The innate immune system: Contributions to Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins

Transcription

1 The innate immune system: Contributions to Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins Daniela Verthelyi, M.D., Ph.D. Laboratory of Immunology Division of Therapeu8c Proteins OBP, CDER, FDA

2 Map to the talk: Innate immune system Innate immune response modulating impurities (IIRMI) Ø Can impurities that activate the innate immune system impact the immunogenicity of therapeutic products? Ø What level of impurities may impact the immunogenicity of therapeutic products? Synergy? Ø Can we devise methods of testing for the presence of unidentified impurities that may affect product immunogenicity?

3 Immune system: CLR TLR NLR RLR SR Gene encoded Respond to PAMPs and DAMPs

4 INNATE ADAPTIVE Innate immune receptors are key to initiate and augment immune responses Protein Antigen Adjuvant PAMPs Evolutionary conserved Non-specific (?) No memory(?) Adjuvant PAMPs Polyreactive IgM Abs B cell Cytok. Ag Presentation Antigen specific Abs B cell B cell B cell Clonal Specific Memory * Cytokines T cell IFNs CD4T T Phagoc. * Chemokines T cell T cell cytokines APC activation T cell CD8T

5 TLR : pattern-recognition receptors The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. ssrna TLR7 TLR8 Virus dsrna TLR3 CpG DNA The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. TLR9 Gram+ Flagellin TLR5 TLR6 TLR2 Lipoproteins Peptidoglycan Zymosan Lipoteichoic Ac Phospholipomannans Viral envelope proteins TLR4 Gram- TLR TLR Parasites Profilin Uropathogenic bacteria? LPS TLR Triacyl lipoproteins The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. LPS Mannan Fibrinogen Glycoinositolphospholipids Taxol The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

6 TLR agonists in optimal concentrations: Microbial DNA agonists activate the immune response in splenocytes (Klinman 995) Secreting cell number Fold increase E. coli DNA Mammalian DNA IgM IL-6 IL-2 IFNγ

7 Small amounts of TLR agonist induce Dendritic Cell Maturation and Activation (Gursel 23) CD4 CD8 CD86 HLA-DR CD69 Control b DNA (2ug/ml) CpG ODN (3uM)

8 Fold Change in Gene expression in skin of rhesus macaques injected s.c. with TLR9 agonist (5ug/kg) CAMP CCL CCL7 CCL9 CCL2 CCL2 SOCS5 FASLG IFNA8 CXCL9 IFNa2 IL2RA IL22 IFNG IL-2A CCL5 IFNb PRF PRF CCR5 TLR9 IL6 TLR4 SELE IL- ICOS CXCL3 CXCL CTLA-4 CD4LG VEGFA TNF-ALPHA TLR8 CD8 TLR7 SOCS2 SOCS TLR3 OAS SELP SA6 SA MX 24hrs after injection with TLR9 agonist MAMU-B MAMU-DRB IRF8 CCL8 CD83 IRF7 CD86 GZMB CD94 TGFB CD69 MAMU-A CD9 CD3E CD4 CD4 CD8 CTSC CXCL2 DAD FAS foxp3 HLA-DMA,HLA-DMB HLA-DPA HLA-DQA,HLA-DQA2 IKBKB IL5 IL8 ILA ILB IRF IRF3 CCL8=MIP4 CXCL9=MIG CCL5=Rantes CXCL= IP-

9 TLR agonists enhance ab. responses to protein antigens IgG Titers OVA + DNA (25ug) OVA WEEKS Accelerate IgG responses. Four macaques/group Verthelyi, J.Immunol, 22

10 Therapeutic proteins?

11 Biotechnology Process Natural source **Impurities can come from all steps** Host cells Adventitious agents Harvest Protein mixture Bioburden Down stream purification Chromatography Columns Formulation Filling Container/closure Mammalian Bacteria Yeast Insect Plant Fermentor/ Bioreactor Immunogenicity Complex Drug Product Impurities * Narrow definition of impurity

12 Can trace PAMPs can enhance ab. to proteins? Antigen PAMP Polyreactive IgM Abs PAMP Antigen specific B cell Abs B cell B cell B cell cell B cell Cytokines Phagoc. APC activation Cytokines IFNs Chemokines T cell T cell T cell T cell cytokines innate adaptive

13 TLR : pattern-recognition receptors ssrna TLR7 TLR8 Virus CpG DNA TLR9 TLR TLR Parasites Profilin Uropathogenic bacteria? dsrna TLR3 TLR4 Gram- LPS Flagellin TLR5 TLR6 Gram+ TLR2 TLR Triacyl lipoproteins

14 Models: LPS and CpG ODN on mouse splenocytes Splenocytes: 48hr supernatants (ng/ml) IFNγ IL-6 LPS IFNγ IL-6 CpG ODN LPS pg/ml ng/ml ng/ml ug/ml CpG ODN 2.5 nm 5 nm µm ' '. '. '. LPS ng/ml CpG ODN (nm) LPS: ~ ng (~ -, fold less than adjuvant studies) CpG DNA ~-5nM (~ - fold less than adjuvant studies

