Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report August EuFMD

Transcription

1 2015 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report EuFMD

2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report Guest Editor Dr. Labib BAKKALI KASSIMI Anses Maisons Alfort Animal Health Laboratory OIE / National Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease # I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page. Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

3 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 4 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 7 A. POOL 1 Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia... 7 B. POOL 2 South Asia... 9 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS: V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

4 Guest Editor s comments Dear Reader, I would like to thank the EuFMD Secretariat for inviting me as Guest Editor to write some comments in this report. This is a great honour for me and a pleasure. First I would like to underline the great importance, usefulness and quality of this monthly report that provides an overview of the global situation of FMD and summarizes the latest reported FMD events and findings. The reported data are the result of the great efforts made by veterinary services and laboratories for the identification of circulating FMDV strains. This information is of great importance for disease monitoring and control and for the selection of appropriate vaccine strains. As an example we can read in this report that the FMD isolates O/HKN/ 1 and 2/ 2015 collected from outbreaks in pigs in China did not match with vaccine strains employed in VMSD tests. Similar results were also reported with four FMDV strains of genotype A/ASIA/Iran-05 isolated in 2015 in Pakistan. Indeed, VMSD tests conducted by the WRLFMD indicated that these isolates showed low to no matching rate with the vaccine strains used. On the other side, isolate O/MOG2/2015 collected in February 2015 in Mongolia was reported to match with the vaccine strains used in the VMSD test performed by the WRLFMD. These findings are of great importance for the control of disease and should reduce the use of inadequate vaccines and aid in the selection of effective vaccine strains. These examples illustrate the importance of the rapid identification and characterization of circulating FMDV strains during outbreaks. However, there are still gaps in the knowledge of circulating strains in some endemic areas because of a lack of FMD laboratory diagnostic capacity and low or no submission rates of suspected samples to reference laboratories. The lack of submissions is partly due to the high costs of international shipments of samples as dangerous goods and transport under dry ice. Therefore, development of a safe and low cost way to transport suspected samples should help in increasing submissions. Furthermore, development of user-friendly, cheaper and ready-to-use diagnostic kits should allow performing the diagnosis locally. International coordinated efforts to improve laboratory capacity through training and provision of kits and reagents, and to provide support for sampling should be continued and strengthened. Kind regards Labib 3

5 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period POOL REGION/COUNTRIES colour pools as in Map SEROTYPES 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province), Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian O, A, Asia 1 Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan O, A, Asia 1 4 EASTERN AFRICA O, A, SAT 1, Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, SAT 2, SAT 3 Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo, Côte d Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Egypt, Libya and Congo D. R. (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL- OVER FROM POOL 4 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in (Map 1) (Presence of Pool 4 in Libya and North Zambia not shown on map) O, A 4

6 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1- SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation China (Hong Kong, SAR) 1 Two FMDV serotype O field isolates collected during 2015 did not match with any of the vaccine strains in the vaccine matching strain differentiation (VMSD) tests conducted by the WRLFMD. Laos PDR 1 A laboratory-isolated strain from a bovine clinical specimen was identified by the WRLFMD as FMDV serotype A. Mongolia 1 A field isolate collected during FMD outbreaks that started in Khovd, Mongolia in February 2015 matched with the vaccine strains employed in the VMSD tests conducted by the WRLFMD. POOL 2 - SOUTH ASIA India 2 FMDV serotype O was detected among the ten samples tested during by the Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research. POOL 3 - WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan 1 Genotyping by WRLFMD was carried out on FMDV isolates from samples collected in cattle between 2013 and 2014 positive for serotypes A, Asia 1 and O. Pakistan 1, 3 - VMSD tests conducted by the WRLFMD on FMDV strains isolated during 2015 showed a low matching rate and with values at the limit of that showing an antigenic relationship with the vaccine strains employed. One hundred and two FMD outbreaks were reported during July 2015 throughout Pakistan, within the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project, caused by FMDV serotypes, A, Asia 1 and O with the latter being the most prevalent. POOL 4 - EASTERN AFRICA Ethiopia 4 Tissues and serum samples collected from an outbreak of FMD were examined by the National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia and resulted respectively positive for FMDV serotypes O and SAT 2 and for FMDV 3ABC non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies. Kenya 5 The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected FMDV serotypes A, O, SAT 1 and SAT 2 in the 11 bovine samples examined. Tanzania 1 Genotyping by the WRLFMD of the FMDV serotype O detected in samples collected in 2014, in Tanzania were all identified as O/ EA-2/unnamed. Uganda 6 The National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC) reported that twenty-four outbreaks occurred between January and July 2015, in cattle in different areas of Uganda. FMDV SAT 2 was identified In the outbreaks where serotyping was possible. POOL 5 - WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Cameroon 7 - pan-fmdv serotype RT-PCR was conducted by The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) on 200 bovine samples with ten of them resulting positive. POOL 6 - SOUTHERN AFRICA 5

