Potability of ground water supply in Sulu, Philippines

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Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability ISSN: 216-662 www.isdsnt.

in Indanan, and Sahaya Villag in Patikul, a municipalitis in th Sulu povinc known to hav utilizd untatd gound wat fo houshold us. Th sidnts us this wat fo dinking, cooking and washing.

1 Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability ISSN: Volum Numb 1 (21): Pags ISDS Aticl ID: IJDS151 Potability of gound wat supply in Sulu, Philippins Jubaia Astapan Asadi * Mindanao Stat Univsity, Sulu, Philippins Abstact Annoo Villag in Indanan, and Sahaya Villag in Patikul, a municipalitis in th Sulu povinc known to hav utilizd untatd gound wat fo houshold us. Th sidnts us this wat fo dinking, cooking and washing. Th nd to study th potability of th gound wat in ths aas is ncssay. Physical, chmical and bactiological paamts w usd. Th study showd that fo th physical poptis, sampls A and B coming fom Anoo Villag and sampl C coming fom Sahaya Villag a within th pmissibl lvl st by th Philippin National Standad fo dinking wat(pnsdw). Fo th chmical poptis, sampls A, B and C a within th pmissibl lvl fo total acidity, total hadnss, total suspndd solids and total dissolvd solids, xcpt fo sampl B wh th total alkalinity valu is slightly high than th standad. Fo th Dissolvd Oxygn (DO), all th sampls hav valus than 5mg/L, thfo, a not within th pmissibl lvl. Fo th Biological Oxygn Dmand (BOD), sampl B is within th pmissibl lvl (. mg/l), sampls A and C a abov th pmissibl lvl (. mg/l and 15. mg/) spctivly. Fo th bactiological poptis all th sampls A, B and C hav total colifom count high that th standad valu fo Dinking Wat which should b than 1. MPN/1mL fo both total colifom and E.Coli. Fo th E.Coli count only sampl C was within th standad valu which was than 1. MPN/1mL fo th th conscutiv sampling piods. Th study concluds that sampls A and B fom Annoo Villag is not potabl du to th psnc of Colifom and E.Coli, whas sampl C fom Sahaya Villag can b commndd fo dinking sinc th E.Coli count was within th pmissibl lvl of than 1. MPN/1mL. Kywods: Potability; Gound Wat Publishd by ISDS LLC, Japan Copyight 21 by th Autho(s) This is an opn accss aticl distibutd und th Cativ Commons Attibution Licns, which pmits unstictd us, distibution, and poduction in any mdium, povidd th oiginal wok is poply citd. Cit this aticl as: Asadi, J.A. (21), Potability of gound wat supply in Sulu, Philippins, Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability, Vol. No. 1, pp * Cosponding autho. addss: montanotg@adzu.du.ph

2 Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability Vol. No. 1 (21): Intoduction Wat is on of th most impotant soucs to sustain living oganism on ath. In fact, accoding to Chmisinoff (1) th th vital factos of lif in od of impotanc a ai, wat and food. Wat is th lmnt of lif which is ndd by almost all oganisms fo suvival. Humans can suviv fo sval wks without food but fo only a fw days without wat. Howv, wat may also lad to th dstuction of lif if ingstd without undgoing pop tatmnt. That is if not chmically and bactiologically saf fo human consumption. Chmisinof (1) statd that asid fom ainfall which is th ultimat souc of all fsh wat, wat supply is usually dictly acquid fom sufac wat such as laks, stams and ivs o fom gound wat such as spings and wlls. H dfind gound wat as simply th wat bnath th ath s sufac oftn btwn satuatd soil and ock that supplis wlls and spings. Gound wat is among th nation s most impotant natual soucs, it is a valuabl souc that is withdawn in all pats of countis fo a vaity of uss. In addition it is on of th soucs fo public wat supply it povids dinking wat fo th ual population who do not hav accss to a public wat supply systm. Moov, it may b th only conomically viabl souc fo many communitis. Although gound wat has bn considd gnally saf fo human consumption vn without tatmnt, gound wat can still bcom pollutd o contaminatd as stssd by Plumm (1). In fact pu wat dos not xist all natually fsh gad of th souc, it is likly to contain som dissolvd gass and minals as wll as micooganisms. Sinc wat is a basic ncssity of lif, thn popl must b caful and slctiv in th us of this souc. What usually happns is that som popl tak this thing fo gantd. Thy kp on using wat without considing th quality/puity and its dpltion fom th souc. As a consqunc to such nglignc, scac wat souc is usually xpincd and outbaks of wat bon disass in sval pats of th Philippins happn. Ths usually occu in th ual aas wh soucs of wat a coming fom gound wat such as wlls without ctification fom th Dpatmnt of Envionmnt and Natual Rsoucs (DENR) as saf fo dinking. Most of th houshold uss of ths wlls a obsvd to hav dug it na sptic tanks. Studis showd that vy a outbak of wat bon disass occu in communitis na th city pop bcaus th souc of wat is usually tatd bfo it achs th houss. Howv, th a still isolatd cass that occu du to th psnc of micobiological contaminants. Sulu is on of th povincs in Mindanao with 1 municipalitis wh Jolo is th town pop. All th baangays in Jolo hav wat connctions coming fom th Jolo mainland wat distict. Th wat supplid by th mainland wat distict undgos wat tatmnt. Th Jolo mainland wat distict is th only govnmnt wat utility systm that supplis dinking wat in Jolo, Sulu. This systm is und th subsidy of th national wat utility systm. Howv, not all municipalitis in Sulu a distibutd with wat by th mainland wat distict. Sinc, th connction is xpnsiv th govnmnt cannot affod to povid th ncssay wat svic thoughout th island. ISDS

