A Design Automation Framework for Computational Bioenergetics in Biological Networks
|
|
- Britton Hart
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 3 A Design Automation Framework for Computational Bioenergetics in Biological Networks Claudio Angione, a Jole Costanza, b Giovanni Carapezza, a Pietro Lió a and Giuseppe Nicosia b Received Xth XXXXXXXXXX XX, Accepted Xth XXXXXXXXX XX First published on the web Xth XXXXXXXXXX X DOI:.39/bx The bioenergetic activity of mitochondria can be thoroughly investigated by using computational methods. In particular, in our work we focus on ATP and NADH, namely the metabolites representing the production of energy in the cell. We develop a computational framework to perform an exhaustive investigation at the level of species, reactions, genes and metabolic pathways. The framework integrates several methods implementing the state-of-the-art algorithms for many-objective optimization, sensitivity, and identifiability analysis applied to biological systems. We use this computational framework to analyze three case studies related to the human mitochondria and the algal metabolism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, formally described with algebraic differential equations or flux balance analysis. Integrating the results of our framework applied to interacting organelles would provide a general-purpose method for assessing the production of energy in a biological network. Supplementary Information. dominated points NADH mmolh - gdw - ] ATP mmolh - gdw - ] Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) available: details of any supplementary information available should be included here]. See DOI:.39/bx/ a Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, William Gates Building, 5 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK. b Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 955, Catania, Italy. Fig. S Effect of the genetic algorithm on the Pareto front when optimizing ATP and NADH in the FBA mitochondrial model. This evolution has been carried out with individual and halted at the th generation. ATP production and NADH production maximization in the FBA framework for mitochondria. The figure represents the evolution of the multi-objective optimization results, reporting all the feasible and Pareto points until the generation. We optimized a limited set of the uptake rate fluxes (only twelve exchange fluxes) in order to increase the energy state of the cellular organelle. We optimized only the twelve fluxes that have a fixed value reported in the work by Smith et al..
2 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 3 uptake rate] opt - uptake rate] initial Urea Thiamin diphosphate Orthophosphate Fe+ L--Aminoadipate L-Alanine Hexadecanoic acid CO -Oxoadipate Phosphatidylserine Sulfate Octanoic acid CoA CDP Thiosulfate (S)-Lactate L-Glutamine UDP GDP Glutathione HO NAD+ dcdp dctp ADP L-Asparagine Putrescine dgdp FAD dadp dgtp dttp Phosphatidylcholine Glycerol datp Phosphatidylethanolamine Sulfite dtdp Fumarate L-Threonine L-Phenylalanine L-Serine Acetaldehyde L-Methionine L-Lysine L-Proline HCO3- Butanoic acid L-Cysteine Propanoate L-Valine H+ Biomass Succinate 5-Aminolevulinate ATP H+ L-Tyrosine -Oxoglutarate L-Leucine Glycine L-Arginine L-Tryptophan L-Aspartate Oxaloacetate L-Glutamate (S)-Malate L-Isoleucine (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoate Isocitrate alpha-d-glucose Citrate Oxygen Fig. S The histogram highlights the difference between the optimal values and the initial values of the uptake rates in the mitochondrial metabolism modeled through FBA for maximizing the ATP and NADH production. The values are related to the maximum ATP production point obtained from the Pareto front in blue of Figure.