7 Angola 8 - A FMD outbreak for which serotyping is pending was reported to have started on the 15 th of August in a cattle herd in Cunene, Angola. Botswana 8 Two different FMD events, all occurring in cattle, which respectively started in July and, due to FMDV SAT 2 for the first and serotyping still pending for the second, are reported as ongoing. Zimbabwe 8 Twenty new FMD outbreaks were reported to have occurred between the 16 th of July and the 6 th of for which FMDV serotype SAT 2 is responsible. POOL 7 - SOUTH AMERICA Latin America 8 - No outbreaks reported. is the 11 th anniversary since the last world report of a FMDV serotype C outbreak. COUNTER *** 44 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 132 MONTHS i.e. 11 YEARS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED 6

8 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation A. POOL 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA China (Hong Kong, Sar) 1 Two FMD isolates O/HKN/1 and 2/2015, collected from outbreaks in pigs occurring in New Territories, both identified as FMDV serotype O/Cathay/unnamed, with a sequence identity (seq. id.) of 99.69% did not present any neutralization in (VMSD) tests. The vaccines strains employed were O 3039, O Manisa, O Taw 98 and 0/TUR/5/2009. Further details of the results of serotyping, genotyping and of VMSD tests conducted by the WRLFMD, cited within this report, will be given in the forthcoming WRLFMD Quarterly Report (July - September, 2015). Laos PDR 1, 9 A laboratory-isolated strain from a bovine clinical specimen was identified by the WRLFMD as FMDV serotype A. The sample was collected in March Previous diagnosis of the same serotype occurred in 2014 and the three field strains were genotyped as FMDV A/ASIA/Sea-97 while last outbreaks (three) in the country were reported in May 2015, two of which were identified as being caused by FMDV serotype O, while the other outbreak was not sampled. Mongolia 1 A field isolate, O/MOG 2/2015, collected during the first outbreaks of a FMD episode in cattle that started in February 2015, in Khovd, Mongolia matched with the vaccine strains employed in the VMSD tests conducted by the WRLFMD. The strain O/SEA/Mya-98 matched with O IND R2/75 BVS 1 and 2. Russian Federation 10 During, the Russian Research Institute for Animal Health (FGBI-ARRIAH) examined 1,934 sera for the presence of FMD antibodies for post-vaccination monitoring purposes. Other ongoing activities reported by the laboratory are studies on the immunobiological properties of FMDV serotype O and the provision of support in the form of materials and advice respectively to the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and to the Veterinary services of the Russian Federation Subjects. Southeast Asia 9 No new FMD outbreaks were registered in, in Southeast Asia and the number of FMD events and the countries in which they are ongoing are listed in Table 2. Location of outbreaks is presented in Map 2. Table 2: Distribution of FMDV outbreaks reported as ongoing during in countries of the Southeast Asia area. Countries in Southeast Asia with ongoing FMD outbreaks Total number of outbreaks Cambodia 120 Myanmar 3 Malaysia 46 Thailand 4 Viet Nam 16 Total 189 7

9 Map 2: Location of FMD outbreaks reported as ongoing during in the countries of the Southeast Asia area listed in Table 2 (SEAFMD). Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Table 3: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, , for geographic distribution see Map 3 below. COUNTRY Cambodia FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between O, /NOT SAMPLED LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # Apr 2015/O, Aug 2014/ not typed, June 2014/not typed Comment Typing required China (People's Rep. of) /O, 2013/A, Apr 2015/O, May 2015/A Typing required China (Hong Kong, Sar) O Apr 2015/O China (Taiwan Province) /O, Jun 2015/A Typing required Korea (DPR) /DISEASE ABSENT May 2014/not confirmed, July 2014/O Follow-up needed Korea (Rep. of) /DISEASE ABSENT April 2015/O Follow-up needed Laos PDR 2012/DISEASE PRESENT WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA BUT WITH AN UNKNOWN NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS Mar 2015/A and O Malaysia /O Apr 2015/O 2013/NOT TYPED Typing required Mongolia 2013/A Sept 2013/A, May 2015/O Myanmar /O Apr 2015/O, July 2014/ not typed Typing required Russian Federation 2012/O, 2013/A March 2015/O and A Thailand O, A and NOT TYPED Jun 2014 /A, Oct 2012/O, Sept 2014/not typed Typing required 8

