a. dissolved gases b. nutrients c. globulins d. surfactants e. hormones

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1 Example Lecture Test: Blood, Respiratory Multiple Choice. Read each question thoroughly before answering. From the choices available, choose the answer that is the most correct. Place all answers on the accompanying answer sheet. 1. Which type of material is NOT transported by the blood? a. dissolved gases b. nutrients c. globulins d. surfactants e. hormones 2. If there is an accumulation of acidic products in the plasma, one would expect a. an increase in respiration rate. b. a decrease in respiration rate. c. no influence on respiration rate. d. an increase in residual volume. 3. Mature erythrocytes a. have a centrally located nucleus. b. are actually just cellular fragments. c. contain hemoglobin in their cytoplasm. d. mature from cells called macrophages. 4. During swallowing, the opening of the larynx is covered by the a. epiglottis. b. thyroid cartilage. c. cricoid cartilage. d. arytenoid cartilage. e. the "Adam's apple". 5. Functions of plasma proteins include a. body temperature regulation. b. regulation of osmotic pressure. c. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. d. combining with antigens. 6. Which plasma protein is correctly matched to its function? a. fibrinogen - transport of fatty acids b. albumin - helps to fight infection c. globulin - transport and immunity d. globulin - blood clotting 7. Which of the following statements is true? a. As thoracic volume increases, alveolar pressure (P alv) increases. b. In expiration, the thoracic volume increases. c. Constriction of bronchioles assists breathing. d. As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure (P alv) decreases. e. Pressure is directly proportional to volume. 8. While muscle contraction brings about inhalation, exhalation is the result of muscular relaxation, abdominal muscle contraction, elastic recoil, and. A. forced expiratory volume B. hemoglobin response to increased temperature C. Ca +2 active transport at the alveoli D. alveolar surface tension 9. Internal respiration refers to a. atmospheric air coming into the lungs. b. gas exchange between the lungs and the blood. c. gas exchange in the atmosphere. d. gas exchange between the blood and body tissues. e. aerobic cellular respiration.

2 10. Arrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation: (1) alveolar ducts (2) alveolus (3) respiratory bronchiole (4) terminal bronchiole a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 2, 1, 3, 4 c. 4, 3, 1, 2 d. 3, 2, 1, 4 e. 4, 3, 2, Most oxygen is carried in the blood ; but most carbon dioxide is. a. dissolved in plasma; associated with salt or acid b. bound to hemoglobin; associated with bicarbonate ions in the plasma c. combined with albumin; associated with carbonic acid d. bound to hemoglobin; bound to albumin e. bound to plasma proteins; carried as carbon dioxide 12. For air to flow into or out of the lungs, there must be a. a volume gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli. b. a temperature gradient between the atmosphere and the alveoli. c. a pressure gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli. d. a diffusion gradient between the atmosphere and the alveoli. e. None of these choices is correct. 13. Which of the following muscles increases the volume of the thorax during a normal inhalation? (1) diaphragm (2) external intercostals (3) internal intercostals (4) rectus abdominis a. 1, 2 b. 1, 3 c. 2, 3 d. 2, 4 e. 3, An increased amount of heparin in the blood might a. speed up the clotting process. b. slow down the clotting process. c. stop the clotting process. d. enhance the clotting process. e. have no effect on the clotting process. 15. Macrophages are derived from a. neutrophils. b. lymphocytes. c. monocytes. d. basophils. e. eosinophils. 16. Each lobe of each lung is supplied by a a. primary bronchus. b. secondary bronchus. c. tertiary bronchus. d. bronchiole. e. segmental bronchus. 17. The most numerous of the leukocytes is the a. neutrophil. b. basophil. c. eosinophil. d. lymphocyte. e. monocyte. 18. When a person develops a throat infection, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called a. chemotaxis. b. diapedesis. c. margination. d. ameboid movement. e. attraction. 19. What type of cells make up the majority of the cells of the alveolar surface? a. ciliated simple cuboidal cells b. Type I pneumocytes c. Type II pneumocytes d. macrophages 20. Plasma comprises of the volume of the blood; water comprises of the weight of the plasma.

