Human Structure and Function LECTURE 1 ERIN HARRISON

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Howard Rodgers
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1 * Intrductin t Human Structure and Functin ULO1 = Structure ULO2 = Functin ULO3 = Applicatin f Knwledge TEXTBOOK: Dwnlad - Anatmical Landmarks - Directinal References - Sectinal Planes Structure = Anatmy Functin = Physilgy Human Structure and Functin LECTURE 1 Atms Water Mlecule Cellular Level Tissue Organs (I.e. Bladder) Organ System Level (I.e. Renal System) Organism Level (I.e. Human [Whle]) 11 Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System - Skin - Hair - Sweat Glands - Nails 2. Skeletal System - Bnes - Cartilage - Ligaments - Bne Marrw

2 3. Muscular System - Tendns - Skeletal Muscles 4. Nervus System - Brain - Spinal Crd - Sense Organs - Peripheral Nerves 5. Endcrine System - Pituitary Gland - Thyrid Gland - Pancreas - Adrenal Gland - Gnads (Testes and Ovaries) - Endcrine tissues in ther systems 6. Cardivascular System - Heart - Bld - Bld Vessels 7. Lymphatic System - Spleen - Thymus - Lymphatic Vessels - Lymphatic Ndes - Tnsils 8. Respiratry System - Nasal Cavity - Sinuses - Larynx - Trachea - Brnchi - Lungs - Alveli 9. Digestive System - Teeth - Tngue - Salivary Glands - Pharynx - Oesphagus - Stmach - Small/ Large Intestines - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas

3 10. Urinary System - Kidneys - Ureters - Urinary Bladder - Urethra 11. Reprductive - Gnads (Testes and Ovary) - Reprductive Tracts - Mammary Glands (In Breasts) * Chemical Level f Bdy Organisatin Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 2 Organic = Cntains carbn, hydrgen (I.e. Methane) Inrganic = Des nt cntain carbn r hydrgen (I.e. H2O) * If it has 1 f either carbn r hydrgen = Inrganic WATER - Slubility: Mlecules disslve t becme slutin - Reactivity: Medium fr chemical reactins - High heat capacity (Absrb a lt f heat befre turning int gas: Steam) - Lubricatin Hydrphilic = Likes water Hydrphbic = Hates water ACID/ BASE/ SALTS * Acids: Releases H+ int slutin (Aqueus) E.g. Hydrchlric Acid (HCI) H+ + CI- * Base: Remves H+ frm slutin E.g. Sdium Hydrxide (NaOH) NA+ + OH- * Salt: Made frm cmpund ins ther than H+ and OH- E.g. Sdium Chlride ION: Psitive r negative charge nt acid r base ph = Measure f H+ cncentratin * Neutral: ph = 7 (H+=OH-[Same]) * Acid: ph = <7 (H+[Mre]>OH-[Less]) * Base: ph = >7 (H+[Less]<OH-[Mre]) [H+]= 1x10-7(Pwer f -7)ml/L

4 Buffers = - Balance ph f slutin Hw? Adding r remving H+ * Resisting change f a ph i.e. H2CO3H+ + HO3- Majr Organic: - Carbhydrate - Lipids - Prteins - Nucleic Acids - High Energy Cmpunds Have bth carbn and hydrgen Carbhydrate (CHO) 1:2:1 1 Carbn: 2 Hydrgen: 1 Oxygen Mn(1)saccharide i.e. Glucse (C6H12O6) 1:2:1 Di(2)saccharide i.e. Sucrse (Table sugar) Ply(3)saccharide i.e. Starch, glycgen Stred: Waits in cells t be used as energy Lipids Fats (CH) 1:2 1 Carbn: 2 Hydrgen - Fats, ils, waxes Imprtant structure in cell walls 2x as much energy as CHOs * Make up hrmnes: Sterids, eicsanids * Energy: Fatty acids Prteins (CHON) Wrkers f cells * Supprt: Mvement, transprt, buffering, metablic regulatin, crdinatin and cntrl, defence * Defence: Internal Antibdies: Prteins External Skin, nails, hair: Prtein