10 Vietnam O, NOT SAMPLED /A, Apr 2015/A and Asia 1 July 2015/O, July 2014/not typed Typing required Map 3: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in Pool 1 per : Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 Serotype Asia-1 (not detected in the region since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (P.R. China) B. POOL 2 South Asia India 2 Ten clinical samples of which seven were collected from cattle and three from buffaloes were found positive for FMDV serotype O. The samples were examined by PD-FMD, India using FMDV antigen and/or RNA detection methods. Further to these, another set of ten samples underwent serotyping and six were identified as FMDV serotype A and four as serotype O. Eight field isolates of which six were FMDV serotype A and two serotype O were subjected to vaccine matching tests. A total of 17,021 serum samples were tested for FMDV antibodies in the course of epidemiological studies. FMD diagnosis was carried out using indigenous diagnostic kits developed at PDFMD, Mukteswar. The laboratory is constantly involved in the investigation of FMD field outbreaks, in the provision of expert advice to Government, national/local authorities or to other services and in research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Table 4: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, , for geographic distribution see Map 4 below. COUNTRY Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA NOT TYPED, 2013/NOT SAMPLED /O O, A, NOT SAMPLED /Asia /NOT TYPED O, /Asia 1 LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # Not available Not available Apr 2015/Asia 1, Aug 2015/O Apr 2014/O Comment Follow-up needed Sri Lanka /O Sept 2014/O Follow-up needed 9

11 Map 4: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 2 per : O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during ) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2011 in Sri Lanka) A/ASIA/IND (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and Western clusters) C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Afghanistan 1 FMDV positive samples for serotypes A, Asia 1 and 0, collected from cattle during 2013 and 2014 were genotyped by the WRLFMD. The results are summarised in Table 5. Table 5: Summary of genotyping results of samples positive for serotypes A, Asia 1 and 0, collected from cattle in Afghanistan, during 2013 and Strain Identification Date of collection Species sampled locality of sampling Genotype Most closely related field virus (% seq. Id.) Most closely related refrence visus (% se. Id.) AFG/32/2013 AFG/28/2013 AFG/30/ /12/2013 Panjsher A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-11 A/AFG/32/2013 (99.69) A/AFG/28/2013 (99.69) A/IRN/1/2011 (97.50) A/IRN/1/2011 (97.81) AFG/23/ /12/2013 AFG/24/ /12/2013 Asia1/AFG/24/2013 (99.68) Asia1/AFG/27/2013 (99.84) AFG/27/ /12/2013 Herat Asia1/AFG/4/2014 (100) AFG/4/ /04/2014 ASIA 1/ASIA/Sindh-08 Asia1/AFG/27/2013 (100.00) Asia1/PAK/8/2008 (94.31) Asia1/PAK/8/2008 (94.63) AFG/23/ /12/2013 O/AFG/27/2013 (100) O/IRN/88/2009 (95.15) AFG/27/ /12/2013 O/AFG/23/2013 (100) AFG/31/ /12/2013 Cattle Panjsher O/AFG/8/2014 (100) O/IRN/88/2009 (94.99) AFG/1/ /04/2014 Kapisa O/AFG/2/2014 (100) AFG/2/ /04/2014 O/AFG/1/2014 (100) Asia1/PAK/8/2008 (94.47) O/IRN/88/2009 (95.31) AFG/3/ /04/2014 Kabul O/PAK/12/2014 (99.84) AFG/5/ /04/2014 Logar O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 ANT-10 O/PAK/12/2014 (99.37) O/IRN/88/2009 (94.84) AFG/6/ /04/2014 Kapisa O/PAK/23/2014 (98.90) O/IRN/88/2009 (94,37) AFG/7/ /04/2014 Logar O/PAK/23/2014 (98.69) O/IRN/88/2009 (94.99) AFG/8/ /04/2014 O/AFG/31/2013 (100) AFG/9/ /05/2014 Kapisa O/AFG/23/2013 (100) O/IRN/88/2009 (95.15) AFG/10/ /05/2014 Kabul O/PAK/12/2014 (99.53) O/IRN/88/2009 (94.99) 10