3 a. 66%, 21% b. 55%, 91% c. 45%, 7% d. 7%, 45% 21. The nervous system and certain chemicals that result from tissue damage can cause the constriction of a blood vessel and limit blood loss. This is known as a. platelet adhesion. b. vascular spasm. c. hemostasis. d. coagulation. 22. When defective erythrocytes are broken down, a. they are removed from the blood by the lungs. b. bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin. c. their heme groups are converted into amino acids. d. their iron is excreted into the small intestine. e. their components cannot be recycled. 23. Which of the following would lead to increased erythropoiesis? a. increased environmental O 2 levels b. increased erythropoietin levels c. increased blood ph d. increased blood pressure e. increased CO 2 levels 24. An increase in total blood hemoglobin increases a. the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to various tissues. b. the quantity of plasma protein available for blood clotting. c. the leukocyte count. d. the body's immune response. e. the osmotic pressure of the blood. 25. The serous membranes that surround the lungs and line the thoracic cavity are called the a. mucous membranes. b. synovial membranes. c. pleural membranes. d. peritoneal membranes. e. pulmonary membranes. 26. What is the function of the nasal conchae? a. increases turbulence in the airflow b. increases surface area for cleaning, warming, and moisturizing the air c. increases turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air d. olfaction 27. What ion is necessary for the coagulation process? a. sodium b. potassium c. magnesium d. calcium 28. An average human exhales normally; then, using forced expiration, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called a. expiratory reserve volume. b. tidal volume. c. inspiratory reserve volume. d. vital capacity. e. residual volume. 29. Arrange the following in order from highest to lowest P O2. (1) P O2 of pulmonary veins (2) P O2 of pulmonary artery (3) P O2 of alveolar air a. 1, 2, 3 b. 2, 1, 3 c. 2, 3, 1 d. 3, 1, 2 e. 3, 2, In a normal, resting male human, tidal volume is A. about 500 ml B. about 1200 ml C. about 3500 ml D. about 4600 ml E. about 5600 ml

4 31. The intrinsic clotting pathway is initiated by A. chemicals released by damaged endothelial cells. B. chemicals released by activated platelets. C. availability of free collagen at the site of vascular damage. D. increased stretch of the ventricular myocardium. 32. Which of the following is NOT a method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood? a. combined with hemoglobin b. dissolved in the plasma c. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma d. held in the depression of a red blood cell 33. The respiratory zone of the respiratory passages includes which of the following? a. trachea b. alveoli c. primary bronchi d. larynx e. tertiary bronchi 34. Erythrocytes survive A. only about five days to two weeks. B. for several years and provide us with long-term immunity to viral infections. C. about 120 days before rupturing or being destroyed by macrophages. D. until after they participate in an immune response. They then die and become pus. 35. Hemocytoblast stem cells a. are specialized cells. b. are found in yellow bone marrow. c. form branches of trees. d. are abundant in the plasma. e. give rise to all formed elements in the blood. 36. Which of the following statements regarding leukocytes is TRUE? a. Leukocytes have no nucleus. b. Leukocytes play a role in oxygen transport. c. Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements. d. Leukocytes are only fragments of cells. e. There is only one kind of leukocyte. 37. Blood oxygen levels a. are more important than carbon dioxide levels in the regulation of respiration. b. need to change only slightly to cause a change in respiration rate. c. within the normal P O2 range have little effect on regulation of respiration. d. in venous blood and arterial blood are about the same. e. rarely change enough to influence respiration. 38. Which of these formed elements most actively participates in controlling the inflammation that results from parasitic worm infestations? a. neutrophils. b. lymphocytes. c. monocytes. d. basophils. e. eosinophils. 39. A molecule of air enters the nose through the external nares. Which of the following is the correct pathway to the primary bronchi? a. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea b. oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea c. nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea d. nasopharynx, nasal cavity, laryngopharynx, trachea e. nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, pharynx

