Photosynthesis& Task&Cards& Complete&Units&and&Money&Saving&Bundles&

Transcription

1 Thank&you&so&much&for&supporting&Biology&Roots!& &I&am&so&excited&that&you&will&be&using&one&of&my&products&in&your&classroom&to&benefit&you&and&your& students.&listed&below&are&some&general&categories&of&products&that&i&offer&at&my&tpt&store:&& Cells& Cellular&Respiration& DNA&and&Protein&Synthesis& Ecology& Genetics& Interactive&Notebook&Supplements& DONOT POSTTHIS PRODUCT ONTHE WEB Photosynthesis& Task&Cards& Complete&Units&and&Money&Saving&Bundles& CopyrightNotice: &2015&Vanessa&Jason&( Biology&Roots )& "All&rights&reserved&by&author.&This&product&is&to&be&used&by&the&original&purchaser&only.&Duplication for other classes or by other teachers or for use in wide distribution as within a school district or on the internet in any form is strictly forbidden. Not for public display, including ANY websites. Violations are subject to the penalties of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Minor editing is allowed; the document remains under copyright even when edited.

2 1 Pathogens Notallpathogensarecreated equal. Somearehighlypathogenic,and othersare opportunis9c pathogens,meaningtheyonly causediseaseinhoststhatare alreadyunhealthyandhave compromisedimmunesystems. Pathogensaremicroorganisms thatarecapableofcausing disease. Examples/include/bacteria,/ viruses,/protozoa,/and/fungi.// Pathogensreleasetoxinsthat candestroyourcellsandmake ussick. Pathogenicac9vitythatisnot stoppedcanleadtonecrosis, whichis9ssueororgandamage. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Candidaisafungalinfec9on resul9nginindividualswith compromisedimmunesystems. Severenecrosisofthe lungcausedbybacteria.

3 2 4 General Types of Pathogens Bacteria Singlecelledprokaryotes. Themostcommonpathogen;though mostbacteriaisnotharmfulorhighly pathogenic. Treatedwithan9bio9cs. Protozoan Parasites Singlecelledeukaryotes. Manyneedmul9plehosts throughouttheirlifecycle(suchas aninsectorrodentvector). Treatedwithan9protozoalagents. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Fungi Fungicanbesinglecelledormul9cellular. Madeupofeukaryo9ccells(molds,yeasts) Fungiisanecessarycomponentofthe earthcycle s;mostfungiisnotharmful. Infec9ousfungiistreatedwith an9fungals. Viruses VirusesaremadeupofencapsulatedDNA andprotein;notcells. Notallvirusesareharmfultohumans. Canbetreatedusingan9virals.

4 3 Discovery In1676,AntonvanLeeuwenhoekwasthefirst scien9sttodocumenthisdiscoveryof microorganismsunderhismicroscope.he referencedas animalcules,butwhathewas reallyseeingwerebacteria.! Antonvan Leeuwenhoek,andhis homemademicroscope" Its9lltookscien9stsnearly200yearsto understandbacteriaa[erleeuwenhoek discoveredthem.forexample,syphilis isanstdtransmi\edbybacteria. However,formanyyearsitwas consideredadiseasefortheimmoral, orsometypeofpunishmentfromgod. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

5 4 Ignaz Semmelweis: The Savior of Mothers ThoughSemmelweisdecreasedthemortalityrateofmothersathishospitalfrom 25%tolessthan1%,manyofhiscolleagueswereoffendedorindisbeliefthat washingtheirhandscouldhelpsavelives.bacteriawerenotyetrelevantinthe medicalfield. Childbedfever,orpuerperalfever,isaninfec9oninthefemale reproduc9vetractscausedbybacteriaonthedoctors hands. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

6 5 Robert Koch: Founder of modern bacteriology RobertKochprovedthatanthrax(bacteria)wascausing thedeathofmanyfarmanimals.hedidthisbyusingtwo groupsofmice:onegroupwasexposedtobloodfrom healthyanimals;theothergroupwasexposedtoblood fromillfarmanimals.themiceexposedtothebloodof sickfarmanimalsdied,whiletheothergrouplived. # Anthrax In1905RobertKochwasawardedaNobel Prizeforhisfindingsintuberculosis.Healso developedasugarfbasedgela9ntogrow bacteriain,andproducedoneofthefirst an9bio9cs. Tuberculosis " VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