12 Pakistan 1, 3 VMSD tests conducted by the WRLFMD on four FMDV strains, all genotyped as A/ASIA/ Iran-05 FAR-11 and isolated during 2015, gave results ranging from low values at the limit of that showing an antigenic relationship to no neutralization with the vaccine strains employed. Summary of the results are presented in Table 6. Table 6: summary of VMSD tests conducted by WRLFMD on four FMDV serotype A field strains collected in 2015 in Pakistan Field isolate Vaccine strain A IRN/2005 A/TUR/20/2006 A22 IRQ/24/64 A/PAK/12/2015 M NM M A/PAK/13/2015 NM NM NN A/PAK/16/2015 NM NM NN A/PAK/21/2015 NM NM M M - suggests close antigenic relationship between field isolate and vaccine strain NM - suggests field isolated is antigenically different from the vaccine strain NN - no neutralization Within the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project, there has been upsurge in the report of FMD cases throughout Pakistan with 102 cases for August compared to the six of the previous month. The outbreaks were caused by FMDV serotypes, A (9), Asia 1 (11) and O (54), while a further four outbreaks were caused by more than one serotype and another five were caused by serotypes not yet defined. The provinces in which the outbreaks occurred were the following: Sindh, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Azad Kashmi, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Islamabad Capital Territory, Gilgit Baltistan. Vaccination within the Project against FMD was carried out in 31,889 animals and a summary of this activity is reported in Table 7. Within the projects of awareness raising of livestock farmers and capacity building of field staff and policy makers, meetings were held for the various professional levels with the respective participation of farmers (58) and field officers (129) with the distribution to the latter of sample collection kits. A FMD ELISA laboratory has been officially inaugurated in FATA on 29 by Dr Malik Ayaz Wazir Director (Livestock). Table 7: summary of the animals vaccinated in the different livestock production units, during, in Pakistan Province Ring Vaccination Dairy Colonies Rural dairy production system Cost sharing basis* Government Livestock Farms/ Yaks/ Cholistan desert farming system Sindh Balochistan KPK Punjab AJK FATA Gilgit ICT Total 1,415 8,350 8,894 13, *Farmers of dairy colonies are actively participating in a cost-sharing vaccination program. 11

13 Table 8: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, , for geographic distribution see Map 5 below. COUNTRY Afghanistan FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in /O, A, Asia 1, NOT TYPED 2012/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # 2014/A, Asia 1, O Comment Algeria 2014/O Apr 2015/O Armenia /DISEASE ABSENT 2006/A Azerbaijan DISEASE ABSENT 2007/0 Bahrain 2012 /O Oct 2014/O Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 April 2014/Sat 2, /O, A Jan-April 2015/A & O Georgia DISEASE ABSENT 2001/ASIA 1 Iran O, A, /Asia 1 Jun 2013/Asia 1, Apr 2014/O, A Iraq /O, A Dec 2013/A, O Israel /O Nov 2013/O Jordan DISEASE ABSENT 2006/A Kazakhstan 2012/O /A Aug 2012/O, Jun 2013/ A Kuwait 2012/O / DISEASE ABSENT Jan 2012/O Kyrgyzstan /O, A Apr 2013 /O, A, Aug 2014/NOT TYPED Typing required Lebanon DISEASE ABSENT 2010/not typed Libya NO DATA AVAILABLE Oct 2013/O Oman /O May 2015/SAT 2 Pakistan DISEASE LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES Aug 2015/A, Asia 1 and O Autonomous Territories O, Mar 2013/Sat 2, Nov Palestine SAT /O Qatar /O Dec 2013/O Saudi Arabia 2013/O Mar 2014/O Syrian Arab Republic DISEASE ABSENT 2002/ A & O Tajikistan 2012/NOT TYPED Nov 2011/Asia 1, Nov 2012/ 2013/DISEASE ABSENT NOT TYPED Tunisia 2014/O Oct 2014/O Turkey Asia 1, A, O, NOT TYPED Nov 2014/O, Feb 2015/ A and Asia 1 Turkmenistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available United Arab Emirates 2012/DISEASE ABSENT /O Jan 2014/O Uzbekistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available 12