15 Low levels of Innate Immune Response Modulating Impurities induce low levels of mrna transcription LPS DNA 5 ccl3-5 cox2 nos2 - cxcl cxcl 6 il-6 ifnγ gzmb 3 nm CpG ODN ng/ml LPS

16 Hematocrit Hematocrit * EPO untreated * * ** * DAYS EPO EPO + LPS.ng EPO + LPS ng Hematocrit Hematocrit EPO EPO + CpG 5ng EPO + CpG 5ng Low levels of TLR agonists induce antibody response in * EPO EPO + CpG 5 ng + LPS.ng EPO + CpG 5 ng + LPS *** *** DAYS vivo * ***

17 Low levels of IIRMI can: Activate immune cells Activate local immune response at drug delivery/depot site Facilitate an antigen-specific immune response to exogenous proteins. Facilitate neutralizing responses that cross-react with endogenous proteins. Change the quality of the response (IgG) Therefore

18 Impurities that activate the innate immune system are a critical product attributes 22 that impact on the immunogenicity of therapeutic products. Current routine characterization of most therapeutic proteins (regardless of expression system): Endotoxin DNA Shouldn t we do better?

19 Screening system should be: sensitive to wide spectrum of IIRMIs. suited to the specific manufacturing process. Not trivial! Several issues to contemplate when designing an assay to control for unidentified impurities that may affect product immunogenicity

20 Challenges and Criteria for a good assay system to detect IIRMIs. Impurities are complex Cover a wide spectrum of IIRMIs Sensitive enough to detect minute amount of impurities How minute? 2. IIRMI synergize 3. No specific biomarkers for any one impurity or receptor 4. Reliable reference standard Differential expression pattern of gene activation in sigma LPS versus ultra pure LPS (List) on RAW cells (Rutledge et al 22). Source Bacteria Virus Yeast Mammalia n cells PAMP LPS Lipoproteins, LTA, PGN Flagellin DNA RNA DNA RNA Structural prot. Zymosan, β glycan Mannan DNA RNA HMGB HSP S DNA RNA TLR TLR4 TLR2/ TLR2/6 TLR5 TLR9 TLR7 TLR9 TLR, TLR7,TLR8 TLR2, TLR4 TLR2,TLR6 TLR2, TLR4 TLR9 TLR7 TLR2, TLR4, TLR2,TLR4, TLR9 TLR3 PRR NOD, NOD2, NALP3, NALP IPAF, NAIP5 AIM2 NALP3 AIM2, DAI,IFI6 RIG-I, MDA-5, NALP3 Dectin-, NALP-3 RAGE, CD24 CD9,CD24,CD4,CD4 RAGE AIM2

21 Sensitivity of testing system Human PBMC Dose response to LPS Macaque skin IFN γ ng/ml. LPS (pg/ml) IL-6 relative expression vs saline pg~. EU. Saline LPS pg LPS pg LPS pg Macaques injected with LPS SC. Skin biopsies at 6h. Gene expression by qpcr.

22 Exposure to lower level of IIRMIs in vivo results in induction of inflammatory genes IL-6 Fold vs saline IP fold vs saline. Saline LPS pg LPS pg LPS pg. Saline CPG 5ng CPG 5ug CPG 5ug IL-6 fold vs saline IL-6 Fold vs saline. Saline Flagellin ng Flagellin ug Flagellin ug. Saline FSL- ng FSL- ug FSL- ug

23 Screening: Sensitive to wide spectrum of unknown IIRMIs. Adequate to the specific manufacturing process. LAL and pyrogenicity tests are limited PBMC (technically demanding & high variability)

24 Multi cell line platform

25 Combined Sensitivity of monocyte/macrophage cell lines to Impurities TLR Cell Cell 2 Cell 3 LPS pg/ml pg/ml pg/ml Pam3CSK4 5pg/mL 5pg/mL pg/ml PolyI:C negative negative 2.5 ug/ml Flagellin negative negative ng/ml FSL- pg/ml 5pg/mL pg/ml Imiquimod 5ng/mL negative negative CLO75 5ng/mL Negative negative CPG 2.5nM (6ng/mL) negative negative Zymosan ug/ml ng/ml ng/ml MDP negative ug/ml negative

26 Dose response. IL-6 relative expression verus media treated Endotoxin (EU/mL) Cells were treated with USP-reference standard endotoxin (RSE)-Lonza for 24h and gene expression is quantified by qpcr for mrna expression.