3 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 3 Metabolite] opt /Metabolite] initial Metabolite] opt /Metabolite] initial (a) GP c (b) GP c Metabolite] opt /Metabolite] initial Metabolite] opt /Metabolite] initial.5.5 (c) GP c (d) GP c Metabolite] opt /Metabolite] initial.5.5 (e) GP c Fig. S3 The plots represent the ratio between the 55 optimal metabolite concentrations and the metabolite concentration before the optimization (overproduction and underproduction states) in DAEs mitochondrial model by Bazil et al.. For each plot, we report the results for the solution (in red) that reaches the maximum ATP and the minimum NADH and the solution (in green) that reaches the minimum ATP and maximum NADH when the concentration of calcium in the matrix is (a) 5, (b), (c), (d).5 5 and (e) 5 /.5. 3
4 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 3 Ca + ] =.5 5 Ca + ] = 5 /.5 Ca + ] = Ca + ] = Variable Metabolite Groups r cv Groups r cv Groups r cv Groups r cv x x,x x,x.979. x,x x,x x K m x,x x,x x,x 3.9. x.9.5 x 3 x 3,x 5,x x 3,x.9.79 x 3,x x 3,x x x,x x,x.99.7 x,x x,x.97.9 x 5 x 5,x x 3,x x 5,x.93.5 x 5,x 9,x 37,x x x,x x,x,x x,x 3,x.9. x,x,x.9.35 x 7 x 7,x.977. x 7,x x x 7,x x x,x x,x.9.57 x,x x,x 35,x x 9 x 9,x,x x 9,x,x x 5,x,x x 9,x x x,x x,x 5.9. x,x,x x x x,x x,x 3,x x,x x,x x x,x x,x 9,x.9.7 x,x.95.3 x,x x 3 x 3.9. x x x 3,x x x 7,x.977. x,x x,x,x x,x.97.3 x 5 x 5,x.99.5 x 5,x x 5,x.99.7 x 5,x.99.5 x PY R m x,x 3,x x,x x,x,x x,x x 7 x 7,x.9.95 x 5,x x,x x 7,x.9.55 x x,x 35,x x,x 9,x.99.9 x 5,x.99.5 x,x,x x 9 H im n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. x K im n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. x Na im n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. x Mg im n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. x 3 Ca im n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. x AT P im x,x x,x x,x,x x,x,x 5.9. x 5 x 5,x 3,x x 5,x x 5,x x,x x x,x x x,x,x.97.5 x,x.9.39 x 7 x 7,x 35,x x 7,x.99.5 x,x x 7,x 33,x x PY R im x,x.99.5 x,x 37,x.99.9 x,x x,x 3,x x 9 x,x x 7,x x 9,x x 9,x x 3 x,x 3,x x,x 3,x x 3,x x 7,x 7,x x 3 x 3,x x 9,x x,x 3,x x 3,x x 3 x 9,x 3,x x 3,x x,x x,x 3,x x 33 x x,x 33,x x 33,x,x x 33,x x 3 x x 3,x x 3.9. x,x x 35 x,x 5,x x,x x 5,x x,x 35,x x 3 x,x x 5,x 3,x x 3,x.95.5 x 3,x x 37 K c x 37,x x 9,x x 9,x,x 3,x x 37,x,x x 3 x,x,x x 9,x 7,x x 3,x x 3,x x 39 x,x x,x x x,x 5,x 39,x x x 5,x 3,x.97. x,x.99. x,x.97.3 x 3,x x AT P c x.99. x 9,x 5,x.995. x 5,x.95. x 5,x,x,x.99.5 x x,x,x x,x.9.3 x,x x,x,x x 3 x x 35,x x 5,x x 3,x x x 5,x 3,x x 5,x,x.9.33 x,x,x x,x,x x 5 x,x x,x x 5,x x 5,x x x 7,x.9.57 x,x x,x.93. x,x,x.9.55 x 7 x,x x,x 33,x 7,x.99.5 x 3,x 3,x 7.9. x x x 7,x,x x,x.9. x 35,x,x x,x x 9 x x 3,x 9,x x 9,x x x 5 x 7,x x 5,x x,x x,x,x,x x 5 x 5,x x,x 5.9. x x,x x 5 x 5,x x,x 35,x x 3,x 3,x 5.9. x 3,x x 53 PY R c x,x x 9,x 5,x x,x x,x 53,x x 5 x,x x 37,x x 3,x x 5,x,x x 55 Ca m x x 37,x x x 3,x Table S Identifiability analysis applied on the non dominated points of the ATP-NADH Pareto front with four different amount of calcium concentration nmol/mg] in the matrix. The variables, i.e. initial concentrations of the 55 metabolites, are grouped according to functional relations. The value of r is an indicator of the amount of variance of the response explained by the predictors. A large ratio cv(x) = std(x)/mean(x) indicates that the data are scattered, thus suggesting practical non-identifiability. n.a. stands for not available, when metabolites do not play any role in the two-objective maximization of ATP and NADH. An asterisk is added when r >.9 and cv >.. Two asterisks indicate a strong interdependence between variables, i.e. the same functional group has been detected even if the role of response and predictors is switched. For instance, for a low increase in the calcium concentration Ca +] =.5 5, ATP shows a strong functional relation with Pyruvate.