14 Map 5: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3 per : O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09 sub-lineages) O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion per 2013 from the Indian sub-continent) A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from SIS-12, SIS-10, FAR- 11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages) Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage). D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Ethiopia 1, 4 The tissue and serum samples examined by NAHDIC using FMDV antigen detection and 3ABC NSP ELISA were respectively positive for FMDV serotypes O and SAT 2. The samples were collected from cattle in an outbreak of FMD located in the Oromia Regional State North Shoa, north of Addis Ababa. The FMDV strain 0/ETH/3/2015, isolated from a local zebu and genotyped as O/EA-3/unnamed, matched with vaccine strains, O/3039 and 0/TUR/5/2009 but not with 0/Manisa in the VMSD tests conducted by the WRLFMD. Other VMSD tests conducted on strains SAT 2/ETH/22/2014 and SAT 2/ETH/2/2015 isolated from a local bovine breed and zebu and both genotyped as SAT2/VII/Alx-12 matched both with SAT 2/ERI and only the former field strain with SAT 2/ZIM. Kenya 5 The FMD Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected FMDV serotypes A (2), O (1), SAT 1 (7) and SAT (1) 2 in the 11 bovine samples examined using FMD Ag detection ELISA and/or RT-PCR. The laboratory is continuing postvaccination monitoring and was actively involved in the Investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field. Tanzania 1 Further to the genotyping of FMDV serotype SAT 1, results of which were reported in the July issue of the Global Monthly report, the WRLFMD has completed the genotyping of the FMDV serotype O, detected in samples that were submitted via Miss Tiziana Lembo of the Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow. The samples were collected in cattle 2014, in Tanzania and were all identified as O/ EA-2/unnamed. All the field isolates had 100% seq. id. except for one with a seq. id of 99.84% with the former group. Other than these viruses, the most closely related field virus was O/COD/3/2010 with lowest seq. id. of 97.81% while O/UGA/3/2002 (DQ165077) represented the most closely related reference virus with lowest seq. id. of %. Continuous reports of FMDV O/ EA-2/unnamed, the only circulating genotype in the country, have been ongoing since Uganda 6 The NADDEC reported that starting from January to June 2015, various outbreaks were reported in different areas in Uganda (Map 6). As areas in which outbreaks were reported are not contiguous, movement of animals and/or their commodities could be responsible for this. FMDV SAT 1 was the only circulating serotype, confirmed in 16 of the 24 outbreaks occurring in four districts of Uganda (Map 7) and studies on these field strains, including sequencing and vaccine matching studies are on going. A summary of the details of the individual outbreaks is reported in Table 9. An overall low morbidity rate was registered. 13

15 Map 6: Location of FMD outbreaks reported between January and June 2015 in Uganda. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Map 7: Location of outbreaks diagnosed as FMDV SAT 2 in September 2015 in Uganda. 14

16 Table 9: summary of FMD outbreaks reported between January and July 2015 in Uganda. Outbreak District Date of Outbreak Animal Species Involved Cases Animals At Risk Apparent morbidity rate MPIGI 09/07/2015 Not reproted 139,512 SEMBABULE 25/07/ NAKASONGOLA 30/07/ NAKASONGOLA 30/07/ LUWEERO 18/07/2015 KYANKWANZI 07/07/ , MUKONO 10/07/ NAKASEKE 03/06/ NAKASEKE 03/06/ NAKASEKE 03/06/ NAKASEKE 03/06/ NAKASEKE 03/06/2015 Cattle ISINGIRO 10/07/ ISINGIRO 10/07/ ISINGIRO 09/05/2015 Not 0 ISINGIRO 09/05/2015 reproted 0 ISINGIRO 09/05/ ISINGIRO 09/05/ KIRYANDONGO 15/06/ BUSIA 20/01/2015 Not reported Not reported WAKISO 10/08/ WAKISO 10/08/ WAKISO 10/08/2015 Not reported GOMBA Not reported Totals , LAB CONFIRMATION (Ag ELISA) SAT 1 SAT 1 SAT 1 Table 10: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, , for geographic distribution see Map 8 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # Comment Burundi NO DATA AVAILABLE Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Congo d. R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Djibouti DISEASE ABSENT Not available Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 April 2014/Sat 2, /O, A May 2014/A, Oct 2014/O Eritrea 2012/O Jan 2012/O Aug 2015/O and SAT 2, Jun Ethiopia pending, O, 2014/A and SAT 1, Jan 2012/A, SAT /confirmation Kenya Libya O, SAT1, SAT2, /A, 2012/NOT TYPED NO DATA AVAILABLE Aug 2015/ A, SAT1 and SAT 2 Apr 2015/O Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr 2012 Follow-up needed 15