7 6 Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Pathogens AEROBIC Microorganismsthatare aerobicareknownas aerobes. Canuseoxygentobreak downfoodmoleculesfor energy Growthislimitedtohow muchoxygenisavailable Liveinareaswhere oxygenisreadilyavailable Aerobicbacteriaarethe leadingcauseofclinical infec9onsamongcellular pathogens ANAEROBIC Cannotgrowinoxygen;it istoxicforthem. Arenotabletomakeas muchenergyasaerobes. Liveinplaceswhere oxygenisabsent Breakdownfoodwithout oxygeninaprocesscalled fermenta9on Faculta9veanaerobestypicallyuseoxygen tobreakdownfood,butcanswitchto anaerobicmodeifoxygenisnotavailable. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

8 7 Flagella fsingular=flagellum fplural=flagella fmeaning= whip Flagellaareusedfor movement.theback andforthpropeller mo9onpropelsthecell forward. Arrangement/of/ Flagella// Monotrichous Amphitrichous Lophotrichous VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Peritrichous Endoflagella Example/ 1flagellum Aflagellumateachend 2ormoreflagellaatoneend Flagellaallover Flagellaare9ghtlywrappedagainstthecell Flagella can be found in bacteria, fungi, protozoans, though the structure differs among each.

9 8 Bacteria Bacteriaarecategorizedinto3general shapes:coccus(plural:cocci),bacillus (plural:bacilli),andspiral. Spirochete(Lymedisease) Streptococcus(Pneumonia) Bacilli(Tuberculosis) VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Staphylococcus(S.#aureus) Streptobacilli ALLbacteriaare (singlecelled organismsthatlacka nucleus).

10 Nonpathogenic 9 Bacteria Notallbacteriaarepathogens. Thereareplentyofbacteria aroundusthatareactually beneficial. Infact,therearemorebacterial cellsin/onyourbodyrightnow thantherearehumancells! Thesearealsoknownas commensalbacteria. Staphylococcus# epidermis#are commonskinflora. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

11 10 Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative HansChris9anGramdevisedamethodtodifferen9atetwo typesofbacteriabasedonthestructuraldifferencesintheir cellwalls.hedidthisusingastrongdyecalledcrystalviolet. Gram/posi<ve/ bacteria/canbe dyedbecauseofa thicklayerof pep9doglycan. Gram=nega<ve/bacteriado notretainthevioletdyeand arecoloredredorpink;they donotcontainathickouter layerofpep9doglycan. Commonstainingdyes includemethyleneblue andcrystalvioletdye. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

12 10 Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative continued Gramfnega9vebacteriaaremore resistantagainstan9bodiesthan gramfposi9vebacteria. Thisisbecauseoftheir impenetrablecellwall. (easily stains) Many antibiotics work by inhibiting the growth of the cell wall by acting specifically against peptidoglycan. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Thisisasugarcoa9ngconsis9ng ofmul9pletypesofmolecules. Thesugarcoa9nghelpsthe bacteriaadheretosurfaces.

13 11 Bacteriashapes Shape Bacillus Coccus Spiral Bacteriaarecategorizedinto3general shapes:coccus,bacillus,andspiral Description Rodshaped Sphericalshape Spiralshaped The general shapes can contain more specific prefixes: Special Prefixes Diplo=paired Strepto=chainf like Staphylo=grapef likeclusters Examples Diplococcus Streptococcus Staphylococcus VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

14 12 Looking at Bacteria At each microscope, sketch the different types of bacteria on your answer sheet in the proper space. Please use pencil! Have your teacher sign off on your sketches! VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

15 13 Bacilli Bacteria ftypicallyrodshaped(canbesingular,paired{diplo}orlinkedinchains {strepto} fo[en9mescontainflagella(whipflikepropellerforlocomo9on) fgramfposi9ve fcanbeaerobicorfaculta9veanaerobic VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