5 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 3 min ATP, min NADH max ATP, max NADH Metabolite] opt /Metabolite] initial.5 x GP c.5 x 3.5 Pim x Fig. S Ratio between the 55 optimal metabolite concentrations and the metabolite concentration before the optimization in DAEs mitochondrial model of Bazil et al.. We report the results (in red) of the trade-off found when the algorithm minimizes ATP and NADH in cancer conditions, and the results (in green) of the trade-off found when algorithm maximizes ATP and NADH in cancer conditions. Fig. S Functional relation among the three decision variables Na, Pi and AcCoA nmol/mg] in the matrix, thus highlighting the structural non-identifiability of these variables. This group has been detected for the etabolite with Ca +] =.5 5 nmol/mg. σ* e+.. e- e- e-. e+5 e+ µ* Free potassium Free magnesium Aspartate CoA Pi Citrate Free sodium Oxaloacetate Extra-mit ADP Free proton Extra-mit pyruvate Extra-mit succinate Extra-mit malate Glutamate Extra-mit Free calcium Extra-mit aspartate Extra-mit ATP Extra-mit Pi Extra-mit isocitrate Extra-mit citrate Fumarate Isocitrate a-ketoglutarate Malate Succinyl-CoA Pyruvate Extra-mit Free potassium Succinate Innermembrane ADP Extra-mit Free magnesium Innermembrane ATP Extra-mit AMP Innermembrane pyruvate Innermembrane Pi Extra-mit glutamate Total Extra-mit free sodium Innermembrane succinate Innermembrane malate Innermembrane glutamate Total acetyl-coa Innermembrane isocitrate Innermembrane a-ketoglutarate Extra-mit a-ketoglutarate Extra-mit glucose Extra-mit glcphosphate Extra-mit funarate Innermembrane aspartate Innermembrane citrate Innermembrane AMP Innermembrane fumarate.5.5 x x x Fig. S5 Sensitivity analysis on the DAEs mitochondrial model by Bazil et al.. In this experiment, we evaluate the sensitivity of the metabolite concentrations of the metabolic network. The plot shows the mean and the standard deviation of the elementary effects computed through the Morris method 3. The labels on the key are sorted according to the sensitivity ranking. Fig. S7 Optimal transformations (y axis) found for the three decision variables Na, Pi and AcCoA (x axis) nmol/mg] with Ca + ] =.5 5 nmol/mg. Although AcCoA has been assigned to the same functional group, it shows a different behavior for low concentrations, while Na and Pi exhibit a similar behavior. 5
6 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry x x.5 Pyrm.5 x 5 Fig. S Functional relation among the two decision variables Mg and CoASH nmol/mg] in the matrix, thus highlighting the structural non-identifiability of these variables. This group has been detected for Mg with an increased concentration of calcium Ca + ] = nmol/mg. Fig. S Functional relation among the three decision variables H, Pyr and AcCoA nmol/mg] in the matrix, thus highlighting the structural non-identifiability of these variables. This group has been detected for Mg when the matrix calcium concentration is 5 /.5 nmol/mg x Pyr m x x Fig. S9 The transformations (y axis) found for the two decision variables Mg and CoASH (x axis) nmol/mg] when Ca +] = nmol/mg. Fig. S Optimal transformations (y axis) found for the three decision variables H, Pyr and AcCoA (x axis) nmol/mg] when calcium is reduced to 5 /.5 nmol/mg. Although H has been assigned to the same functional group, it shows a different behavior for low concentrations, while Pyr and AcCoA exhibit a similar behavior.