17 Rwanda /A, O, SAT1, SAT 2 Nov 2012/not typed Typing required Somalia 2012/NOT SAMPLED / NO DATA 2011 AVAILABLE Sudan O, 2013/SAT 2, 2013/O, SAT /NOT TYPED South Sudan NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Tanzania 2012/O May 2015/O /A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2 Uganda May 2014/O Nov and untyped 2012/O, SAT /SAT1, Jan 2015/A, /NOT TYPED and 3, July 2015/ SAT 2 Genotyping required 2012/O, / DISEASE Yemen PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA 2009/O Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa (EUFMD) East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but currently available data are limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 4 per : O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo, Uganda), EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt) and EA-4 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania, D.R. Congo), IV (Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt) and VII (Ethiopia, Egypt)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Egypt), XIII (Ethiopia, Sudan)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997) E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa Cameroon 7 LANAVET conducted FMDV pan-serotypic RT-PCR on 200 bovine samples of which 10 scored positive. FMD serological diagnosis was also conducted on 500 swine sera among which 27 were positive. The laboratory was actively involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and is continuing its research collaborative projects with Plum Island Animal disease Centre and Ohio State University, USA. Ghana 11 ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana reported that over the years A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 were the FMDV serotypes detected from outbreaks. During 2015, three FMD outbreaks occurred however inappropriate sampling did not allow virus detection. The laboratory continues to inform field veterinary personnel to timely report suspected outbreaks and ensures appropriate sample collection for an accurate FMD diagnosis. 16

18 Nigeria 12 FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State Nigeria received a report of a FMD outbreak occurring during the month of August for which samples have not been yet forwarded for confirmation. Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, , for geographic distribution see Map 9 below. Country FMD history FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in Last outbreak reported/serotype # Comment (Genotyping would be useful for this region) Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Jun 2014/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Burkina Faso SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2013/ not available Cameroon SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Apr 2014/ A, Nov 2014/O, SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun Serotyping and genotyping 2014, Jan 2015 and July-Aug required 2015/untyped Cape Verde NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Central Afr. Rep. Chad DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA /SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Not available Not available Congo D. R /A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Congo R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Cote D'Ívoire 2012/A, NOT SAMPLED 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Jun 2013/not typed Equatorial DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT Guinea NOT CONFIRMED Not available Gabon NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Gambia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/O Ghana /SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2014/not available Guinea Biss. DISEASE ABSENT No data available Guinea / DISEASE ABSENT 2014/not available Liberia NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available 2012/DISEASE ABSENT Mali 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT 2011/2012, no precise data REPORTED Mauritania /NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Dec 2014/SAT 2 Niger /NOT SAMPLED 2014/not sampled Identification required Nigeria /NOT SAMPLED Sept 2014/0, SAT 1 and SAT Genotyping required 2, Feb 2015/ A Sao Tome 2012/DISEASE ABSENT, Not available Principe 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE Senegal 2012, 2014/NO DATA 2014/ SAT 1 AVAILABLE Feb 2015/ A and O 2013/DISEASE ABSENT, Sierra Leone DISEASE ABSENT Oct

19 Togo O, SAT 1, 2013/NOT TYPED 2012/O Map 9: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, (EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 5 per : Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 (Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV and VI) Serotype SAT 1 Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII) F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola 8 A FMD outbreak starting on the 15 th of, in a cattle herd in Cunene, Angola was reported for which laboratory confirmation is being conducted by the Central Veterinary Laboratory of Namibia (Regional Reference Laboratory) employing NSP ELISA and RT-PCR of the FMD serotype involved is pending. Location of the outbreak and summary of the animals involved is reported in Map 10 and Table 12. Source of the outbreak is unknown and control measures in place are quarantine, movement control inside the country, traceability screening, zoning, official destruction of animal products, disinfection, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone and modified stamping out. While no treatment is being administered to sick animals, other control measures that will be implemented are vaccination in response to the outbreak and surveillance outside containment and/or protection zone. Map 10: Location of FMD outbreaks reported in August 2015 in Cunene, Angola. 18

20 Table 12: summary of the number of bovines involved in the FMD outbreak reported in in Cunene, Angola. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 5, % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Botswana 8 The FMD event reported in July 2015 in zone 2E of Ngamiland, Botswana is ongoing with a further eight outbreaks reported on cattle farms on the following dates, 3 rd (6), 14 th (1) and 21 st (1) of. Diagnosis was confirmed by the Botswana Vaccine Institute (OIE s Reference Laboratory) and the serotype involved is FMDV SAT 2. Summary of the animals involved and location of the outbreaks is reported in Table 13 and Map 11. Source of the outbreaks is due to the illegal movement of animals and contact with wild species. New outbreaks were discovered during further surveillance activities in the crushes present in zone 2E where epidemiological investigations are continuing. Routine vaccination of the entire zone 2 was implemented. Ring vaccination around outbreak crushes is being carried out and a total of 19,197 animals have already received a trivalent vaccine containing serotypes SAT 1, 2 and 3. Further to vaccination, other control measures applied are movement control inside the country, disinfection, traceability and surveillance within containment and/or protection zone. Treatment to affected animals is not being provided. Table 13: summary of the number of bovines involved in the FMD outbreak reported in in zone 2E of Ngamiland District, Botswana. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Cattle 8, % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 11: Location of FMD outbreaks reported in August 2015 in zone 2E of Ngamiland District, Botswana. Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* 19