5 All Prteins = Amin acids in chains * Organisatin f the Cell Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 3 CELLS (Sma= Means bdy) - Building blcks f plants and animals - Different shapes and functins (I.e. cmplete different structure frm RBC t brain cell = Different rles) - Individually and in a grup - Cell membrane keeps everything tgether Sex Cells: Germ cells (Sperm and Egg) Smatic Cells: All ther cells CELL MEMBRANE - Cell wall: Cntains furniture and cntains drs and windws (Made f prtein) t allw things in/ut - Plasma membrane= Made up f lipids - Regulates exchange within envirnment - Cell membrane can detect temp, ph and hrmnes etc. - Structure and supprt: Cntains everything CYTOPLASM (Cyt= Cell) - Cytplasm (Inner): Sup f the cell - Organelles: Structures within the cell (I.e. Glgi Bdy) - Cytplasm (External): Different ins, high cncentratin f prtein, amin acids and energy stres. ORGANELLES Organelle: Cytskeletn Cytplasm What is des: The cytskeletn is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal rganizatin Cytplasm is a thick slutin that fills each cell and is enclsed by the cell membrane

6 Mitchchndria Lyssmes Ribsmes Glgi Apparatus Endplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Nuclelus Chrmsmes Creates pwer fr the cell. Organelle in the cytplasm f eukarytic cells cntaining degradative enzymes enclsed in a membrane. Ribsmes are the prtein builders r the prtein synthesizers f the cell. It is anther packaging rganelle like the endplasmic reticulum (ER) netwrk f membranus tubules within the cytplasm f a eukarytic cell, cntinuus with the nuclear membrane Cmmander f the cell. The nuclelus is the nuclear sub dmain that assembles ribsmal subunits in eukarytic cells. Cntains specific DNA f an individual and is the specific instructins fr each unique living creature. Cytskeletn (Prteins) * 1. Micrfilaments (Smallest) - Made f Prtein: Actin - Actin interacts with Mysin t chance cell shape - Represent f Micrvilli (Prteins) = Finger like prjectins f membrane (Increases surface area) - Micrvilli allws yu t absrb mre nutrients thrugh fd - Actin cytskeletn lines the Micrvilli t add structure * 2. Intermediate Filaments (Middle) - Maintain cell shape - Stabilise rganelle and cell psitin - Cells/ cell rganelles must be tied tgether with prteins that expand the cell membrane: Dne by intermediate filaments * 3. Micrtubules (Largest) - Made f Prtein: Tubulin - Little tubes - Micrtubules are in all cells - Strngest cytskeletn - Help with cells shape and transprt - Cilia (Particularly Nasal)are like Micrvilli but are much lnger (Finger like prjectins): Cilia helps keep the airway clean Nucleus - Biggest rganelle in the cell: Warehuse that hlds DNA - Nuclear Envelpe: Surrunded by an envelpe but has pres t allw fr cmmunicatin - Nucleplasm: Structural supprt -Nucleli: Make rrnamade ribsmes - DNA: Extremely lng

Ribsme s - Site f prtein synthesis - DNA RNA Ribsme s Amin Acids (Prteins) - Small/ large ribsmal subunits Endplasmic Reticulum(Netwrk) - Prteins are fed int ER and flded and had additinal things

7 Ribsme s - Site f prtein synthesis - DNA RNA Ribsme s Amin Acids (Prteins) - Small/ large ribsmal subunits Endplasmic Reticulum(Netwrk) - Prteins are fed int ER and flded and had additinal things added - Synthesising prteins, carbhydrates and lipids - Tubular netwrk (+ Transprt): Gd fr string Cytslic mlecules - Detxificatin: ER breaks dwn txins SER: - Smth ER - N ribsmes - Synthesis f lipids, chlesterl etc RER: - Rugh ER - Has ribsmes - Packages and mdifies new prteins Glgi Apparatus - Packages (In vesicles) things and sends them where they re needed - Mdifies and packages, maintains cell membrane, packages enzymes fr use in cytsl - Packaging vesicles: Secretry, membrane renewal, lyssmes (Lys: Split, Smes: Little) Lysmmes * Cell Membranes and Transprt Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 4 Cell Membrane: - Regulates envirnments exchange (Internal and External) - Structure - Sensitivity (Sense and Respnd) * Cmpsed f; = Lipids, Carbhydrates and Prtein - Water Sluble Unsaturated Fatty Acid

8 Saturated Fatty Acid * Research: Micelle Fat based mlecules pass (Diffuse) freely acrss the membrane: N need fr channel Carbhydrates: - Lubricatin and prtectin - Recgnitin - Specificity (Receptrs) and binding - Anchring and lcmtin Prteins: Integral: - In membrane (Thrughut): Prtein Channel * Drs and windws Peripheral: - Inner OR uter membrane *Wall reinfrming s - 1 channel recgnises 1 accepting mlecule (i.e. ONLY calcium etc. ) Anchr Prteins: - Stabilise cell (E.g. Attach t cytskeletn) Recgnitin Prteins: - Immune respnse (E.g. Glycprtein s) Enzymes: - Peripheral and integral Receptr Prteins: - Chemical specific (E.g. Insulin ONLY etc.) Carrier Prteins: - Transprt (E.g. Sdium Transprt etc.) Channels: - Gaps/ pres - Mvement water and ins - Mlecule specific TRANSPORT: - Permeability (Impermeable; N passage)