7 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 3 x Asp m.... Na x 5 m Fig. S Functional relation among the two decision variables Asp and CoASH nmol/mg] in the matrix. These two metabolites have a strong structural non-identifiability. This group has been detected both for Asp and for CoASH when the matrix calcium concentration is 5 /.5 nmol/mg. Fig. S Functional relation among the two decision variables Na and GLU nmol/mg] in the matrix. This group has been detected with a reduced concentration of calcium in the matrix, i.e. Ca + ] = nmol/mg. Asp m.... Na x 5 m GLU x m Fig. S3 Optimal transformations (y axis) found for the two decision variables Asp and CoASH nmol/mg] (x axis) when calcium is reduced to 5 /.5 nmol/mg. Fig. S5 Optimal transformations (y axis) found for the two decision variables Na and GLU (x axis) nmol/mg], with Ca + ] = nmol/mg. 7
8 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 3 x Fig. S Functional relation among the two decision variables Mg and MAL nmol/mg] in the matrix, highlighting the strong structural non-identifiability of these variables. This group has been detected for both the components of the pair when maximizing simultaneously ATP and NADH in the DAEs model of the mitochondrion when simulating the cancer condition. References A. Smith and A. Robinson, BMC systems biology,, 5,. J. Bazil, G. Buzzard and A. Rundell, PLoS computational biology,,, e3. 3 M. Morris, Technometrics, 99, 33, x Fig. S7 Functional relation among Mg and SCoA in the matrix, highlighting the strong structural non-identifiability of these variables. This group has been detected for both the components of the pair when minimizing ATP and NADH in the DAEs model of the mitochondrion simulating the cancer condition. This indicates strong interdependence between Mg and SCoA in the cancer condition of the mitochondrion.
E.coli Core Model: Metabolic Core
1 E.coli Core Model: Metabolic Core 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Each student should be able to: Describe the glycolysis pathway in the core model. Describe the TCA cycle in the core model. Explain gluconeogenesis.
More informationAmino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid Metabolism Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal
More informationFate of Dietary Protein
Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal lining: proteases
More informationCELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete loss of electrons Reduction: partial or complete gain of electrons
More informationRespiration. Energy is everything!
Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular
More information(A) Urea cycle (B) TCA cycle (C) Glycolysis (D) Pyruvate oxidation (E) Respiratory chain
Biochemistry - Problem Drill 15: Citric Acid Cycle No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements is not a metabolic pathway involved in carbohydrate catabolism and ATP production. (A) Urea cycle (B)
More informationRespiration. Energy is everything!
Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy
Figure 9-01 LE 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic + O molecules 2 powers most cellular work Heat energy LE 9-UN161a becomes
More informationAmino Acid Oxidation and the Urea Cycle
Amino Acid Oxidation and the Urea Cycle Amino Acids: Final class of biomolecules whose oxidation contributes significantly to the generation of energy Undergo oxidation in three metabolic circumstances
More informationNotes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete
More informationNotes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work
Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes
More informationChem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217
Chem 109 C Fall 2014 Armen Zakarian ffice: Chemistry Bldn 2217 Chapter 25 o Glycolysis : fates of pyruvate NADH, H + H + C 2 NADH, H + H - (S)-lactic acid lactate dehydrogenase; anaerobic conditions -
More informationMarah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh
8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon
More informationKrebs cycle Energy Petr Tůma Eva Samcová
Krebs cycle Energy - 215 Petr Tůma Eva Samcová Overview of Citric Acid Cycle Key Concepts The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is a multistep catalytic process that converts acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates,
More informationSupporting information for. Time-dependent Responses of Earthworms to Soil. Contaminated with Low Levels of Lead as Detected using 1 H
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Supporting information for Time-dependent Responses of Earthworms to Soil Contaminated with
More informationGlycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4
Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of
More informationTutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain
Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Goals: To be able to describe the overall catabolic pathways for food molecules. To understand what bonds are hydrolyzed in the digestion
More informationCitric acid cycle and respiratory chain. Pavla Balínová
Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain Pavla Balínová Mitochondria Structure of mitochondria: Outer membrane Inner membrane (folded) Matrix space (mtdna, ribosomes, enzymes of CAC, β-oxidation of FA,
More informationGlycolysis. Cellular Respiration
Glucose is the preferred carbohydrate of cells. In solution, it can change from a linear chain to a ring. Energy is stored in the bonds of the carbohydrates. Breaking these bonds releases that energy.
More informationLecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III
Lecture 16 Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III The Powertrain of Human Metabolism (verview) CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS
More informationBY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE
BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION CITRIC ACID CYCLE (T.C.A) PRODUCTION OF ACETYL CoA REACTIONS OF THE CITIRC ACID CYCLE THE AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF THE T.C.A CYCLE THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE
More informationChapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site. Still having trouble understanding the material? Check
More informationBIOLOGY 103 Spring 2001 MIDTERM LAB SECTION
BIOLOGY 103 Spring 2001 MIDTERM NAME KEY LAB SECTION ID# (last four digits of SS#) STUDENT PLEASE READ. Do not put yourself at a disadvantage by revealing the content of this exam to your classmates. Your
More informationLecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III
Lecture 16 Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III The Powertrain of Human Metabolism (verview) CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS
More informationLecture 10 - Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism
Lecture 10 - Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire 1 Introduction 2 Proteins are degraded into amino acids. Protein
More informationQuantitative analysis of hydrophilic metabolite using ion-paring chromatography with a high-speed triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
Quantitative analysis of hydrophilic metabolite using ion-paring chromatography with a high-speed triple ASMS 2012 ThP11-251 Zanariah Hashim 1 ; Yudai Dempo1; Tairo Ogura 2 ; Ichiro Hirano 2 ; Junko Iida
More informationSpring 2012 BIBC 102 midterm Hampton et al. Metabolic Biochemistry Midterm Tuesday May 8, 2012; 3:30-5:50
Metabolic Biochemistry Midterm Tuesday May 8, 2012; 3:30-5:50 Good afternoon and goooood evening. This midterm has two purposes. One is to solidify your knowledge of the frequently-used ideas and information
More informationCitrate Cycle. Lecture 28. Key Concepts. The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions
Citrate Cycle Lecture 28 Key Concepts The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions Eight reactions of the Citrate Cycle Key control points in the Citrate Cycle regulate metabolic flux What role
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.
More informationAerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose
Aerobic Respiration The four stages in the breakdown of glucose 1 I. Aerobic Respiration Why can t we break down Glucose in one step? (Flaming Gummy Bear) Enzymes gently lower the potential energy until
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Living cells require energy from outside sources Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and
More informationPhysiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004
Name Write your name on the back of the exam Physiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004 This examination consists of forty-four questions, each having 2 points. The remaining
More informationElectron transport chain,oxidative phosphorylation & mitochondrial transport systems. M.Kohutiar, B.Sopko
Electron transport chain,oxidative phosphorylation & mitochondrial transport systems. M.Kohutiar, B.Sopko Content 1. Structure of mitochondria Mitochondrial transport systems 2. Electron transport 3. Parts
More informationMidterm 2 Results. Standard Deviation:
Midterm 2 Results High: Low: Mean: Standard Deviation: 97.5% 16% 58% 16.3 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Dietary (Exogenous) Proteins Hydrolyzed
More information18 Amino Acid Oxidation and Production of Urea W. H. Freeman and Company
18 Amino Acid Oxidation and Production of Urea 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company 1 Last Class of Biomolecules For Energy 1. Production of acetyl-coa. Glucose. To pyruvate via glycolysis. To acetyl-coa by
More informationChapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I
n n Chapter 9 Overview Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions Ingestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Provide basic building blocks for
More informationFatty acids and phospholipids
PYS 4xx Intro 2 1 PYS 4xx Intro 2 - Molecular building blocks We now describe in more detail the nomenclature and composition of several classes of compounds of relevance to the cell, including: membrane
More informationJournal of Cell Science Supplementary information. Arl8b +/- Arl8b -/- Inset B. electron density. genotype
J. Cell Sci. : doi:.4/jcs.59: Supplementary information E9. A Arl8b /- Arl8b -/- Arl8b Arl8b non-specific band Gapdh Tbp E7.5 HE Inset B D Control al am hf C E Arl8b -/- al am hf E8.5 F low middle high
More informationLecture 17: Nitrogen metabolism 1. Urea cycle detoxification of NH 3 2. Amino acid degradation
Lecture 17: Nitrogen metabolism 1. Urea cycle detoxification of NH 3 2. Amino acid degradation Reference material Biochemistry 4 th edition, Mathews, Van Holde, Appling, Anthony Cahill. Pearson ISBN:978
More informationIII. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular
III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways
More informationAMINO ACID METABOLISM. Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI
AMINO ACID METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI Amino acids derived from dietary protein absorbed from intestine through blood taken up by tissues used for biosynthesis
More informationCellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3. Glycolysis is only the start. Cellular respiration. Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle.
Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3 Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle AP 2006-2007 Biology Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip
More informationPathway overview. Glucose + 2NAD + + 2ADP +2Pi 2NADH + 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H 2 O + 4H +
Glycolysis Glycolysis The conversion of glucose to pyruvate to yield 2ATP molecules 10 enzymatic steps Chemical interconversion steps Mechanisms of enzyme conversion and intermediates Energetics of conversions
More informationAmino Acids. Amino Acids. Fundamentals. While their name implies that amino acids are compounds that contain an NH. 3 and CO NH 3
Fundamentals While their name implies that amino acids are compounds that contain an 2 group and a 2 group, these groups are actually present as 3 and 2 respectively. They are classified as α, β, γ, etc..
More informationAmino Acid Analyzer AAA400
Amino Acid Analyzer AAA400 Determination of amino acid of hydrolyzates (food and feed) Column: LG ANB OSTION 3.6x340 12μm Eluents: sodium-citrate buffers, 0.2 M NaOH Aspartic Acid, Threonine, Serine, Glutamic
More informationNitrogen Metabolism. Overview
Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak
More informationMidterm 2. Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98. Standard Deviation: 17.7
Midterm 2 Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98 Standard Deviation: 17.7 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Review of Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Synthesis of few amino acids Dietary
More informationCitric acid cycle. Tomáš Kučera.
itric acid cycle Tomáš Kučera tomas.kucera@lfmotol.cuni.cz Department of Medical hemistry and linical Biochemistry 2nd Faculty of Medicine, harles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital 2017
More informationPreface to the Second Edition... xv Preface to the First Edition... xvii Author... xix. Introduction
Contents Preface to the Second Edition... xv Preface to the First Edition... xvii Author... xix Part I The Theory Chapter 1 Proteins and Amino Acids... 3 Introduction... 3 Amino Acids... 4 Peptide Linkage...
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration
More informationM1 - Renal, Fall 2007
University of Michigan Deep Blue deepblue.lib.umich.edu 2007-09 M1 - Renal, Fall 2007 Lyons, R.; Burney, R. Lyons, R., Burney, R. (2008, August 07). Renal. Retrieved from Open.Michigan - Educational Resources
More informationCH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003
CH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003 1. A cell in an active, catabolic state has a. a high (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD + ) ratio b. a high (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD + ) ratio c. a
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 30 Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 30 Outline Amino acids are obtained from the
More informationCitrate Cycle Supplemental Reading
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions - Eight enzymatic reactions of the Citrate Cycle - Key control points in the citrate cycle regulate
More informationChapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece The
More informationCitric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Stage II of catabolism involves the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylcoa In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final
More informationCellular Respiration. Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1
Cellular Respiration Biochemistry Part II 4/28/2014 1 4/28/2014 2 The Mitochondria The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle Two membranes Outer membrane Inter membrane space Inner membrane Location
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY DATA Supplementary Figure 1. Body weight and fat mass of AdicerKO mice.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Supplementary Figure 1. Body weight and fat mass of AdicerKO mice. Twelve week old mice were subjected to ad libitum (AL) or dietary restriction (DR) regimens for three months. (A) Body
More informationCellular Metabolism 6/20/2015. Metabolism. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!
Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular metabolism: Aerobic cellular respiration requires
More informationChem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217
Chem 109 C Fall 2014 Armen Zakarian ffice: Chemistry Bldn 2217 o Catabolism of carbohydrates: 10 reactions of glycolysis Chapter 25 C C 2 C 2 D-glucose α-d-glucopyranose aworth projection α-d-glucopyranose
More informationMBB 115:511 and 694:407 Final Exam Niederman/Deis
MBB 115:511 and 694:407 Final Exam Niederman/Deis Tue. Dec. 19, 2006 Name Row Letter Seat Number This exam consists of two parts. Part I is multiple choice. Each of these 25 questions is worth two points.
More informationCellular Metabolism 9/24/2013. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!
Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires
More informationTricarboxylic Acid Cycle. TCA Cycle; Krebs Cycle; Citric Acid Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid ycle TA ycle; Krebs ycle; itric Acid ycle The Bridging Step: Pyruvate D hase O H 3 - - pyruvate O O - NAD + oash O 2 NADH O H 3 - - S - oa acetyl oa Pyruvate D hase omplex Multienzyme
More information4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5
1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced
More informationChapter 16. The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA The Citric Acid Cycle Key topics: To Know Also called Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) or Krebs Cycle. Three names for the
More informationCITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG
CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 1 2018/19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG Chapter Outline (19-1) The central role of the citric acid cycle in metabolism (19-2) The overall pathway of the citric
More informationCellular Metabolism. Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61)
Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires
More informationIntegrative Metabolism: Significance
Integrative Metabolism: Significance Energy Containing Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Catabolism Energy Depleted End Products H 2 O NH 3 ADP + Pi NAD + NADP + FAD + Pi NADH+H + NADPH+H + FADH2 Cell
More informationLAB#23: Biochemical Evidence of Evolution Name: Period Date :
LAB#23: Biochemical Evidence of Name: Period Date : Laboratory Experience #23 Bridge Worth 80 Lab Minutes If two organisms have similar portions of DNA (genes), these organisms will probably make similar
More informationCellular Metabolism. Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69)
Cellular Metabolism Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69) Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell Metabolism Animation Breaking Down Glucose For Energy
More informationDr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college
Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate(the product of glycolysis) passes by special pyruvatetransporter into mitochondria which proceeds as follows:
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy You should be able to: 1. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Name and describe the three stages of cellular respiration;
More informationCHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions
CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush
number 7 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Shahd Alqudah Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush 1 P a g e As we have studied before, in the fourth reaction of the Krebs cycle, α- ketoglutarate is converted into Succinyl-CoA
More information1 Digestion and absorption. Lecture #14 Lecturer: PhD Alexander N. Koval
1 Digestion and absorption Lecture #14 Lecturer: PhD Alexander N. Koval Presentation of Protein 12/22/2016 A. Koval (C), 2016 2 Lectures plan 12/22/2016 A. Koval (C), 2016 3 Overview of Protein Metabolism
More informationNitrogen Metabolism. Overview
Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 30 Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company In the cytosol of a cell amino groups from amino acids
More informationSIMPLE BASIC METABOLISM
SIMPLE BASIC METABOLISM When we eat food such as a tuna fish sandwich, the polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are digested to smaller molecules that are absorbed into the cells of our body. As these
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationAmino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid Metabolism Last Week Most of the Animal Kingdom = Lazy - Most higher organisms in the animal kindom don t bother to make all of the amino acids. - Instead, we eat things that make the essential
More informationProf Dr Mohammad Ibrahim Prof of Medical Biochemistry
Amino Acids Metabolism ١ Alanine β- Alanine ٢ Alanine CH 3 Structure It is α-amino propionic p acid Nutrional Value It is non-essential amino acid Metabolic Fate It is glucogenic g amino acid CH COOH ٣
More informationSupplementary Information Flux balance analysis predicts essential genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma metabolism
Supplementary Information Flux balance analysis predicts essential genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma metabolism Francesco Gatto #, Heike Miess #, Almut Schulze, Jens Nielsen. 1 Supplementary Figures
More informationMetabolic Biochemistry / BIBC 102 Midterm Exam / Spring 2011
Metabolic Biochemistry / BIBC 102 Midterm Exam / Spring 2011 I. (25 points) Fill in all of the enzyme catalyzed reactions which convert glycogen to lactate. Draw the correct structure for each intermediate
More informationAmino acid metabolism I
Amino acid metabolism I Jana Novotná Department of the Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry The 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles Univ. Metabolic relationship of amino acids DIETARY PROTEINS GLYCOLYSIS
More information2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell.
