BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES
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1 BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES ( use with printout from zerobio website) Note: images from internet and used for educational purposes only
2 CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES H GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE Main energy These can also be used for energy source for the body
3 CARBOHYDRATES: DISACCHARIDES MALTOSE ether linkage ether linkage SUCROSE ether linkage LACTOSE
4 CARBOHYDRATES: CONDENSATION DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS RXN TO PRODUCE SUCROSE GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE SUCROSE + H2O A CONDENSATION reaction occurs between the hydroxyl groups and water is removed. A covalent bond (ether linkage) forms between the molecules. The reverse reaction is a HYDROLYSIS which breaks sucrose into the monomers of glucose and fructose.
5 CARBOHYDRATES: POLYSACCHARIDES INSULIN hormone causes glucose to enter LIVER and MUSCLE where it is condensed into GLYCOGEN for storage. GLUCAGON hormone causes GLYCOGEN to be hydrolyzed back into individual glucose monomers and released into the bloodstream where it is transported to cells and used for energy.
6 CARBOHYDRATES: POLYSACCHARIDES STARCH Chain of glucose subunits. Storage form of glucose in plants. CELLULOSE Chain of alternating glucose subunits, up and down. Part of cell wall in plants. Because CELLULOSE has alternating glucose orientation, we do not have an enzyme that can break it down. So we cannot eat grass for energy like cows (ruminants) who have the enzyme CELLULASE due to microorganisms in their guts that create it.
7 POLYSACCHARIDES Modified amide group CHITIN Chain of alternating glucose subunits, up and down, found in exoskeleton of insects and mushrooms where it provides rigidity.
8 LIPIDS/FATS ester linkage Saturated: all single C-H bonds Unsaturated: some double C-H bonds FATTY ACIDS glycerol 3 fatty acids FAT (TRIGLYCERIDE)
9 LIPIDS/FATS SATURATED FAT (SOLID) Straight fatty acids allow molecules to tightly pack together. UNSATURATED FAT (LIQUID) Bent molecules cannot pack together as tightly.
10 LIPIDS: CONDENSATION - DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS RXN TO CREATE TRIGLYCERIDE LIPASE enzyme performs the reverse reaction (hydrolysis)
11 LIPIDS/FATS Monoglyceride (glyerol + one fatty acid) glycerol 1 fatty acid MONOGLYCERIDE Glycerol + one fatty acid
12 LIPIDS/FATS Cell Membrane attracts water repels water PHOSPHOLIPID Major component of the cell membrane to create the lipid bilayer.
13 charged LIPIDS/FATS uncharged PHOSPHOLIPID Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + choline
14 LIPIDS/FATS CHOLESTEROL ESTROGEN Female steroid hormone made from cholesterol. 4 fused rings TESTOSTERONE Male steroid hormone made from cholesterol.
15 PROTEINS AMINO ACID The monomer of proteins. The various types of amino acids all have the same structure except for the R-group side chain.
16 amino carboxyl PROTEINS side chain R-group AMINO ACIDS The functional groups are charged in this image. R-group (side chain) is in red. Amino acids all have a 3-letter abbreviated name.
17 amino carboxyl PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS The functional groups are uncharged in this image.
18 PROTEINS: CONDENSATION DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS RXN TO PRODUCE DIPEPTIDE amino carboxyl DIPEPTIDE Peptide bond between amino and carboxyl. The reverse reaction is HYDROLYSIS and is performed by PROTEASE enzyme such as PEPSIN or TRYPSIN.
19 PROTEINS: CONDENSATION DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS RXN TO PRODUCE POLYPEPTIDE Can you spot the errors? POLYPEPTIDE Many amino acids condensed together.
20 Pg. 44 PROTEIN STRUCTURE PRIMARY STRUCTURE Order of amino acids in a polypeptide. SECONDARY STRUCTURE Coils and folds in polypeptide due to hydrogen bonds (ie. alpha helix + beta-pleated sheet). TERTIARY STRUCTURE Complex 3D folding pattern due to side chain interactions. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE Interaction of more than 1 polypeptide chain forming a functional protein.
21 PROTEIN STRUCTURE FOUR LEVELS
22 PROTEIN STRUCTURE Disulfide INSULIN bridge Pancreatic protein hormone that regulates blood sugar.
23 PROTEIN STRUCTURE MYOGLOBIN Carries oxygen in muscle - Primary structure - Secondary structure - Tertiary structure HEMOGLOBIN Carries oxygen in blood - Primary structure - Secondary structure - Tertiary structure - Quaternary structure
24 ASSIGNMENT NUCLEIC ACIDS Make your own notes as described in Biologically Important Molecules printout.
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