Development of Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Brain Tumor Imaging and Therapy

Transcription

1 Development of Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Brain Tumor Imaging and Therapy Omid Veiseh, Ph.D. Professor Miqin Zhang s Nanomedicine and Biomaterials Lab Departments of Materials Science & Engineering NME Seminar Series May 3, 2011 Motivation Brain tumor statistics Leading cause of cancer related deaths in children under age of 20 43,000 individuals diagnosed per year in the US alone 65% Glioblastoma Brain tumors are the most deadly form of cancers Glioblastoma five-year survival rate is 3% Seer Cancer Statistics Review, : National Cancer Institute 2 1

2 Current Methods for Diagnosis and Therapy Diagnosis X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Treatment Neurosurgery Chemotherapy Radiation Gene Therapy F. Barker et al. Neurosurgery (1998) 42: F 3 Unique Challenges of Brain Tumors Brain tumor boundaries poorly resolved Difficult to discriminate healthy from cancer cells Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Limits 98% of potential neurotherapeutics and contrast agents from access to the brain M. Veiseh, P. Gabikian, B. Bahrami, O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2007) 67:

3 The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Brain capillary endothelial cells Tight junctions Minimal pinocytosis Surface area is 20 m 2 and 400 miles in length Trojan horses Receptor / Transport systems of the BBB J. Gunn and M. Zhang. Nanotechnology in Cancer (2007) Chapter 7 5 Transfer Paths Across the BBB J. Gunn and M. Zhang. Nanotechnology in Cancer (2007) Chapter 7 6 3

4 Brain Tumor Gene Therapy Central dogma of molecular biology Gene delivery Delivery is biggest obstacle to clinical application Target brain tumors at the molecular level DNA delivery to express missing gene Short interfering RNA (sirna) delivery to silence aberrant gene expression K. Whitehead et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2009) 8: Solution: Multifunctional Nanoparticle Targeted Drug Delivery Pre-Operative MRI Intra-Operative Optical imaging 8 4

5 Engineering Multifunctional Nanoparticles Magnetic core for MR imaging Biocompatible polymer coating Detectable with multiple imaging modalities Targeted to specific cancer cells Loaded with therapeutics Drugs, Bio-therapeutics (e.g. DNA/siRNA, peptides) O. Veiseh et al. Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2010) 62: Magnetic Nanoparticle Core Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPION) Superparamagnetism Biocompatible Biodegradable High magnetic susceptibility Typical (M s ) values: emu/g 100 times higher than Gd based contrast agents J. Gunn and M. Zhang. Nanotechnology in Cancer (2007) Chapter

6 Magnetic Nanoparticle Coatings O. Veiseh et al. Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2010) 62: Attachment via Physical Interactions O. Veiseh et al. Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2010) 62:

7 Covalent Bioconjugation Strategies O. Veiseh et al. Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2010) 62: Supermolecular Assembly on Nanoparticles O. Veiseh et al. Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2010) 62:

8 Bioconjugation and Intracellular Behavior O. Veiseh et al. Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2010) 62: Chlorotoxin for Brain Tumor Targeting/Therapy Chlorotoxin (CTX/Cltx) 4 kda peptide High affinity for majority of brain tumors 74 out of 79 No affinity to normal cells Permeates across the BBB Interacts with matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and Annexin A2 Inhibits glioma cell invasion H. Sontheimer. Exp Biol Med (2008) 278:

9 Brain Tumor Targeting Nanoparticle Superparamagnetic iron oxide core for MR imaging Biocompatible polymer coatings of PEG, PEG-g- Chitosan, and PEG- Chitosan-PEI Labeled with Cy5.5 for optical imaging Modified with chlorotoxin for tumor targeting/therapy Loaded with therapeutic sequences of DNA and/or sirna 17 Synthesis of PEG Coated SPION OH + O Si 3 N H O O O n O O CF 3 O Si N H O O no O O CF 3 H 2 N NH 2 O Si NH O O H N no NH 2 O Amine-functionalized linker allows immobilization of dye/targeting molecules N. Kohler et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2004) 126:

10 Core Characterization and Bioconjugation 311 Intensity (a.u.) Theta TEM image of nanoparticles XRD pattern of nanoparticles Biconjugation Schematic O. Veiseh et al. Nano Letters (2005) 5: Bioconjugation Schematic O. Veiseh et al. Nano Letters (2005) 5:

11 Targeting Brain Tumors with Nanoparticle Receptor mediated internalization by 9L glioma cells Dose Response Control NP NPC Brain tumor selective Healthy cells Brain tumor cells Internalization Top Middle Bottom O. Veiseh et al. Nano Letters (2005) 5: Multivalent CTX Nanoparticle Displays O. Veiseh et al. Small (2009) 5:

12 Glioma Cell Invasion Glioma cell signatures contributing to invasive phenotype Secrete MMP2 endopeptidases to remodel ECM Use ion channels to modulate cell volume L. Soroceanu et al. J. Neurosci (1999)19 : Comparative Inhibition of Glioma Invasion O. Veiseh et al. Small (2009) 5:

13 Internalization of NPC vs. CTX Endosomes of NPC treated cells were 5-10x larger than CTX treated cells O. Veiseh et al. Small (2009) 5: Effect of NPC & CTX on MMP-2 Expression O. Veiseh et al. Small (2009) 5:

