Metabolism and the extracellular flux bioanalyzer. Bioenergetics and Metabolism

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1 7/3/8 Metabolism and the extracellular flux bioanalyzer Jianhua Zhang Department of Pathology University of Alabama at Birmingham 8 Bioenergetics and Metabolism Neurodegeneration: Parkinson s, Huntington s, Alzheimers Cardiovascular disease: hepatic failure autoimmunity GVHD diabetes mellitus Renal disease: proximal tubulopathy Cancer

7/3/8 Outline how parameters of mitochondrial

Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase) Complex II

(Ubiquinolcytochrome c oxidoreductase) O H O

2 7/3/8 Outline how parameters of mitochondrial bioenergetics can be measured integrate with biology integrate with metabolomics The Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain H+ Q e e Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase) Complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase) Complex III (Ubiquinolcytochrome c oxidoreductase) O H O Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase) ADP + P i How can we measure mitochondrial function? Inhibitors Rotenone TTFA Myxothiazol Antimycin A Cyanide NO Complex V (ATP synthase) Oligomycin ATP

3 7/3/8 Measuring Mitochondrial Function Extracellular Acidification Rate (ECAR) = Glycolysis Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) = Mitochondrial Respiration Measuring Mitochondrial Function in Cells PMP Succ Rot Oligo FCCP Ant-A ADP O X ADP ATP X H O FCCP RCR = State 3 State 4 8 HV St CII-ADP St 3 CII-FCCP 3

NON-MITOCHONDRIAL Time Measuring Mitochondrial Function in Cells FCCP 35 3 5 5 5 Platelets CI-F

4 7/3/8 Letting the cell drive its own mitochondria 5 Cell fuel Antimycin A OCR (pmol O /min) 4 3 O X ADP ATP X FCCP FCCP H O Oligomycin ATP BASAL LEAK MAXIMAL MAXIMAL RESERVE CAPACITY NON-MITOCHONDRIAL Time Measuring Mitochondrial Function in Cells FCCP Platelets CI-F CIV-F CII-F CII-ADP 7 RCR (CII) Mono CI-F CIV-F CII-F CII-ADP State3/state Platelets Mono 4

7/3/8 Comparing Mitochondrial Activity to Cellular Bioenergetics 6 4 8 6

O Maximal Mono 4 Basal Non-Mito 4 6 8 35 3 Platelets 35 3 5 5 5 CI-F

5 3 4 Oxygen Consumption Rate (pmol O /min/μg protein) 8 6 4 Hepatocytes

5 7/3/8 Comparing Mitochondrial Activity to Cellular Bioenergetics Mono Mitochondria CI-F CII-F CIV-F Cellular Bioenergetics F AA O Maximal Mono 4 Basal Non-Mito Platelets CI-F CII-F CIV-F 5 F O 5 5 Basal Non-Mito Maximal AA Platelets The energy profile represents a fundamental bioenergetic program Oxygen Consumption Rate (pmol O /min/μg protein) Cardiomyocytes 35 A+R 3 5 F 5 O Oxygen Consumption Rate (pmol O /min/μg protein) Hepatocytes O 4 6 F A+R Oxygen Consumption Rate (pmol O /min/μg protein) 4 3 Endothelial Cells O 4 6 F A 5

upregulation of glycolysis IMS Matrix O H O ADP ATP OCR (% of Basal) 6 4 8 6 4 FCCP

6 7/3/8 Differentiation changes cellular bioenergetics OCR: Oxygen consumption rate Schneider et al FRBM Inhibition of mitochondrial function induces compensatory upregulation of glycolysis IMS Matrix O H O ADP ATP OCR (% of Basal) FCCP Rotenone Oligomycin Control.nM.5nM nm 5nM Antimycin Δ ECAR (fold change from control) rotenone 6

7/3/8 Effects of NO on OCR during hypoxia-reoxygenation Cortical Neurons

Argon Vacuum Chamber OCR (pmol/min/µg ptn) 8 6 4 8 6 4 Control DetaNO 5 µm

Pathological fibrosis Metabolic Plasticity in Lung myofibroblasts extracellular

7 7/3/8 Effects of NO on OCR during hypoxia-reoxygenation Cortical Neurons Reoxygenation Hypoxia Chamber (%) XF4 Controller DetaNONOate (DetaNO) 5μM Vacuum Argon Vacuum Chamber OCR (pmol/min/µg ptn) Control DetaNO 5 µm Series O (mmhg) Gloves Benavides et al 3 Pathological fibrosis Metabolic Plasticity in Lung myofibroblasts extracellular matrix tissue deformation Normal lung Fibrotic lung (bleomycin) objective objective Bernard et al JBC 5 7

different from Ctrl # p<. different from Thrombin Ravi, S et.al. 5.