27 Cell line should be relevant OD OD with out product EPO IFNb Omonyts OD LPS (pg/ml) OD Pam 3 CSK 4 (ng/ml) 5 Test products should not impact the detection IFNb of Omonyts impurities by cell lines.... FSL- (ng/ml) Zymosan (ug/ml)

28 NF-kB activation (OD 62) Lack of interference by Products on detection of impurities EPO (IU/mL) pg/ml LPS.ng/mL LPS ng/ml LPS ng/ml LPS NF-kB activation (OD 62) EPO (IU/mL) pg/ml FSL-.ng/mL FSL- ng/ml FSL- ng/ml FSL- NF-kB activation (OD 62) IFNβ (IU/mL) pg/ml LPS.ng/mL LPS ng/ml LPS ng/ml LPS NF-kB activation (OD 62) IFNβ (IU/mL) pg/ml FSL-.ng/mL FSL- ng/ml FSL- ng/ml FSL-

29 IL-6 Fold expression media IFNβ IL-6 Fold expression media IFNβ LPS (Pg/mL) 5 FSL- (Pg/mL) IL-8 Fold expression 5 5 media IFNβ IL-8 Fold expression media IFNβ LPS (Pg/mL) 5 FSL- (Pg/mL)

30 Summary Individual cell lines are not optimal for the detection of unidentified impurity, but combination of cells lines serve as a good system to detect a wide range of lower level impurities. Low or no product interference Dose response

31 Gene activation pattern by IIRMI IL2 IL3 IL4 IL5 TNF LTA COL4A5 C3 AGTR2 AGTR CD34 VEGF ACE EDN ILα ILβ IL6 IL8 IL7 8S IL IL2A IL2B IL3 IL5 IL7 IL8 media LPS Pam 3 CSK 4 Zymosan FN SKI CCL9 SMAD7 CCL2 SMAD3. CCL5 TGFB CCR2 FASLG CCR4 FAS GNLY CYPA2 RPL3L CCR7 CXCL CXCL CCR5 CXCR3 MYH6 LRP2 SELE REN HMOX PTGS2 SELP ICAM BAX BCL2L BCL2 NOS2A ICOS TNFRSF8 HLA-DRA CD4LG CTLA4 CD8 CD86 CD4 CD68 PTPRC NFKB2 CSF3 CD3E CD4 CD8A CD9 IL2RA CD28 CD38 IKBKB STAT3 CSF CSF2

32 Distinct gene signatures induced by minute level of impurities in macrophages Media TNF EDN ILα ILβ IL6 pg/ml LPS pg/ml LPS FN IL8 ng/ml LPS HMOX IL2b CYP7A IL3 ICAM IL5 TNFRSF8 CCL3 HLA-DRA CCL9 CD8 CCL2 CD4 CCL5 CD38 CCR5 IL2RA CCR7 NFKB2 CXCL CSF3 CSF2 CSF CXCL

33 Products induce a gene expression profile REN C3 ILβ ILα IL6 Omontys # Omontys # 2 Omontys # 3 Buffer control PTGS2 IL8 HMOX. IL ICAM CCR5 CD8 CCR7 CD4 CXCL NFKB2 CSF3 CSF

34 Pattern of gene signature doesn t vary between different lots of same product IL-6 relative expression versus media treated. Pg/mL LPS Pg/mL LPS Pg/mL LPS IL-8 relatve expression verus media treated buffer Lot# Lot # 2 Lot # 3 Lot # 4 Lot # 5. Pg/mL LPS Pg/mL LPS Pg/mL LPS buffer Lot# Lot # 2 Lot # 3 Lot # 4 Lot # 5

35 Different lots of the same product induce similar gene expression profiles PTGS2 REN C3 ILβ ILα IL6 IL8 omontys # omontys # 2 omontys # 3 Buffer control omontys # + LPS omontys # 2 + LPS omontys # 3 + LPS buffer + LPS HMOX. IL ICAM CCR5 CD8 CCR7 CD4 CXCL NFKB2 CSF3 CSF

36 Gene expression profiling of licensed products for impurities using cell lines Erythropoetin Erythropoetin + Endotoxin ICAM HMOX C3 IL-α IL-β IL-6 IL-8 media EPO ICAM HMOX C3 IL-α IL-β IL-6 IL-8 media EPO EPO + Endotoxin Endotoxin CD8. IL- CD8. IL- CD4 CCL3 CD4 CCL3 NFKB2 CCL2 NFKB2 CCL2 CSF-3 CXCL CXCL CCR7 CSF-3 CXCL CXCL CCR7

37 Products have gene expression patterns IFNβ (Avonex) IFNβ (Avonex) + Endotoxin ICAM HMOX C3 IL-α IL-β IL-6 IL-8 media IFNβ ICAM HMOX C3 IL-α IL-β IL-6 IL-8 media IFNβ IFNβ + Endotoxin Endotoxin CD8 IL- CD8 IL- CD4 CCL3 CD4 CCL3 NFKB2 CCL2 NFKB2 CCL2 CSF-3 CXCL CXCL CCR7 CSF-3 CXCL CXCL CCR7

38 Summary Low levels of impurities (microbial or mammalian) that are recognized by receptors of the innate immune system can : Activate the innate immune system Induce an antigen-specific immune response to exogenous proteins. Induce antibodies that cross-neutralize endogenous proteins.

39 Summary-2. Platform based on multiple cell lines can detect a broad spectrum of IIRMI in therapeutic products 2. IIRMIs induce predictable gene profile expression 3. Products induce specific finger print of genes can be utilized to detect contaminating IIRMIs. Immunogenicity risk in comparability studies.

40 THANK YOU Lydia Haile Montserrat Puig Vivian Wang Amy Rosenberg Susan Kirshner Joao Pedras-Vasconcelos

41 IL-6 I J A 25 2 B C H D G E F