16 Bacilli Bacteria continued Foundvirtuallyanywhereinnature(soil, livingthings,water)anddependingonthe speciescanthriveinhightemperatures andextremeenvironments). 13 ZOMBIE BACTERIA?? Bacillibacteriacanproduce endospores,whichcanliedormantfor hundredsofyearsandrevive themselveswhenthecondi9onsare favorable. Bacillus#megaterium#isoneofthelargest bacteriaspeciesandbefoundvirtually everywhere,includinghoney,paper, leather,andsoil.# VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Endospores/are/typically/produced/ when/current/environmental/ condi<ons/are/not/favorable./they/ consist/of/a/capsule/containing/dna/ and/ribosomes./endospores/are/ resistant/against/an<bio<cs/

17 13 Bacilli continued -Common Diseases Tuberculosis Tetanus Botulism WhoopingCough Plague Diphtheria Tetanusiscausedbyabacteriaknown asclostridium#tetani.itisfoundinsoil, dustandmanure.itcanenterthe bodythroughanopenwoundand infectitshost.c.#tetani#produces toxinsthataffectmusclecontrac9ons. Yersiniapes9sisabacteria thatispassedonfromrats tootherhostsviafleas.itis responsibleforthebubonic Plagueor BlackDeath. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Yersinia#pes8s#

18 14 Cocci Bacteria fsphericalinshape(canbepaired,clustered,linked,etc.) fmostlygramposi9ve;somegramnega9ve fmostlyaerobic;somearefaculta9veanaerobesandafewaretrue anaerobes. Gram positive cocci are the leading pathogens of human infections. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

19 14 Cocci Bacteria continued- examples Gramfposi9ve: StrepThroat Meningi9s FoodPoisoning ToxicShockSyndrome Sepsis(bloodpoisoning) Gramfnega9ve: Gonorrhea Meningococcalmeningi9s VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) MRSA:MethicillinResistantStaphylococcus# aureus# Staphinfec9onoftheskinthatisresistantto mostan9bio9cs. Problema9cinhospitalswheremanypa9ents havecompromisedimmunesystems. Strepthroat (streptococcus) Gonorrhearequiresalotof moisturetothrive,andcan infecttheeyes,mouth,and genitalia.

20 15 Spiral Bacteria fgramnega9ve fmostlyanaerobic Canbedividedinto3categories: Spirillumffrequentlyhaveflagella Spirochetefverylongandthinwithendoflagella Vibriofcommashapedwithapar9altwist Vibrio#cholerae#arebacteria thatcancausecholeraf waterbornedisease Spirillum,suchasHelicobacter# pylori#whichcausestomach ulcers,typicallycontainflagella. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Spirochetes,suchasthebacteriaBorrelia#burgdorferi#, whichcauseslymedisease,arecorkscrewshaped with9ghtlywrappedendoflagella.

21 16 Antibiotics An9bio9csareusedtotreatseriousbacterialinfec9ons(orpoten9allyserious infec9ons). Examplesofan9bio9csincludesulfadrugsandpenicillin. Thean9bio9csworkbyprohibi9ngcertainenzymesthatthebacterianeedto buildtheircellwalls.withoutacellwall,bacteriacannotgrowormul9ply. Sometypesofan9bio9csprohibittheenzymesthatbacterianeedtoreplicate theirdna,thuspreven9ngthemfrommul9plying. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

22 16 Antibiotics continued Othertypesofsynthe9c deriva9vesofpenicillinhave beendeveloped,suchas methicillinandamoxicillin. Penicillinwas discoveredby accidentinthelab inthe1920s. Penicillinisactually afungusthatcan prohibitbacterial growth. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Methicillinfresistant Staphylococcus#aureus# ThisnewstrainofStaphemergedinthe 1950s.Itcanbetreatedusinga combina9onofhigherorderan9bio9cs, butan9bio9cresistanceisproblema9c.