8 7/3/8 Metabolic Switch In Platelets Data represented as mean±sem. n=3. One-way ANOVA, Post-hoc tukey test. * p<. different from Ctrl # p<. different from Thrombin Ravi, S et.al. 5. Plos One. (4):e3597 Integration with Metabolomics Thrombin Slatter et al Cell Metabolism 6 8

9 7/3/8 Mitochondrial Quality Control and Autophagy Lysosome 3MA GABARAPL CQ Baf LC3I PE LC3 II LC3I LC3 II Initiation Elongation Fusion Downregulation of autophagy reprograms redox tone and bioenergetic health in cancer cells GABARAPL KO Autophagy flux Lysosome number LAMP VDAC Mitochondria number TMRM MitoTracker HNE protein adducts GSH Resistance to HNEinduced cell death ROS? mtdna damage Basal OCR ATP Proliferation Boyer Guittaut et al 4 9

7/3/8 Autophagy inhibition suppresses complexes I and II activities in permeabilized primary neurons 5 5 5 Control Baf CQ 4 ADP P/M PMP R Suc ADP A 4 6 8 Time (Minutes) 5 5 Complex I Control Baf CQ 4

10 7/3/8 Autophagy inhibition suppresses complexes I and II activities in permeabilized primary neurons Control Baf CQ 4 ADP P/M PMP R Suc ADP A Time (Minutes) 5 5 Complex I Control Baf CQ Complex II Control Baf CQ 4 Redmann et al Redox Biology 7 Autophagy inhibition suppresses mitochondrial function in primary neurons OCR (pmol/min/µg protein) Control Baf CQ 4 O F A Time (Minutes) OCR Reserve Capacity Control Baf CQ 4 OCR 4 Basal Control Baf CQ 4 OCR 4 ATP Linked Control Baf CQ 4 OCR 5 Maximal Control Baf CQ 4 Redmann et al Redox Biology 7

11 7/3/8 Comprehensive Mitochondrial Assessment Assessing autophagy and mitophagy Autophagy Mitochondria morphology Mitophagy Mitochondrial Network LC3 II Western blot Imaging LC3 puncta Imaging of Fragmentation Imaging MT/LT colocalization Mitochondrial mass protein levels Mitochondrial mass mtdna copy mtdna and protein Damage Assessing metabolism Assessing mitochondrial bioenergetic function Metabolomics Mass spectrometry Bioenergetic Assessment Seahorse XF analyzer TCA Glycolysis Glutaminolysis Intact cells Permeabilized cells Redmann et al Redox Biology 8 Assessment of autophagy LC3 I LC3 II Actin Control Baf nm CQ 4µM LC3 I/Actin.5.5 Control Baf CQ 4 LC3 II/Actin Control Baf CQ 4 Redmann et al. Redox Biology 7

12 7/3/8 No change of mitochondrial mass but significant increase of mitochondrial DNA damage in response to autophagy inhibition * mtdna/ndna Lesion Frequency per 6Kb DNA *.5 Ctrl Baf CQ Redmann et al. Redox Biology 7 Integration with Metabolomics nmol/min/mg 5 5 Pyruvate.5 Malate *.. Fumarate *. CS Activity Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Malate Fumarate Citrate Cis Aconitate All measurements in µg/ml Isocitrate Oxalosuccinate α Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Succinate Citrate #.. cis Acon *# *. Isocitrate..5. Glutamate Con Baf p<.5 *To control #Between Baf and CQ CQ Redmann et al Redox Biology 7 Con Baf Con Baf CQ AKG # CQ Glutamine

13 7/3/8 Screening for Drugs From Human Blood; 4 Bioenergetic Programs 5xg 7xg Antibody 5 min 3 min Incubation Buffy coat diluted :4 MNC PRP.77 Buffy Coat PMN.9 RBC 3

7/3/8 Energy mapping of leukocyte and platelets OCR (pmoles/min/µg protein) 9 8 7 6 5

ECAR (mph/min/µg protein) PBMCs are a mixed population with different metabolic

Monocytes OCR(pMol/min/, cells).. 8. 6. 4.

Reserve Capacity OCR(pMol/min/, cells) Mitochondrial Respiratory Complexes 7 Healthy 6

14 7/3/8 Energy mapping of leukocyte and platelets OCR (pmoles/min/µg protein) Oxidative Lymph Low Energy Plt Neutro Highly Energetic Glycolytic Mono ECAR (mph/min/µg protein) PBMCs are a mixed population with different metabolic programs Mitochondrial defect in patients 38 year old Male Episodes of extreme fatigue Monocytes OCR(pMol/min/, cells) Bioenergetic Parameters Healthy Mitochondrial Disease # # Basal ATP Linked Maximal Reserve Capacity OCR(pMol/min/, cells) Mitochondrial Respiratory Complexes 7 Healthy 6 Mito Disease 5 4 # 3 Bioenergetic Health Index Bioenergetic Health Index # Complex I Complex IV Healthy Mitochondrial Disease 4

7/3/8 Monocyte energetics vs skeletal muscle

Muscle Mitochondria Anthony Molina: Wake Forest

Samantha Giordano Qiuli Liang Matt Dodson Matt

David Westbrook Balu Chacko UAB Targeted

15 7/3/8 Monocyte energetics vs skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) Skeletal Muscle Fibers Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria Anthony Molina: Wake Forest School of Medicine Redox Biology, 6 Acknowledgment Samantha Giordano Qiuli Liang Matt Dodson Matt Redmann Israr Ahmad Willayat Wani Xiaosen Ouyang David Westbrook Balu Chacko UAB Targeted Metabolomics & Proteomics Laboratory Stephen Barnes Taylor Berryhill 5

Cell Metabolism Assays. for. Immunology. Research

Cell Metabolism Assays. for. Immunology. Research the immunity-metabolism link Cell Metabolism Assays for Immunology Research GOLD STANDARD ASSAYS FOR MEASURING METABOLIC RePROGRAMMING Metabolic Signatures Cell activation, amplification, and effector