Lesions of the Corpus Callosum

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1 Residents Section Pattern of the Month Ho et al. Lesions of the Corpus Callosum Residents Section Pattern of the Month Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Residents inradiology Mai-Lan Ho 1 Gul Moonis 1 Daniel T. Ginat 2 Ronald L. Eisenberg 1 Ho ML, Moonis G, Eisenberg RL Keywords: brain, corpus callosum DOI: /JR Received October 7, 2011; accepted after revision May 8, ll authors: Department of Radiology, eth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 rookline ve, oston, M ddress correspondence to R. L. Eisenberg (rleisenb@bidmc.harvard.edu). 2 Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, oston, M. WE This is a Web exclusive article. JR 2013; 200:W1 W X/13/2001 W1 merican Roentgen Ray Society Lesions of the Corpus Callosum T his article reviews the causes and imaging appearances of lesions involving the corpus callosum (Table 1). The corpus callosum consists of densely bundled white matter tracts connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, with a compact structure that largely blocks interstitial edema and tumor spread. Isolated lesions of the corpus callosum are rare and may represent transient responses to injury or myelination abnormalities. More common butterfly lesions involve the corpus callosum and both cerebral hemispheres a pattern associated with aggressive tumors, demyelination, and traumatic brain injury. Unenhanced CT is a first-line neuroimaging modality. lthough soft-tissue contrast enhancement is limited, CT can help characterize hemorrhage, edema, mass effect, calcification, and necrosis. MRI provides more detailed information regarding tissue structure and composition, using various pulse excitation sequences, Corpus Callosum TLE 1: Lesions Involving the such as FLIR, to distinguish abnormal signal Neoplastic in the corpus callosum from adjacent CSF in the lateral ventricles. dministration of IV Glioma contrast material is useful for characterization Lymphoma of neoplastic and vascular lesions, which may Meningioma show characteristic patterns of enhancement. Metastases Neoplastic Lesions Neurodystrophic Glioma Demyelinating diseases Glioblastoma multiforme (GM) is the most Hereditary leukoencephalopathies common and aggressive primary brain tumor Wallerian degeneration in adults, classified histologically as World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV, with a Trauma or exposure median survival time of 14 months. Tumors Traumatic brain injury can involve both cerebral hemispheres, with Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy extension across the corpus callosum producing a classic butterfly appearance. On CT, Marchiafava-ignami disease GM appears as an irregular, heterogeneous CSF shunting mass with peritumoral vasogenic edema or Congenital mass effect and possible internal areas of necrosis, calcification, and hemorrhage (Fig. 1). Callosal malformations Lipoma On MRI, tumor is heterogeneously T1 hypointense and T2 hyperintense, with possible foci Vascular of susceptibility, vascular flow voids, and irregular contrast enhancement (Fig. 1). Infarct neurysm Gliomatosis cerebri is a slow-growing, rteriovenous malformation diffuse form of glioma, classified as WHO grade III. y definition, it infiltrates two or Callosal gliosis more lobes and shows minimal contrast enhancement (Fig. 2). The prognosis is slightly Periventricular leukomalacia Virchow-Robin spaces better than GM, with a median survival Infection or inflammation time of 12 months. JR:200, January 2013 W1

2 Ho et al. Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Fig. 1 Glioblastoma multiforme., Unenhanced CT image shows heterogeneously hypodense mass with surrounding vasogenic edema. This involves both frontal lobes and crosses genu (G) of corpus callosum, producing butterfly appearance. There is compression and distortion of frontal horns of both lateral ventricles., Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR image shows involvement of genu (G). Lesion shows rim enhancement and central hypointensity, compatible with necrosis. Fig. 2 Gliomatosis cerebri. FLIR MR image shows amorphous signal abnormalities infiltrating both cerebral hemispheres, and extending across midline (arrow). Lymphoma Primary CNS lymphoma is a rare and aggressive neoplasm that preferentially affects immunocompromised patients and can involve or extend through the corpus callosum. The hypercellular histology manifests with increased density on unenhanced CT. Lesions are multifocal and nodular, tending to show less mass effect and peritumoral edema than expected for the size [1, 2] (Fig. 3). MR signal is generally T1 iso- to hypointense and T2 iso- to hyperintense to gray matter (Fig. 3). There is usually slow internal diffusion and mild homogeneous contrast enhancement (Fig. 3C). n important variant is HIV-associated lymphoma, which is more likely to produce significant surrounding edema as well as central necrosis with characteristic ring enhancement. Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and regresses rapidly with steroid treatment (so-called vanishing lesions ) [3]. W2 JR:200, January 2013