9 * Selectivity depending n cell (Sme materials and nt thers) ACTIVE: - Requires Energy (ATP) Adensine Tri Phsphate PASSIVE: - N Energy required MECHANISMS: - Diffusin (Passive) - Carrier Mediated (Passive) - Osmsis (Passive) - Vesicular Transprt (Active) Diffusin * Slute (Slvent i.e. Water [Main ne]) - Disslved in slutin (E.g. Ins, gases) * Slutin - Fluid with disslved wit materials (E.g. Bld) * Cncentratin gradient dependent - High Lw Affects Diffusin: Distance, mlecule size, temp, gradient size, electrical frces Osmsis (Mvement f Water) - Osmlaity: Cncentratin f slutes Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 5 * Cellular Metablism Metablism: Chemical reactins that ccur in the bdy * Catablic: Break dwn = Energy released * Anablic: Build up/ synthesis f rganic mlecules = Requires energy 1. Eat fd (energy cntaining nutrients) 2. Catablism (Exergnic; energy prductin) ATP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2 (Chemical Energy) End Prducts: CO2, H2O, NH3 3. Anablism (Endergnic; energy use) ADP + Pi, NAD+, NADP+, FAD Cell Macrmlecules Prduced: Plysaccharide, lipids, prtein, nucleic acids Catablism: - Breakdwn f rganic cmpunds - Releases energy t synthesis ATP * Mitchndria:

10 - Prduces ATP fr cell prcesses - Prduces heat energy Anablism: - Synthesis f new rganic mlecules - Requires energy - Maintenance and repair, grwth, secretins - Nutrient Pl: Reserves (I.e. Eat away at muscles t supply mitchndria if nt eating) Surces f Energy t Prduce ATP: - Eat fd Prduce prteins, carbhydrates, triglycerides Amin acids, glucse, glycerl and fatty acids ADP ATP Cellular Respiratin: *GET BIO NOTES* - Glyclysis - Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) - Electrn Transprt Anaerbic: Withut xygen Aerbic: With xygen Enzymes (Prteins): - Catalyst - Specific shape (Receptr) - Influences by envirnment (I.e. Temperature, ph etc.) * Tissue Level f Bdy Organisatin Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 6 - A tissue is a specialised grup f cells which crdinate tgether t perfrm the specific functins f that tissue. * Types: - Epithelial Tissue (Integumental System) - Cnnective Tissue - Muscle Tissue - Neural Tissue Epithelial Tissue: - Cllectin f epithelial cells and glands * Functins: - Cellular, plarity, attachment (Basal Lamina: Bttm f cell), avascular (N Bld Vessels), regeneratin (Repair itself) - Physical prtectin, cntrl permeability, sensry stimuli, secretins

11 Shape: - Squamus (Squashed/ Flat) - Cubidal (Cube) - Clumnar (Clumn: Lnger than it is wide) Number f Cell Layers: (Figure 4.6) - Simple (One cell layer: Singular) i.e. OOOOO - Stratified (Multiple layers: Duble r +) i.e. OOOOO OOOOO Squamus * Simple: - Delicate and smth - Regin f absrptin/ diffusin - E.g. Lungs, bld vessels * Stratified: - Layers - Regin f mechanic stress - E.g. Muth (Nn-Keratinized), Skin (Keratinized) Cubidal * Simple: - Minimal prtectin - E.g. Kidney Tubules * Stratified - Rare - E.g. Lining ducts n mammary glands * Transitinal: - Can stretch and recil t suit any need - E.g. Lining f the bladder wall Clumnar * Simple: - Secretin and absrptin - E.g. Stmach * Pseudstratified: - Several cell types - Single layer E.g. Respiratry tract, male reprductive system * Stratified: - Rate - Prtectin - E.g. Anus, urethra

Topic 1: Cell Biology (Student) Essential Idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure that prokaryotes.

Topic 1: Cell Biology (Student) Essential Idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure that prokaryotes. Tpic 1: Cell Bilgy (Student) 1.2 Essential Idea: Eukarytes have a much mre cmplex cell structure that prkarytes. 1.2 Intrductin t Cells i. Prkarytes have a simple cell structure withut cmpartmentalizatin.