23 17 Pathogenic Protozoa Protozoaareagroupofsinglefcelled eukaryo9ccells.mostofthemdonot poseathreattohumans,butafew speciescancausedisease. Examples/of/Pathogenic/Protozoa:/ fmalaria fbrainfea9ngamoeba famoebicdysentery ftrichomonas fchagasdisease fleishmaniasis Protozoaaremadeupofsingle eukaryo9ccells (unlikebacteria,whichareprokaryo9c). An9protozoalsareusedtotreatinfec9on. An9protozoalstargetspecificenzymesthataffect thegrowthofprotozoa. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

24 18 Pathogenic Protozoa Parasitescanbemonoxenousorheteroxenous. Monoxenous=directcontactwith host. Mono=one Xenous=person Theprotozoaparasitecanbedirectly transmi\edfromitselftoitshost (example:drinkingdirtywater). Heteroxenous=Requiresmul9plehosts. Caninfectviaavector(insect,rodent) Hetero=differentXenous=person Theprotozoaparasitereliesonmul9ple hostsinordertosurvive.thismayinclude vectordiseases,suchasmalaria (mosquitoes)andchagasdisease(kissing bugs). VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

25 19 Pathogenic Protozoa- Entoamoebas Mostprotozoansrequirewarm climatestothrive. # Entoamoeba#hystoly8ca## Isanamoebathatinfectstheintes9nes andcausesdysentery(severediarrheaf bloodandmucoususuallypresent). Infact,thegreatestkilleroftheCivil Warwasamoebicdysentery.The soldierso[enfoughtwiththeseatof theirtrouserscutfromtheirpantsto providerelief. Entoamoebasenterthe bodythrough contaminatedwater. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

26 20 Pathogenic Protozoa- Plasmodia Plasmodiaareresponsibleforcausingmalaria,/whichistransmi\edvia femalemosquitoes.ifamosquitofeedsfromaninfectedhost,theycan contractmalariaandpassitontoothersourcesoftheirbloodmeal. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

27 20 Pathogenic Protozoa- Plasmodia (continued) Thefemalemosquitoessalviais contaminatedwithplasmodia.whenthey bitetheirhost,theplasmodiasporozoitesare introducedtothebloodstream,wherethey developintheliver. Thesporozoitesgrowin theliver,un9leventually theyarereleasedinto thebloodstream,where theya\ackredblood cells. Overone/million/ peoplediefrommalaria eachyear,mostlychildren underfiveyearsofage, with90percentof malariacasesoccurringin SubfSaharanAfrica. 300=600/million/ peoplesufferfrom malariaeachyear. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

28 21 Pathogenic Protozoa- Chagas Disease Protozoansknownastrypanosomes liveinthegutofbloodsuckingflies. Iftheflybitesahuman,they immediatelypoopnearthesiteof thebite.ifthepersontriesto smackthebugoff,oritchthebite, theymightsmearsomeofthepoop intothebite,whichtransfersthe trypanosomesintothe bloodstream. Trypanosome growth and replication The single-celled protozoans (trypanosomes) live inside the gut of the triatomine bug and can be found in their feces. The triatome bug is often called the kissing bug because they tend to bite the face region. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

29 21 Pathogenic Protozoa- Chagas Disease (continued) TheparasitethatcausesChagas,trypanosomes, a\ackthenervoussystem.thiseventuallyleadsto organdamage,specificallyintheheart,colon,and esophagus. Theseorganscannolongercontract,andthey becomestretchedanddilatedasaresult. Approximately50,000SouthAmericansdieofChagas everyyear. Structuresfound withinthe trypanosomes calledglycosomes canbetargeted duringdrug treatmenttohelp curepa9ents. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

30 22 Pathogenic Fungi Mostfungiisnotpathogenic. fonly/yeast/and/mold/can/be/pathogenic./ Fungicanbefoundindecayingma\er,butcan alsoliveonwarmmoistpartsoutsidethe humanbody,suchasskinfolds,themouth, feet,ears,andgenitals.sometypesare inhaledintothelungsandbloodstream. Oral Thrush Mycotoxins are toxins produced by harmful fungi. Somemoldproducesspores,whichcan infectthelungsifinhaled. Blackmoldis commonlyfoundin houseswherethere isexcessivemoisture andlackstheproper barrier. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