3 Lesions of the Corpus Callosum Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Fig. 3 Primary CNS lymphoma., Unenhanced CT image shows multiple hyperdense masses, consistent with hypercellular malignancy. There is involvement of right caudate nucleus (C) and thalamus (T), extending into corpus callosum (arrow)., Contrast-enhanced CT image in different patient reveals butterfly lesion with increased signal in splenium (arrow) and extension into both parietal lobes. (Courtesy of Ginat DT, Massachusetts General Hospital, oston, M) C, Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR image in same patient as in confirms mild homogeneous enhancement within mass (arrow). (Courtesy of Ginat DT, Massachusetts General Hospital, oston, M) Meningioma Meningioma is the second most common primary CNS neoplasm and the most common nonglial tumor. In less than 10% of cases, lesions arise from midline and parasagittal dural surfaces, and can secondarily involve the corpus callosum. On CT, there is increased attenuation due to hypercellularity as well as coarse internal calcifications. On MRI, contrast enhancement is avid and generally homogeneous, although hemorrhage, cavitation, and necrosis may be seen in larger lesions (Fig. 4). Metastasis Metastasis to the corpus callosum is rare. More frequently, there is contiguous extension of tumor from adjacent structures. Imaging characteristics depend largely on the primary malignancy but generally involve mass effect, vasogenic edema, and heterogeneous contrast enhancement (Fig. 5). Neurodystrophic Demyelinating Diseases Demyelinating diseases are acquired disorders of adulthood in which formerly normal white matter is progressively destroyed by infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, genetic, toxic, or metabolic causes. C JR:200, January 2013 W3

4 Ho et al. Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved C Fig. 4 Meningioma., Unenhanced CT image shows round wellcircumscribed hyperdense mass (asterisk) centered in falx cerebri (arrow) and extending across midline. There is subtle surrounding edema that involves bilateral temporooccipital regions., T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR image shows relatively homogeneous contrast enhancement within mass, which deviates surrounding pial vessels (arrows). C, FLIR MR image shows vasogenic edema extending into both parietal lobes, creating butterfly pattern (arrows). Fig. 5 Intracranial metastases from primary lung cancer. and, Contrast-enhanced CT () and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR () images show heterogeneously enhancing dominant metastasis in left frontal lobe (asterisk). dditional enhancing foci are noted in splenium (S), genu (G), and periventricular regions (arrows). W4 JR:200, January 2013

5 Lesions of the Corpus Callosum Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disorder, with presumed autoimmune and inflammatory causes. CT has a low positive predictive value for detection of MS lesions. On MRI, the disease is T2 and FLIR hyperintense, with contrast enhancement in the acute stage. The presence of subcallosal striations or callosal-septal interface lesions, which are thin bands along the undersurface of the corpus callosum, is highly sensitive and specific (Fig. 6). Dawson fingers are ovoid lesions that radiate perpendicularly from the lateral ventricles in a pattern thought to reflect perivenular demyelination (Fig. 6). In the chronic phase, T1-hypointense lesions (dark spots or black holes) reflect increased water content secondary to extreme demyelination and axonal loss. Susceptibility artifact on gradient recalled-echo/susceptibility-weighted imaging sequences indicates macrophage and iron deposition in areas of permanent tissue destruction [4, 5]. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rare demyelinating disease caused by John Cunningham virus replication in immunocompromised patients. There is resulting destruction of subcortical white matter, showing T1 hypointensity and T2 hyperintensity on MRI. Lesions are typically multifocal and asymmetric, with progressive enlargement and confluence over time. Corpus callosal involvement has been described in 10 15% of published studies [1, 6 8]. There is no or minimal peripheral contrast enhancement because of the patient s inability to mount an adequate inflammatory response. Hereditary Leukoencephalopathies Hereditary leukoencephalopathies are congenital disorders of myelin formation or maintenance, which may affect the corpus callosum. Metachromatic leukodystrophy is the most common form and is caused by arylsulfatase deficiency. Diffuse symmetric demyelination results, with increased T2/FLIR signal and global cerebral atrophy. drenoleukodystrophy is a peroxisomal disorder due to acyl-co synthetase deficiency, which produces cerebral and adrenal cortical dysfunction. Demyelination typically progresses from the parietooccipital to frontotemporal lobes and involves the corpus callosum from posterior to anterior. ffected regions appear hyperintense on T2-weighted FLIR images and hypointense on T1-weighted images with variable enhancement (Fig. 7). In certain cases, lesions may calcify or produce mass effect. Other hereditary leukoencephalopathies include lexander disease, Krabbe disease, and Sudanophilic leukodystrophy. Wallerian Degeneration Wallerian degeneration is a process of antegrade neural disintegration that develops after injury to the proximal axon or cell body. For example, bilateral cerebral infarction can produce atrophy of the intervening corpus callosum due to Wallerian degeneration of the commissural fibers. Diffusion-weighted imaging is sensitive for early detection and quantification of callosal degeneration [9 12] (Fig. 8). Fig. 6 Multiple sclerosis (MS)., Midline sagittal FLIR MR image shows hyperintensity at interface between posteroinferior corpus callosum (C) and septum pellucidum of lateral ventricles (S). Callosal-septal interface lesions are highly sensitive and specific for MS., Parasagittal FLIR image shows radiating periventricular hyperintensities (subcallosal striations or Dawson fingers), consistent with perivenular demyelination. Scattered nodular foci in deep white matter (arrows) are also reflective of MS plaques. JR:200, January 2013 W5