3 Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability Vol. No. 1 (21): A study on th potability of dinking wat fo a majoity of baangays in Jolo coming fom th Jolo mainland wat distict was conductd by Fonda, (24). H study showd that th wat fom th housholds in som baangays w not potabl. Th study was caid out du to an incasd numb of cass of typhoid fv in Jolo in th ya 2. In 25, Jalani a mdical docto and mast in public halth mad a simila study on th isk factos of dinking wat contamination in Jolo. His study focusd on vaious factos contibuting to contaminatd dinking wat. Sinc th potability of dinking wat in th town pop of Sulu was alady studid, th sach finds it intsting to study th condition of th wat usd in oth municipalitis of Sulu wh th wat souc(s) is not coming fom th Jolo mainland wat distict but fom oth naby soucs. Annoo villag in Indanan Sulu and Sahaya villag in Patikul Sulu a placs in th Sulu povinc known to hav utilizd gound wat as th main souc of wat supply fo th sidnts. This is bing usd by th community mmbs fo dinking, cooking, washing, and fo oth latd puposs. In this connction, it is impativ to dtmin if th gound wat locatd at Annoo and Sahaya villags spctivly is saf fo human consumption. Sahaya is a community (a housing pojct) populatd majoity by Tausug pofssionals who a mostly govnmnt mploys whil th st of th populac a ngagd in businss vntus. Annoo villag has two soucs of gound wat, on gound wat systm supplis wat to th sidncs occupying th housing pojct such as th Sahaya villag, whil th oth gound wat systm opatd in th sam villag supplis wat to th naby villag wh houss a situatd in pivatly ownd (non housing pojct) lots. In Annoo villag, basd on th numb of pips connctd to th tank, th a familis using gound wat coming fom on souc ( sampl A ) and th a 65 familis in th oth souc(sampl B). In Sahaya villag th a 11 familis using th goundwat (sampl C). Considing th numb of familis availing wat fom ths soucs, pomptd th sach to com up with th study on th potability of gound wat supply in ths villags. 2. Mthodology Th study mad us of th dsciptiv quantitativ dsign. Th collction of th gound wat sampls w don btwn : to 5: in th aftnoon in od to comply with th tim quimnt fo tanspot fom th souc in Jolo, Sulu to th AdZU Laboatoy in Zamboanga City. Th sampls w gathd fom a hug tank though a pip connctd to th tank. Th wat sampling was don wkly vy Tusday fo conscutiv wks. Clan and dy polythyln bottls w usd as contains fo physical and chmical poptis, whil stilizd glass contains w usd fo th bactiological poptis. Fo vy sampl on lit wat was collctd fo physical poptis dtmination, svn lits fo chmical poptis dtmination and th hundd svnty fiv ml fo bactiological poptis. Th gound wat sampls collctd w kpt in an ic cool fom th tim it was collctd in Sulu until it achd th laboatoy in Zamboanga City. Th physical poptis(colo, odo, tast, Tmpatu and ph) w don onsit whil chmical poptis (total acidity, total alkalinity, total hadnss, total suspndd solid and total dissolvd solid) was 2462 ISDS