31 23 Fungal Infections of the Skin and Nails There s a fungus among us Dermatophytesarefungithatcaninfect theskin. Fungalinfec9onscanoccuriftheskinis damagedsomehow,ifthehost simmune systemiscompromisedorifthe condi9onsarejustright(warm;moist). Commonfungalskininfec9ons include: Ringworm($notactuallyaworm) Athlete sfoot Candida(yeast) Jockitch VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Tineafungalinfec9onon toenails(athlete sfoot) Ringwormfungalinfec9on(also causedbyatineafungus).

32 24 Airborne Fungal Infection Moldcanproducespores,whicharevery 9nyandcanbecomeairborneandinhaled intothelungs. The/two/most/common/types/of/fungal/lung/ infec<ons/seen/in/hospitals/are/those/caused/ by/candida/and/aspergillus.// LeQ/untreated,/these/can/result/in/respiratory/ failure.// Pulmonary hemorrhagecaused byanuntreated Candidainfec9on withinthelungs. Mostpeoplebreatheinmold sporeseveryday(including AspergillusandCandida),but nevergetsick.thesetypically onlyaffectthosewitha compromisedimmunesystem. fthecdc Blackmold,orStachybotrys+ chartarum#,#producestoxic moldsporesthatcanbe inhaled.symptomsinclude coughing,wheezing,headaches, lightheadedness.# VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

33 25 Candida Candidaisafamilyofyeastthatarevery commonforfungalinfec9ons.candida getsanhonorablemen9onbecauseitcan befoundnotonlyontheskinorinthe lungs,butalsointheears,mouth, intes9nes,andgenitals. Candidaisahighly opportunis<c/pathogen itisusuallykeptincheck byyourimmunesystem, butifthatis compromiseditcan spreadnearlyanywhere! Candida#albicans#(picturedabove) typicallyinfectsthemouthorgenitals orears.# Oralthrush (Candida) CandidaOtomycosis (Fungalearinfec9on) VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

34 26 Viruses Virusesarethesmallestofallpathogens.Somemayarguethat theyarenot livingcreatures becausetheyrelyonahost sdna replica9ngmechanismsinordertomakemoreofitself.theydo thisbyreleasingtheirdnaintothehostcell. Virusesarenotmadeupof cells.theyaresimplydna inaproteincapsule.they canbeverydifficultto treat. An9viralsdonottarget viruses,insteadthey inhibittheirgrowthby preven9ngthemfrom unpackingtheirgenesinto hostcells. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

35 26 Viruses (continued) Virusesarethenumberonekillerpathogenofall9me,thoughnotall virusesareharmful. Common viruses include: Influenza HIV Measles Mumps Ebola Hepa99s Polio Enterovirus Rhinovirus Rabies Chickenpox Smallpox VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Virusescanbetransmi\edbyinhalingor swallowingthem,sexuallytransmi\ed,orfrom insectorrodentbites. Measles Herpes simplex Chicken Pox Polio

36 27 Viruses- Influenza Theinfluenzavirusisahighlycontagiousvirusoftherespiratorytract(typically transmi\edbysneezing,coughing,poorhandwashing). Thereare3typesofinfluenzaviruses:A,B,andC Type/ Species/Affected/ Symptoms/ Age/Affected/ A Mul9plespecies ModeratetoSevere All B Humansonly Mild Mostlychildren C HumansandSwine Mild All Theflualonecauses 250,000to500,000 deathsperyear. (Comparedtobacterial infec9ons,whichintotal accountsfor approximately25,000 deathsperyear). In1918,the SpanishFlu epidemictookthe livesof50million people.that s abouthowmany peoplediedin WWII. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

37 27 Viruses- Influenza (continued) Influenzasymptoms: Fever Cough Sorethroat Runnynose Muscleaches Fa9gue Vomi9ng(notcommon) Diarrhea(mostlyinchildren) Theinfluenzavirustendstobeever changing(evolving;muta9ng).theflu vaccine seffec9venessdependsonhow wellthevaccinematchesthefluviruses thatarecausingillness. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Theflucanleadtopneumonia(bothviral and/orbacterial),whichcanbepoten9ally fatal. Somepeopleareatmoreriskfor complica9onsthatother,includingpeople ages65+,children,andpregnantwomen.