6 Ho et al. Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Fig. 7 Hereditary leukoencephalopathies. and, FLIR MR images show signal abnormalities in bilateral parietal lobes and intervening splenium of corpus callosum (arrows): metachromatic leukodystrophy () and adrenoleukodystrophy (). (Courtesy of Prabhu SP, oston Children s Hospital, oston, M) Fig. 8 Wallerian degeneration. pparent diffusion coefficient MR image shows areas of reduced diffusivity in bilateral occipital lobes (thin arrows), as well as intervening splenium of corpus callosum (thick arrow). This likely represents acute Wallerian degeneration of crossing white matter tracts. (Courtesy of hadelia R, eth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, oston, M) Trauma and Exposures Traumatic rain Injury Traumatic brain injury (TI) is a primary cause of neurologic deficits in patients with severe head trauma, most commonly high-speed motor vehicle accidents. The corpus callosum, particularly the posterior body and splenium, are preferentially involved because of their fixation to the overlying dura, with resulting torque injury. CT is not sensitive for TI, but shows hyperdense petechial foci of hemorrhage in 20% of cases (Figs. 9 and 9). MRI is a much more sensitive technique, with microhemorrhage detected as foci of magnetic susceptibility on T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo or susceptibility-weighted imaging sequences (Figs. 9C and 9D). Nonhemorrhagic lesions show reduced diffusivity on diffusion-weighted imaging, possibly with surrounding edema. Chronic lesions are associated with hemosiderin and encephalomalacia. Diffusion-tensor imaging with tractography also holds promise for detailed assessment of axonal injury [13 17]. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a pattern of brain injury resulting from partial oxygen deprivation due to hypoxic, hypoxemic, ischemic, W6 JR:200, January 2013

7 Lesions of the Corpus Callosum Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved C D Fig. 9 Traumatic brain injury. and, Unenhanced CT images at level of lateral () and third () ventricles show hyperdense areas of acute hemorrhage in splenium (S) and genu (G). C and D, T2* gradient recalled-echo MR images at same levels confirm magnetic susceptibility in these areas. There are multiple additional foci of microhemorrhage throughout gray-white matter junction and basal ganglia (arrows). or histotoxic causes. Lesions appear hypodense on CT and T1-hypointense and T2-hyperintense on MRI (Fig. 10) because of associated edema and encephalomalacia. Reduced diffusivity (Fig. 10) and contrast enhancement vary with the stage of injury. The corpus callosum is affected in severe or advanced cases. Marchiafava-ignami disease Marchiafava-ignami disease is primary demyelination of the corpus callosum after severe vitamin 12 deficiency. Usually seen in chronic alcoholic patients, the clinical course may be acute and fulminant, affecting the genu and splenium; or subacute to chronic, involving the body of the corpus callosum. In the early phase, affected areas are edematous with T2 FLIR hyperintensity, T1 hypointensity, reduced diffusivity, and variable contrast enhancement (Fig. 11). There is selective involvement of the central layer of the corpus callosum, resulting in a sandwich-like appearance. In the chronic stages, affected regions become necrotic and atrophic, with minimal contrast enhancement. There may be associated hemorrhage with susceptibility on gradient recalled-echo or susceptibilityweighted imaging sequences. JR:200, January 2013 W7