21 The second FMD event, which started in in zone 2D of Ngamiland, Botswana, is continuing with three new outbreaks respectively reported on the 4 th, 14 th and 21 st of the same month. Diagnosis is being conducted by the Botswana Vaccine Institute (OIE s Reference Laboratory and serotyping is pending. Even in this case, source of the outbreaks is due to illegal movement of animals and contact with wild species. FMD outbreaks were suspected as cattle were presenting signs, consistent FMD, reported by a farmer in zone 2D. Cattle had teat, feet and mouth lesions consistent with FMD. Field epidemiological investigations are ongoing. Location of the outbreak and summary of the animals involved is reported in Map 12 and Table 14. Control measures applied are disinfection, traceability, movement control inside the country, surveillance outside containment and/or protection zone and control of wildlife reservoirs. Affected animals are not being treated and vaccination will be carried out as a further control measure. Map 12: Location of FMD outbreaks reported in August 2015 in zone 2D of Ngamiland District, Botswana. Table 14: summary of the number of bovines involved in the FMD outbreak reported in in zone 2D of Ngamiland District, Botswana. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 2, % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Vaccination is being carried out in the FMD outbreak, southwest of the current outbreaks in zone 2D of Ngamiland District, Botswana, that started in March 2015, caused by FMDV SAT 2 and with last recorded outbreak in April A mass booster vaccination campaign with trivalent vaccine, containing SAT 1, 2 and 3 serotypes, is being carried out in zone 2 with a total of 106,458 cattle immunized. Surveillance is ongoing in the outbreak crushes and in an extension area, during which, cattle were identified and visually inspected in the grazing areas and watering points. No clinical cases of FMD were reported in the past 2 weeks. Other control measures in force are zoning with movement control inside the country and control of wildlife reservoirs. Even in another series of outbreaks occurring in CHOBE, Botswana during June 2015, with last case reported in the 1 st week of July 2015, a ring vaccination within 10km radius of the foci is being carried out with a SAT 1, 2,3 vaccine administered to 4,118 cattle. Further control measures being adopted in the area are quarantine and movement control inside the country. 20

22 RSA 13 The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute tested seven samples that were all negative for FMDV by RT-PCR, Liquid-phase blocking ELISA for antibodies against FMDV serotypes SAT 1, 2 and 3 and NSP ELISA were employed for testing respectively 5,814 and 308 samples. The laboratory continues its involvement on research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Zimbabwe 8 The FMD episode that started in April 2015 and which registered 38 outbreaks in June and July 2015 for which serotype SAT 2 is responsible, is reported as ongoing. Twenty new outbreaks occurred between the 16 th of July and the 6 th of, in cattle in Matabeleland South, Masvingo and Midlands, Zimbabwe. Summary of the animals involved and location of the outbreaks is reported in Table 15 and Map 13. The surveillance activities are continuing, consisting of weekly inspections of the affected premises and of all properties within a 20-km-radius zone. As the sources of the outbreak are various i.e. illegal movements of animals, contact with infected animal at grazing/watering and with wild species, this could explain the numerous outbreaks occurring. In fact, these were mainly attributed to the local spread from infected communal dip tank areas to adjacent ones as animals within the quarantined infected zone mix as they access water and grazing. Furthermore, outbreaks in Chiredzi district are occurring in the routine vaccination areas, as they are adjacent to national parks with resident wild buffalo, where cattle and wildlife share common grazing and watering points Routine FMD vaccinations in this area are behind schedule. As vaccine stocks available were not adequate to cover all affected areas, these are being adopted in a 10 km cordon area, created to prevent further spread of the outbreaks to the north and west of the country. In the infected areas, quarantine is applied together with no movement outside the prescribed area. However, limited movement is being allowed to access grazing and water as well as for direct slaughter at designated abattoirs under veterinary supervision. In MANICALAND, 50,000 cattle have undergone routine vaccination while in MASVINGO, 26,992 cattle within a 20-km-radius zone around the infected outbreaks have received a first booster vaccination. Table 15: summary of the number of bovines involved in the FMD outbreaks reported in July/ in Zimbabwe. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 21,691 1, % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter 21