4 Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability Vol. No. 1 (21): don in th Atno d Zamboanga Univsity laboatoy howv, fo BOD, analysis was don at Dpatmnt of Scinc and Tchnology IX laboatoy, Zamboanga banch. Th Dissolvd Oxygn was caid-out onsit using a DO pob mt. Th bactiological poptis such as total colifom and E.Coli w don at th DOST laboatoy, Zamboanga Banch. colifom count was don thu multipl tub fmntation and E. coli count was don thu MPN, FDA-BAM Study Aa Th study was conductd in Anno Villag, baangay Butan, Indanan and Sahaya Villag of baangay Godinz Patikul, Sulu. Th gound wat analyzd in th study is locatd in ths villags spctivly. Anno villag is 4. km away noth of th town of Jolo. Th a two gound wat systms opatd in this villag which a 5 m away fom ach oth. Sahaya villag is.5 km away, ast of th town of Jolo. In this villag th is also on gound wat systm. In both villags th gound wat passs fom th souc to a hug holding tank and connctd to th diffnt houshold though small ubb pips.. Rsults and discussion Th sults show that th gound wat sampls (A, B and C) fo all th sampling piods a colo, odo, and tast which confom to th standad valu st by th Philippin National Standad fo Dinking Wat. Th sults show that all of th th physical paamts fo potabl wat a mt as sn on Tabl 1 blow. Th sults also show that th wat sampls hav an avag ph of. fo sampl A,.4 fo sampl B, and.26 fo sampl C spctivly. Th Philippin National Standad fo dinking Wat has st an accptabl ph valu with th ang of 6.5 to.5. Using th standad valu of PNSDW, all th sampls in this study a within th accptabl valu. Th sults also show that th wat sampls hav an avag ph of. fo sampl A,.4 fo sampl B, and.26 fo sampl C spctivly. Th Philippin National Standad fo dinking Wat has st an accptabl ph valu with th ang of 6.5 to.5. Using th standad valu of PNSDW, all th sampls in this study a within th accptabl valu. Tabl 1. Rsults of Physical Poptis Rsult (Wat Sampls) Paamt May 1, 211 May 25, 211 May 1, 211 Avag A B C A B C A B C A B C Standad Valu ISDS 246

5 Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability Vol. No. 1 (21): N/A Unobjctionab l Flat PH Ambint Tmp. o C Tmp. of Wat sampl o C o C Lgnd: sampls A and B fom Annoo villag; Sampl C coms fom Sahaya villag Th Philippin National Standad fo dinking Wat has st an accptabl ph valu with th ang of 6.5 to.5. Using th standad valu of PNSDW, all th sampls in this study a within th accptabl valu. Tmpatu is vy impotant in th dtction of wat potability bcaus it plays a ol in th solubility of oxygn. Whn th tmpatu is high tndncy of oxygn to b dissolvd is low as compad whn th tmpatu is low. Whn th tmpatu of th wat lvats th tndncy of oxygn is to libat itslf to gasous fom. This is th ason why tmpatu plays a ol in th dtmination of th DO and BOD lvls of th wat sampls. In this study th sults show that th avag tmpatu of th wat sampls fo sampl A is 2 dg Clcius, sampl B is 2. dg Clcius, and sampl C is 2. dg Clcius spctivly. In this study all th sampls A, B, and C w takn whn ambint tmpatu was appoximatly ᴼC o vn high, hnc th avag tmpatu of th wat sampls was. ᴼC. This could hav affctd th amount of dissolvd oxygn (DO) availabl in th wat sampls asid fom oth factos which could hav contibutd to th low DO lvl as sn on Tabl 2. Tabl 2. Rsults of th Chmical Poptis Paamt May 1, 211 May 25, 211 May 1, 211 Avag A B C A B C A B C A B C Standa d Valu DO mg/L BOD mg/L 2464 ISDS

6 Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability Vol. No. 1 (21): Acidity mg/ L Alkalinit y mg/l Hadns s mg/l Suspnd d solid mg/l dissolv d solid m g/l Lgnd: sampls A and B fom Annoo villag; Sampl C fom Sahaya villag Tabl 2 abov shows th sults of th chmical analysis of th wat sampls. Dissolvd oxygn fs to th amount of oxygn dissolvd o containd in wat. Th study shows that th wat sampls fo all th sampling piods hav an avag DO of 2. fo sampl A, 2. fo sampl B, and 2.2 fo sampl C. Th sults show that all th sampls fo th th sampling piods hav valus fo dissolvd oxygn than th standad valu. It should b calld howv, that high DO lvl in a community wat supply is good bcaus it maks dinking wat tast btt. Th viw of litatu vals that whn Oxygn is psnt in wat it is consumd not only by living oganisms (fo spiation) but also by oganic molculs psnt in th wat systm. Oganic molculs nd oxygn fo thi oxidation and chmical tansfomation. Th wat sampls in this study might hav living oganisms/oganic matt causing th dpltion of dissolvd oxygn. BOD lats to th dmand mad on th availabl oxygn in th wat by bactia including aobic and anaobic foms and any oganic matt in th wat. All of which us oxygn as thi sustnanc fo lif. Th high th BOD lvl th oxygn is availabl fo aquatic and plant lif and und nomal conditions, an incas in BOD mans availability of dissolvd oxygn. Fiv milligam p lit (5mg/L) is th standad valu st by th PNSDW fo both DO and BOD and that BOD should not b gat than 5 and DO should not b than 5. Th sults fo BOD show that th wat sampl hav an avag of fo sampl A. fo sampl B and 15. fo sampl C. Basd fom th sults of th study only sampl B is within th pmissibl lvl fo BOD which is low than 5mg/L, wh as sampls A and C hav BOD high than 5 mg/l which is not within th pmissibl lvl. In fact as vald by th sults of th DO lvl, all th sampls A, B, and C hav low DO and all a blow 5 mg/l,an indication that it is not within th accptabl lvl fo standad wat quality. ISDS