14 In Vivo Evaluation: Flank Glioma Xenograph C. Sun, O. Veiseh et al. Small (2008) 4: Further Optimization of NPs for In Vivo Use New synthesis and coating approach In situ synthesis and coating with PEG-g-Chitosan Goal: to synthesize NPs with improved pharmacokinetics improved degree of Cy5.5 and CTX modification O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2009) 69:

15 Nanoparticle Characterization Size/Morphology Crystal Structure Surface Chemistry Summary of Physiochemical Properties O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2009) 69: Materials Properties Magnetic relaxivity Fluorescence intensity NPCP displays superior magnetic properties compared to Feridex IV Fluorescence correlates with concentration over broad range O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2009) Submitted 30 15

16 Intracranial Glioma Tumor Mouse Model GFP transfected Rat C6 glioma cells Intracranial glioma cell injections CMV promoter GFP pcs2/gfp f1 origin amp r GFP used as marker to identify cancer cells in brain Diffuse infiltrative glioma tumors develop in mice brains 31 Optical of Imaging Glioma Tumors Nanoparticles Tumor Cells Veiseh O. et al. Manuscript in Preparation 32 16

17 Resolution of Specific Targeting Nanoparticles Tumor Cells Cancer Cell Specific Labeling Veiseh O. et al. Manuscript in preparation 33 Medulloblastoma (MB) Tumor Mouse Model ND2:SmoA1 Genetically Engineered Mouse Model MB Tumors spontaneously develop Ideally mimics human MB tumors D Intact BBB E A. Hallahan et al. Cancer Res (2004) 64:

18 MRI of Medulloblastoma Tumors O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2009) 69: MRI of Medulloblastoma Tumors Cont. O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2009) 69:

19 Optical Imaging of Medulloblastoma Tumors O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2009) 69: Histology O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2009) 69:

20 Biodistribution Specific uptake of NPCP-Cy5.5-CTX by tumor tissue Biodistribution profile similar to that of other nanoparticle systems O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2009) 69: Toxicity Profile Liver toxicity analysis BBB toxicity analysis Nanoparticles did not induce any liver toxicity Nanoparticles did not alter BBB integrity O. Veiseh et al. Cancer Res (2009) 69:

21 Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy DNA delivery and gene expression sirna Delivery and gene knockdown DNA Transfection sirna Transfection 41 Multifunctional Nanparticle for Gene Therapy Veiseh. O et al. Biomaterials (2010) 31:

22 Escaping the Endosome The Proton-Sponge Mechanism Polymers rich in tertiary amines can promote endosome rupture pka of tertiary amines are ~ 5 which is near the ph of endosomes D. Pack et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2005) 4: Characterization of Nanoparticle Physicochemical properties of Developed Nanovectors Core Size (nm) 7.5 Hydrodynamic size (nm) Zeta potential (mv) sirna mol/np 3.8 CTX molecules/ NP Magnetic relaxivity R2 (S 1.mM 1) Veiseh. O et al. Biomaterials (2010) 31:

23 Brain tumor targeting and MRI contrast enhancement Nanovector delivery MRI contrast enhancement Veiseh. O et al. Biomaterials (2010) 31: Nanoparticle facilitating endosome escape Veiseh. O et al. Biomaterials (2010) 31:

24 Targeted gene knockdown and cell viability Gene Knockdown Evaluation of toxicity Veiseh. O et al. Biomaterials (2010) 31: Targeting improves percentage of cells receiving Treatment Veiseh. O et al. Biomaterials (2010) 31:

25 Brain Tumor Targeting Nanoparticle Veiseh. O et al. Biomaterials (2010) 31: Brain Tumor Targeted DNA Delivery In vivo F. Kievit, O. Veiseh et al. ACS Nano (2010) 8:

26 Brain Tumor Targeted DNA Delivery In vivo F. Kievit, O. Veiseh et al. ACS Nano (2010) 8: Summary Developed a scheme for synthesis of multifunctional NPs with MR/Optical imaging and brain tumor targeting abilities Demonstrated CTX decorated NPs are effective for both brain tumor targeting and inhibition of invasion Demonstrated NP-CTX can target brain tumors across the BBB and light up tumor boundaries under MRI and optical imaging Developed nanovectors for targeted delivery of sirna and DNA to brain tumors 52 26

27 Zhang Nanomedicine Team Postdocs PI: Miqin Zhang, Ph.D. Faculty Jonathan Gunn, Ph.D. Omid Veiseh, Ph.D. Graduate students Hyejung Mok, Ph.D. R. Ellenbogen MD Neurosurgery D. Lee Ph.D. Radiology Chen Fang Forrest Kievit Zackary Stephen J. Park MD R. Sze MD Mathew Leung Hamed Arami Surgery Radiology 53 Acknowledgments Funding sources Nanoplatform grant NIH/NCI: R01CA NIH/NCI: R01CA1342 NIH/NIBIB: R01EB HQ, Dana, and Children s Hospital NIH Training grant T32 CA Facilities Diagnostic Imaging Science Center (DISC) at UW Scientific Imaging Center at FHCRC Keck Microscopy Facility at UW Center for Nanotechnology (CNT) User Facility 54 27