Metabolism Cellular Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Can be reactions that break things down. (Catabolism) Or reactions that build things up. (Anabolism)
More information1. Describe the relationship of dietary protein and the health of major body systems.
Food Explorations Lab I: The Building Blocks STUDENT LAB INVESTIGATIONS Name: Lab Overview In this investigation, you will be constructing animal and plant proteins using beads to represent the amino acids.
More informationAEROBIC RESPIRATION. Chapter 8
AEROBIC RESPIRATION Chapter 8 AEROBIC RESPIRATION Aerobic respiration is the next step after Glycolysis if the cell can obtain oxygen. We won t need it until the last step but we still need it. Remember
More informationMidterm 1 Last, First
Midterm 1 BIS 105 Prof. T. Murphy April 23, 2014 There should be 6 pages in this exam. Exam instructions (1) Please write your name on the top of every page of the exam (2) Show all work for full credit
More informationBiological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle
Biological oxidation II The Cytric acid cycle Outline The Cytric acid cycle (TCA tricarboxylic acid) Central role of Acetyl-CoA Regulation of the TCA cycle Anaplerotic reactions The Glyoxylate cycle Localization
More informationNitrogen Metabolism. Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18
Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak
More information0010 Amino Acid Analysis - 40 Plasma
770.446.5483 770.441.2237 This report contains reference range adjustments from routine revalidation procedures. It also contains the following three upgrades: 1) The amino acids have been reorganized
More informationMetabolic Pathways and Energy Metabolism
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Metabolism Last Week Energy Metabolism - The first thing a living organism has got to be able to do is harness energy from the environment - Plants do it by absorbing sunlight
More informationAMINO ACID METABOLISM
AMINO ACID METABOLISM PHL-285 Biochemistry-2 Mahmoud N. Nagi, Ph.D. Professor of Biochemistry Overview of amino acid metabolism. Classification of amino acids. Biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids.
More informationFREE ENERGY Reactions involving free energy: 1. Exergonic 2. Endergonic
BIOENERGETICS FREE ENERGY It is the portion of the total energy change in a system that is available for doing work at constant temperature and pressure; it is represented as ΔG. Reactions involving free
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.2 Light energy
More information0010 Amino Acids 40 Profile - Plasma
Accession #: Order #: G1234567 Date Collected: Date Received: 01/22/2013 Reference #: Patient: Date of Birth: 02/05/1962 Date of Report: Telephone: 7704464583 Ordering Physician: 1234 Main St. Anywhere,
More informationUse of RapidFire/MS for Metabolomics. - from untargeted to targeted and Pathway driven analysis. RapidFire/MS. Moritz Wagner Agilent Technologies
Use of RapidFire/MS for Metabolomics RapidFire/MS - from untargeted to targeted and Pathway driven analysis Moritz Wagner Agilent Technologies 1 Agilent RapidFire TM High-throughput Mass Spectrometry System
More informationVocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
Vocabulary Amphibolic: able to be a part of both anabolism and catabolism Anaplerotic: referring to a reaction that ensures an adequate supply of an important metabolite Citrate Synthase: the enzyme that
More information