8 Ho et al. Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Fig. 10 Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy., T2-weighted MR image shows increased signal in globus pallidi (arrows) as well as in genu (G) and splenium (S) of corpus callosum., Diffusion-weighted MR image confirms reduced diffusivity within these same areas (arrows). CSF Shunting In patients with chronic hydrocephalus, placement of a new ventriculostomy catheter may yield T1-hypointense and T2-hyperintense MR signal abnormalities in the corpus callosum. The mechanism is incompletely understood and may involve biomechanical compression, edema, ischemia, or demyelination or a combination. This entity should be considered when new enlargement and signal changes are seen in the body of the corpus callosum. Often, there is a scalloped appearance of the dorsal surface due to segmental tethering by pericallosal artery branches (Fig. 12). No associated clinical symptoms have been reported [18]. Congenital Callosal Malformations Embryologically, the corpus callosum develops between the eighth and 20th weeks of gestation. Growth is primarily from anterior to posterior with the genu forming first, followed by the anterior body, posterior body, and splenium. The rostrum is the last to form at weeks [19]. Fig. 11 Marchiafava-ignami disease. (Courtesy of Ginat DT, Massachusetts General Hospital, oston, M), FLIR MR image shows increased signal in splenium (arrow)., pparent diffusion coefficient map confirms reduced diffusivity in this region (arrow). W8 JR:200, January 2013

9 Lesions of the Corpus Callosum Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Embryonic insults at different stages of development result in varying degrees of callosal dysgenesis. On midline sagittal T1-weighted MRI, a radiating sunburst gyral pattern may be seen because of nonconvergence of the major fissures. bsence of the splenium is associated with posterior cerebral hypoplasia and ventricular colpocephaly. Complete agenesis produces parallel racecar lateral ventricles and white matter tracts known as Probst bundles. The third ventricle is also high riding and may form an interhemispheric arachnoid cyst at the level of the absent corpus callosum (Fig. 13). Fig. 13 genesis of corpus callosum., Sagittal midline T1-weighted image shows complete absence of corpus callosum (arrows)., xial T2-weighted image shows colpocephalic configuration with dilated occipital horns, right greater than left (asterisks), and parallel (racecar) orientation of lateral ventricles. Third ventricle (arrow) is high riding and forms interhemispheric arachnoid cyst. C, xial T2-weighted image at higher level illustrates crescentic (teardrop) morphology of frontal horns (arrows). Fig. 12 CSF shunting in patient with chronic hydrocephalus due to tectal glioma. Sagittal FLIR MR image shows enlargement and characteristic dorsal scalloping of body of corpus callosum (thin arrows). Note hyperintense mass involving tectal plate (thick arrow). (Courtesy of Ginat DT, Massachusetts General Hospital, oston, M) C JR:200, January 2013 W9

10 Ho et al. Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Fig. 14 Callosal lipoma. (Courtesy of Ginat DT, Massachusetts General Hospital, oston, M), xial T1-weighted unenhanced MR image shows midline hyperintense mass (arrow), compatible with lipoma., Sagittal T1-weighted MR image shows curvilinear lipoma along with mild dysgenesis of corpus callosum (arrow). Lipoma Intracranial lipomas are rare callosal or pericallosal lesions associated with persistence and maldifferentiation of the meninx primitiva, which is the embryonic precursor of the meninges. The morphology may be tubulonodular or curvilinear. Tubulonodular lipomas have a round or cylindrical shape, are larger in diameter, and are usually located in the anterior brain. There is a high association with frontal lobe anomalies, encephaloceles, and callosal dysgenesis. Curvilinear lipomas are thin lesions that curve posteriorly around the splenium. ssociated callosal malformations are rarer and less severe [20]. On CT, lesions are homogeneous and well circumscribed, showing internal fat density (less than 30 HU) and occasional rim calcification. On MRI, lesions are homogeneously T1 hyperintense and T2 hyperintense, following the signal of subcutaneous fat, and without appreciable contrast enhancement (Fig. 14). Opposed-phase images may reveal chemical-shift artifact due to macroscopic (bulk) fat. Loss of signal on fat-suppressed or STIR images confirms the presence of internal fat. Vascular The corpus callosum is supplied by multiple small penetrating vessels arising from the anterior and posterior pericallosal arteries, which branch respectively from the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries. dditional branches may arise from the anterior communicating arteries, including subcallosal and median callosal arteries. Infarct ecause of a rich collateral blood supply, corpus callosal infarcts are rare and associated with systemic vasculitides, shower emboli, major ischemic stroke, or subfalcine herniation with mass effect. The splenium is most commonly affected, followed by the body and genu. CT lacks the necessary contrast resolution to identify mild edema associated with callosal infarcts. On MRI, reduced diffusivity on diffusion-weighted imaging is the earliest sign, followed by edema with T2 hyperintensity and T1 hypointensity (Fig. 15). Contrast enhancement is variable but more likely in the acute phase. In the subacute to chronic stages, edema evolves into gliosis or atrophy, with corresponding normalization of diffusivity. Hemorrhagic transformation may manifest as magnetic susceptibility and chronic hemosiderin on gradient recalled-echo and susceptibility-weighted imaging sequences. neurysm Midline and parasagittal cerebral aneurysms can occasionally rupture into the corpus callosum. These usually arise from the distal anterior cerebral (Fig. 16) or anterior communicating arteries (Figs E). Unenhanced CT is useful for localizing areas of hemorrhage, but W10 JR:200, January 2013