5 40. Which of the following is not a response to increased need for oxygen at the tissues? a. bronchodialation b. recruitment of lung segments c. increased cardiac output d. growth of new alveoli e. increased respiratory rate f. liberation of more O 2 from hemoglobin 41. The diagram illustrates platelet plug formation. What does "D" represent? a. fibrinogen receptor b. fibrinogen c. inactive platelet d. von Willebrand factor 42. The diagram illustrates platelet plug formation. What does "B" represent? a. fibrinogen receptor b. fibrinogen c. inactive platelet d. von Willebrand factor 43. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system? a. olfaction b. water balance between blood and tissue c. excretion d. voice production e. regulation of blood ph Consider the following reaction: carbonic anhydrase CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO In what area of the body does this reaction proceed to the left? a. in the pulmonary capillaries b. in the systemic capillaries c. in the granular leukocytes 45. Which direction causes an increase in blood ph? a. reaction proceeding to the right b. reaction proceeding to the left continued

6 Matching Terms. Match the letters of the definitions to the appropriate numbered terms or match as indicated. Place all answers on the attached answer sheet. 46. eosinophil 47. solute 48. antigen 49. albumin 50. surfactant 51. partial pressure 52. type II pneumocytes 53. total lung capacity 54. transferrin Possible Matches A. About 5.8 liters, depending on the size, sex, and condition of the individual. B. The pressure of a single gas in a mixture of gases. C. Destruction of blood cells by the liver and spleen. D. Serous membrane adhering to the lung tissue. E. Plasma protein that becomes part of platelet plugs and blood clots. F. Lacking a nucleus, its distinctive shape increases its surface area. G. Molecule recognized by the immune system. H. A plasma protein that carries iron to the liver and bone marrow. I. Cells that secrete the surfactant that protects the alveoli from collapse. J. Ability of certain white blood cells to squeeze through capillary vessel walls. K. Volume of air inspired during a normal inspiration. L. An increase in their number signifies the presence of parasitic worm infection or allergic reaction. M. Helps maintain the viscosity and osmotic pressure of the blood. N. Cells which make up the majority of the respiratory surface of the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. O. Volume of air remaining in lungs after the most forceful expiration. P. 5,000 to 9,000 per mm 3. Q. A molecule that is dissolved in a fluid. R. A formed element that stimulates inflammation by the release of histamine and other substances. S. Serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity. T. An immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel in response to vessel damage. U. Consisting of tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs; no gas exchange occurs here. V. A chemical that when secreted, reduces the attraction between water molecules present on the alveolar side of the respiratory membrane. W. Sensors of blood ph here will cause the respiratory center to increase rate. X. Production of formed elements by the bone marrow. Y. Amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the normal tidal volume. continued

7 (10 points each) Written Answer. Prepare a written answer to the following questions. Use separate sheets of paper as necessary. Place your name on all separate sheets. 55. List and describe the chemical, structural, and numerical characteristics of erythrocytes that make them well suited to their function. 56. List and describe the adaptations present in the human respiratory system that protect it from airborne particulate and food. State where each adaptation is located (upper respiratory, lower respiratory, alveoli). 57. List the steps in platelet plug formation. 58. Pneumonia is a viral or bacterial infection of the lungs in which some bronchi and alveoli fill with thick fluid. Why might this result in lower blood levels of oxygen? Using your knowledge of lung function, why is this considered a life threatening illness? 59. What stimulates blood clotting in a damaged blood vessel? How does the body prevent clotting away from the site of damage? 60. The figure depicts the hemoglobin % O 2 saturation curves for various Po 2 values for human blood. Curve A depicts a typical curve; Curve B shows a typical curve shifted to the right. Explain the causes of the curve shift phenomenon, where it takes place, its affect on the ability of hemoglobin to carry O 2, and its role in homeostasis. (Note: ignore the black arrow)