7 Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability Vol. No. 1 (21): It can b futh b xplaind that th low DO lvl of all th th sampls is suppotd by th sults of th total colifom count in which all th sampls a abov th accptabl valu, this mans that mo bactia is psnt in th sampls sulting to th dpltion of dissolvd oxygn in th wat. It can b sn fom th tabl that th TSS is low this is bcaus th wat sampls w gathd fom th holding tank in which suspndd matt might hav bn sttld at th bottom of th tank. Tabl. Rsults of Bactiological Poptis Paamt May 1, 211 May 25, 211 May 1, 211 Avag A B C A B C A B C A B C Standad Valu coli fom Count (MPN/1m L) 4 1, 1 5,4, , ,6. 1. MPN/1 ml E. Coli Count (MPN/1m L) MPN/1 ml Lgnd: sampls A and B fom Annoo villag; Sampl C fom Sahaya villag Tabl abov shows th sults of th analysis on th bactiological poptis of th wat sampls. Th dtction of colifom oganism and E. Coli in wat is usually don to valuat th quality of dinking wat. colifom count givs a gnal infomation of th sanitay condition of th wat. Th E. Coli is th indicato oganism fo fcal contamination in wat. Dinking wat and thos spcially fo houshold us should not contain th indicato oganism othwis; th psnc of ths bactia in dinking wat spcially if it is abov th accptabl valu is dtimntal to th halth of th consums. E-coli in paticula, if psnt in amounts xcding th allowabl standad valu, is a caus fo alam in th community bcaus it can bcom th souc of an pidmic. As shown on Tabl, th total colifom count p 1 ml of th wat sampls fo all th th sampling piods hav an avag of 2, MPN fo sampl A,,6. MPN fo sampl B, and 1. MPN fo sampl C spctivly. Fo th E.coli count, only sampl C has than 1. MPN/1mL fo th th conscutiv sampling piods. Sampl A codd than 1. fo th fist and thid sampling piod and 14 fo th scond sampling. In sampl B only th scond sampling has than 1. MPN/1mL, th fist and thid sampling codd 14 and 2 spctivly. Basd fom th sults of th study, th total colifom count of th th wat sampls fo all th sampling piods w not within th accptabl valu. Fo th E.Coli count, only sampl C confom to th accptabl valu of than 1. MPN/1mL. Th a som factos obsvd by th sach which might account fo th psnc of total colifom and E. Coli in th wat sampls. On facto is th way th gound wat souc was built and maintaind as wll as th hug tank wh it is stod. Th souc of th gound wat (dp wll) fo sampls A and B 2466 ISDS