11 Lesions of the Corpus Callosum Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Fig. 15 Callosal infarcts., Left anterior cerebral artery infarct (thick arrow) with extension into genu (thin arrow) is seen on diffusionweighted (left) and apparent diffusion coefficient (DC) (right) images, which confirm reduced diffusivity in these areas., Splenial infarct after evacuation of left epidural hematoma. Susceptibility artifact is noted in left occipital lobe. There is postoperative subdural hygroma along left cerebral convexity (asterisk), resulting in mild rightward subfalcine herniation. Diffusion-weighted (left) and DC (right) images show acute splenial infarct (arrow) secondary to compression of corpus callosum during herniation. patients should be promptly evaluated with CT or MR angiography to assess the status of the intracranial circulation. Treatment depends on aneurysm size and location and may involve transarterial coil embolization or surgical craniotomy with clipping of the aneurysm neck. Cerebral vasospasm, a feared complication of aneurysm rupture, may produce additional ischemia or infarction. rteriovenous malformation Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (VMs) involve the corpus callosum in 10% of cases, with vascular involvement of both cerebral hemispheres. Unenhanced CT is useful for identifying callosal hemorrhage, edema, mass effect, and calcified phleboliths. Contrast-enhanced CT angiography or time-of-flight MR angiography can help delineate the feeding arteries, central nidus, and draining veins. MRI may also show flowassociated signal voids and magnetic susceptibility artifact in regions of calcification. Small asymptomatic VMs can be managed expectantly. Therapies for symptomatic lesions include endovascular coil embolization, surgical resection, and stereotactic radiosurgery directed at the central nidus. Outcomes correlate with the Spetzler-Martin grading system, which includes JR:200, January 2013 W11

12 Ho et al. Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Fig. 16 neurysms., CT angiogram of head shows right pericallosal artery aneurysm (arrow) abutting anterior corpus callosum, with coarse peripheral calcification., Unenhanced CT image in different patient who had ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Lobulated hyperdense collection (asterisk) suggestive of acute hematoma is visualized in midfrontal region, involving genu of corpus callosum. C, T2* gradient recalled-echo MR image verifies magnetic susceptibility in region. D, Sagittal contrast-enhanced magnetizationprepared 180 radiofrequency pulses and rapid gradient-echo (MP RGE) image show lobulated rimenhancing collection (asterisk) involving genu. E, Time-of-flight maximum-intensity-projection image of circle of Willis depicts T1-hyperintense hematoma (asterisk) surrounding ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. C D E W12 JR:200, January 2013

