+ PBS SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP GL-7

25 VLPs immunization enhances germinal center formation PBS SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP GL-7 + (green) B22+ (red)

26 # of spots/1 6 splenocytes VLPs immunization stimulates B cell differentiation into plasma cells and undergone CSR ** 3 2 IgM IgG 1 SIV Coating

27 PBS SIV VLP SHIV VLP HA/SIV VLP SIV Coating: IgG (red) and IgM (blue)

28 Serum Ab Levels (mg/ml) Serum Ab Levels (mg/ml) VLPs immunization induces Ab class-switch SIV Coating ** SIV Coating ** IgM IgG day 7 9 day 7 1 day 12 6 day 12 5 ** PR8 Coating 12 IgM 9 day 7 day PR8 Coating 8 ** 6 IgG day 7 4 day 12 2

29 Serum Ab Levels (mg/ml) VLPs immunization induces IgG2a Ab class-switch SIV Coating 1 ** SIV Coating IgG2a IgG

30 Conclusions -Enveloped VLPs can directly bind and activate B cells -The majority of the responding B cell population is B2 cells -Activated B cells interaction with other cells (APCs, T cells) results in the induction of a featured cytokine profile -The Th1 oriented cytokine profile leads to B cell differentiation into IgG2a producing plasma cells

31 Acknowledgements Yao Lab: Shawn Zhang, MD, Ph.D. Ethan Poteet, Ph.D. Jean Yong, B.S., M.S. Phoebe Lewis, B.S. Yvonne Wang, M.D. Dali Li, M.D., Ph.D. Uddalak Bharadwaj,Ph.D. Christian Marin-Muller, Ph.D. Rongxin Zhang, Ph.D. Funding sources: NIH/NIDCR NIH/NIAID VA Merit Award BCM CFAR pilot fund BCM: Jian-ming Lu, Ph.D. Johnny Chen, MD, PhD Sally Hodges, B.S., M.S. Amy McElhany, B.S. William E. Fisher, MD Sue Crawford, Ph.D. Mary Estes, Ph.D. Quincy Mo, Ph.D..

32 Albert Einstein ( ) The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science.