23 Map 13: Location of FMD outbreaks reported during July and in Matabeleland South, Masvingo and Midlands, Zimbabwe. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Table 16: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, , for geographic distribution see Map 14 below. COUNTRY Angola Botswana FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in /DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED 2013/DISEASE ABSENT 2014/NO DATA AVAILABLE /SAT /SAT 1 LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # July 2015/ SAT 2 Jun 2015/typing pending Mar 2015/SAT 2, June 2015/SAT 1 Comment Follow up and typing required Typing required Congo D. R /A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Malawi /NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Oct 2011 Mozambique /DISEASE July 2015/SAT 2, Jun ABSENT, 2015/ typing pending Typing required 2014/NO DATA AVAILABLE Namibia /SAT 1 Jun 2015/SAT 2, July/typing pending Typing required South Africa 2012/SAT 2 Aug 2013/SAT 1, Nov 2013/SAT / SAT 2 Genotyping required Zambia 2012/SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2 Zimbabwe /SAT /SAT /SAT 1 Jun 2013/SAT 3, Sept 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2015/ SAT 2 22

24 Map 14: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for Southern Africa, (EuFMD) Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 per : Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 3 (topotypes I, II and III) Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation G. POOL 7 South America 8, 14 South America is the 11 th anniversary since the last serotype C outbreak was reported in South America. The OIE FMD status of the countries in South America as in April 2015 is presented in Map 15. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and continental Ecuador) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) as described by the OIE maps (see: Small areas of the continent may still be considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 15). The FMD history between is given in Table 17. Table 17: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, , for geographic distribution see Map 15 below COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE# Paraguay DISEASE ABSENT Dec 2011/O Venezuela DISEASE ABSENT 2011/O, A Comment National situation needs verification Map 15: FMD distribution for South America 8. 23

25 IV. OTHER NEWS: Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 15 The Global Foot and Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA) will hold its Scientific Meeting between the 20 th and 22 nd October 2015 Senegal 16 Laboratoire National de l Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) did not receive any reports of FMD outbreaks nor conduct any related activities. Uganda 17 Following the recommendations of the FAO Crisis Management Centre (CMC) Mission to Uganda, about the massive outbreaks of FMD in the country during 2014, a Technical Cooperation Programme (TCP) project was jointly developed by FAO-Uganda and the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF). The project activities are aimed at containing outbreaks, facilitate risk analysis and characterization of viruses in different parts of the country, as well as, the promotion of a strategic evolution through the road map for FMD progressive control pathway (PCP). As part of the FAO TCP, a start-off workshop was held in July 2015, Mukono near Kampala, followed by an extensive field training supported by FAO. The United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) funded the FMD recognition training. Both events contributed to the dissemination, by December 2015, of the final FMD strategic document. The aim of its implementation is to confirm Uganda as a non-fmd endemic status country (stage 4) along the PCP by The WRLFMD Quarterly Report April June 2015 published the following table (Table 18) that contains a list of FMDV strains for FMD-Free countries antigen banks. The discussion of this table is within the report. The WRLFMD is at present working to adopt a risk-based approach for identifying FMDV lineages and relate these to priority vaccines for use in Europe and other FMD-free settings. Table 18: Recommendations by the WRLFMD on FMD virus strains to be included in FMDV antigen banks (for FMD -free countries) June 2015 Note: Virus strains are NOT listed in order of importance 24

26 V. REFERENCES - Superscripts Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 1. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 2. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 3. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, GCP/PAK/123/USA - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 4. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 5. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula) 6. Uganda Country Presentation: Progress Towards Progressive Control Pathway of Foot-and-mouth disease (Dr. Ayebazibwe Chrisostom, PhD - Presentation on behalf of the Director for Animal Resources, Rep. of Uganda) 7. Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) -Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 8. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 9. SEAFMD, Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 11. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph Adongo Awuni) 12. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr. Ularamu Hussaini) 13. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of South Africa - (Dr LE Heat - Ms E Kirkbride) a Reunión Ordinaria de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa, Quito, Ecuador, April, 201.http: //ww2.panaftosa.org.br/cosalfa42/ Laboratoire National de l Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) (Dr Modou Moustapha Lô Miss Mariame Diop) OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report