13 Lesions of the Corpus Callosum Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved the size of the nidus, eloquence (degree of functional importance) of adjacent brain, and depth of venous drainage. Callosal gliosis Focally increased T2 signal in the anteroinferior portion of the splenium commonly occurs in patients with small-vessel ischemic disease secondary to aging, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (inswanger disease), or radiation therapy. est appreciated on FLIR MRI, this condition corresponds pathologically to subependymal gliosis. There is an association with periventricular white matter disease (leukoaraiosis), which appears hypodense on CT and hyperintense on T2- weighted MRI (Fig. 17). Periventricular leukomalacia Periventricular leukomalacia frequently affects premature infants and is thought to represent watershed infarction in the setting of low flow or decreased oxygen states. Severe cases may involve the Fig. 17 Callosal gliosis. xial FLIR image in patient with left frontotemporal glioma after radiation shows corpus callosum, with cystic changes or hemorrhage reflecting ischemic damage to hemi- vasogenic edema surrounding lesion as well as white matter hyperintensities in splenium (arrow) and spheric white matter tracts. MRI is useful for periventricular regions. identifying abnormal areas of signal change, magnetic susceptibility, and reduced diffusivity (Fig. 18). Virchow-Robin spaces Virchow-Robin spaces are dilated perivascular spaces that can occur throughout the cerebral white matter, including the corpus callosum. They appear as well-circumscribed ovoid lesions isointense to CSF on all sequences. These lesions have no known clinical significance but increase in size and frequency with age. There is an association with mucopolysaccharidosis, in which accumulation of glycosoaminoglycans dilates the Virchow-Robin spaces and produces a cribriform (état criblé) appearance in the white matter, corpus callosum, and basal ganglia (Fig. 19). Fig. 18 Periventricular leukomalacia., T2-weighted MR image shows periventricular white matter abnormalities, with increased signal in both frontal and parietal lobes as well as genu (G) and splenium (S) of corpus callosum. Susceptibility artifact within choroid plexus of occipital horns (asterisks) confirms presence of hemorrhage., Diffusion-weighted MR image identifies reduced diffusivity within splenium (arrows) and multiple other areas. JR:200, January 2013 W13

14 Ho et al. Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Fig. 19 Virchow-Robin spaces in Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type 2). (Courtesy of Prabhu SP, oston Children s Hospital, oston, M), xial FLIR image shows diffusely enlarged perivascular spaces, which are isointense to CSF and involve body of corpus callosum (arrows)., Sagittal T1 FLIR contrast-enhanced image shows large Virchow-Robin spaces within corpus callosum (arrow) and brain parenchyma. Infection and Inflammation Transient splenial signal changes have been reported in a wide variety of conditions, including seizures, antiepileptic drug toxicity or withdrawal, sympathomimetic-induced kaleidoscopic visual illusions, viral encephalitis, bacterial and parasitic meningitis, hypoglycemia, hypernatremia, osmotic myelinolysis, Wernicke encephalopathy, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Lesions are well circumscribed and located in the central splenium, with T2 and FLIR hyperintense and T1 hypointense signal. In the acute phase, contrast enhancement and reduced diffusivity may be seen (Fig. 20). fter disease recovery or withdrawal of the offending agent, imaging abnormalities resolve over several weeks to months. The pathophysiology is poorly Fig. 20 Transient splenial intensity changes. C, Example images in migraine and visual scotomas (), adenovirus encephalitis (), and metronidazole toxicity (C) show FLIR hyperintensity and reduced diffusivity in splenium (arrows), which resolved on followup imaging. (Fig. 20 continues on next page) W14 JR:200, January 2013

15 Lesions of the Corpus Callosum Downloaded from by on 12/16/17 from IP address Copyright RRS. For personal use only; all rights reserved Fig. 20 (continued) Transient splenial intensity changes. C, Example images in migraine and visual scotomas (), adenovirus encephalitis (), and metronidazole toxicity (C) show FLIR hyperintensity and reduced diffusivity in splenium (arrows), which resolved on followup imaging. understood but is thought to reflect reversible demyelination and intracellular edema secondary to infectious, inflammatory, or metabolic disturbances. References 1. ourekas EC, Varakis K, runs D. Lesions of the corpus callosum: MR imaging and differential considerations in adults and children. JR 2002; 179: Castillo M. Lymphoma, primary. In: Castillo M. Neuroradiology companion: methods, guidelines, and imaging fundamentals, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, P: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005: Slone HW, lake JJ, Shah R, et al. CT and MRI findings of intracranial lymphoma. JR 2005; 184: agnato F, Jeffries N, Richert ND, et al. Evolution of T1 black holes in patients with multiple sclerosis imaged monthly for 4 years. rain 2003; 126: Lassmann H. The pathologic substrate of magnetic resonance alterations in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N m 2008; 18: Whiteman ML, Post MJ, erger JR, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in 47 HIV-seropositive patients: neuroimaging with clinical and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1993; 187: Mark S, tlas SW. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with IDS: appearance C JR:200, January 2013 W15

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