38 28 Viruses-Herpes Simplex Virus Thereare2categoriesoftheHerpesSimplexVirus: Thoseinfectedwith HSVareusually asymptoma9c (showingno symptoms),asthe viruscanremain dormantforlong periodsof9me.during outbreaks,theinfected personshowsfluidf filledblistersonthe skin.thesecanbe painfulforitchy,and mayeventuallybreak openandooze.a pa9entmayexperience fluflikesymptoms duringanoutbreak. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) Herpes/Simplex/Virus/1/ (HSV=1)/ Typicallyfoundaroundthe mouth.o[enfirstappearsin childhood(coldsores).can spreadwithcontactofsaliva. Herpes/Simplex/Virus/2/ (HSV=2)/ Typicallyfoundongenitalsandis sexuallytransmi\ed(genital Herpes). ThereisnocureforHerpes.An9viralscanhelpreduce outbreaks.ifyou veeverhadacoldsore,thehsvf1remains dormantwithinafacialnerve.aslongasitisdormant,itis notcontagiousorproblema9c.

39 29 Viruses-Hepatitis Thereare5maintypesofHepa99sViruses: A,B,C,DandE. AllHepa99svirusescancauseliverdisease.Thehepa99svirusisthemostcommon causeoflivercancerandcirrhosis.approximately1milliondeathsperyearoccur duetoliverfailurecausedbythehepa99sviruses. Hepa99sAandEarespreadthrough contaminatedwaterorhumanwaste. Hepa99sB,CandDarespreadthroughblood andbodilyfluidssuchassemen. Swollen abdomen caused by inflammation of the liver Symptoms/include:// Mildfever Jaundice(Yellowingofskinoreyes) LossofAppe9te Paininthebellyregion Darkurineorlightstools Inflamedliver VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

40 30 Viruses-HIV and AIDS AIDSstandsforAcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndromeandcan bearesultofhiv(humanimmunodeficiencyvirus). Scien9stsiden9fiedatypeofchimpanzeeinWestAfricaasthesourceofHIV infec9oninhumans.theybelievethatthechimpanzeeversionofthe immunodeficiencyvirus(calledsimianimmunodeficiencyvirusorsiv)most likelywastransmi\edtohumansandmutatedintohivwhenhumans huntedthesechimpanzeesformeatandcameintocontactwiththeir infectedblood.overdecades,thevirusslowlyspreadacrossafricaandlater intootherpartsoftheworld. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

41 30 Viruses-HIV and AIDS HIVa\acksthecellsofthe immunesystem(par9cularly cellsknownashelpert cells).ina\ackingand destroyingthesecells,the virusmakestheimmune systemveryweak. HIVisnotcurable,but treatablewithan9viral medica9ons. Themedica9oncankeep theamountofhivinthe bodylow,butifitgetstoo high,thepa9entissaidto haveaids. HIV/Aids weaken the immune system. Patients are more susceptible to disease and cancer. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots )

42 31 Viruses-Ebola TheEbolavirusa\ackstheimmunesystemandthe organs.italsodamagescellsthatcausebloodfclovng;this leadstosevereinternalbleeding.mostcasesarefatal. TheEbolavirusishighlycontagiousandmustbeproperly VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) handled.itisspreadthroughcontactofbodilyfluids.

43 31 Viruses-Ebola (continued) Outbreak Ebolawasmostlikelyfirsttransferredfromfruitbatsto otheranimals,andthentohumans.nowebolacanbe transferredfromdiseasedanimalstohumans,orfrom humantohumancontact. VanessaJason( BiologyRoots ) InFebruaryof2014,anEbola outbreakhitwestafrica.