8 Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability Vol. No. 1 (21): consumd by th sidnts of Annoo Villag is not dp and a not covd. So th tndncy of animal wasts to nt and contaminat th souc of th gound wat is possibl. Suspndd matials in th ai bought about by th wind may nt to th souc and th hug tank as wll. It was also obsvd that th a stay animals within th vicinity of th souc of th gound wat. Litatu stats that animal fdlots and slaught houss may contain bactia, viuss and paasits that can contaminat gound wat. This is on souc of gound wat contamination idntifid by Plumm (1). Thfo, th psnc of many animals (lik cows, dogs and oths) in Annoo Villag may b on ason why E.coli is psnt in sampls A and B. Th psnc of E. Coli is an indication of fcal contamination ith fom human o animal wast. In this study, it is possibl that fcal contamination is bought about by th animal wast that ntd into th body of wat and thos of th sidncs of th villag. Fo sampl C, collctd fom th wat souc in Sahaya villag, sinc E. Coli is with-in th accptabl valu, thfo fcal contamination is not alaming and dtimntal to human halth. This is bcaus in this villag on can aly find a stay animals in th vicinity as compad to Annoo Villag. As sn on Tabl th total colifom count is 1. MPN/1mL. Th psnc of total colifom in this sampl is an indication that pollutants nt via soil contamination, o possibly a waning to th sidncs that mo sious pollution could follow if thy will not maintain clanlinss in th vicinity of th gound wat souc. 4. Conclusion Th study on th potability of gound wat supply in slctd municipalitis in Sulu vald that sampls A and B takn fom th wat soucs in Annoo Villag Indanan, Sulu a not potabl fo dinking basd on th bactiological sults, sinc dinking wat fo human consumption should not contain indicato oganism lik E.Coli. Wat fom soucs A and B a not commndd spcially fo dinking sinc th E. Coli count is way abov th accptabl valu of than 1.MPN/1mL as pscibd by th PNSDW. Howv, sampl C has contamination as compad with sampls A and B thfo can b commndd fo dinking sinc th E. Coli count was within th pmissibl lvl. Th sults of th study quis that th wat supplid to th sidncs of Annoo Villag, Indanan, Sulu and Sahaya Villag and Patikul, Sulu should undgo gula chmical and Micobiological tatmnt bfo it is distibutd to th community to potct th halth of th mmbs of th community and to pvnt th outbak of intstinal disass/pidmic. Rfncs Abdl-Azm, A. M. (2), Micobiological and physicochmical Analysis of Goundwat and its Biological ffct on population in Saint Kathin Potctoat, Egypt. Thitnth Intnational Wat Tchnology ISDS 246

9 Intnational Jounal of Dvlopmnt and Sustainability Vol. No. 1 (21): Confnc Hughada, Egypt, availabl at: (accssd 5 th of Jun 211). Albuqu (15), Statistical Analysis of Gound Wat Quality, availabl at: (accssd 1 th of Novmb 26) Aydin, A. (2), Th Micobiological and physicochmical Quality of Goundwat in Wst Thac, Tuky, Polish Jounal of Envionmntal Study, Vol. 22 No., pp. -. Bazan, J. and Mndoza A. (1), A Compaativ Analysis of th Potability of Wat fom Two gound Wat Soucs. Bav, M. M. (22), U.S. Gological Suvy.Dpt. Of Intio wat Rsoucs Invstigation Rpot, availabl at: (accssd Rtivd 22 nd of Dcmb 21). Cabidog, M. (21), ThPotability of Th Atsian Wlls fom Lumiyap, Divisoia. Cas, C.L., Funk, B.R., and Totoa, G.J. (12), Micobiology an Intoduction 4 th Edition, Bnjamin/Cumming Publishing Company, Rdwood City, Califonia. Chimissinoff, P.N. (1), Wat Managmnt and Supply, PTR Pntic Hall IncSimon and Schust Company Englwood cliffs, Nw Jsy. Chitamand, M.P. (2), Bactial Assssmnt of Gound Wat. A cas study of Nandd City, Jounal Envionmntal Biology, Vol. 2 No., pp Eckhaat, R.R. (2), Mapping and analysis of th gound wat potability in th Lajado municipality, Rio Gand dosul stat, Bazil, Ambint and Aqua - An intdisciplinay jounal of Applid Scinc, Vol. 4 No. 1 Ezigbo. H.I. (24), Potability of gound wat in Enugu town South Easthn Nigia, Global Jounal of Envionmntal Scinc, Vol. No. 1 and 2, pp. -. Fonda, C. (24), Th Potability of Dinking Wat in Jolo, Sulu. Jalani, E. (25), Th Risk Factos fo Dinking Wat Contamination in Jolo, Sulu. Miaflos, S.G. (1), Wat: Th Most Abundant Chmical Compound, Th Filipino Tach, Vol. 1 No. 1. Misha, A. and Bhatt, V. (2), Physico-chmical and micobiological analysis of undgound wat in V.V. Naga and naby placs of Anand distict Gujaat, India, E-Jounal of Chmisty, Vol. 5 No., pp Montgomy, C.W. (1), Envionmntal Gology.5 th d., WCB McGaw-Hill, Boston, Massachustts. Plumm C.C., McGay, D. and Calson, D.H. (1), Physical Gology th d., William C Bown Pub. Rodiguz, M. (1), Dtmination of th Potability of Wat Supply in Isabla, Basilan Povinc. Sumac, C. (11). A Physical Chmical and Biological Analysis of Two Citis in Swilkil Riv. 246 ISDS

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