3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid: A Stable, Vitamin C-Derived Agent for Skin Whitening
|
|
- Sophia King
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Formulating premium-3-o-ethyl-ascorbic-acid-a-stable-vitamin-c-derived- Agent-for-Skin-Whitening html?c=n 3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid: A Stable, Vitamin C-Derived Agent for Skin Whitening Sep 1, 2013 View online to Contact Author By: Jill Hsu, Corum Inc. Keywords: 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid whitening tyrosinase TRP-1 TRP-2 melanin biosynthesis A flawless complexion is without doubt a desirable attribute across many cultures. Especially in Asia, the obsession with whiter skin has greatly evolved, shifting from beauty to a sign of social class and representing sophistication, innocence, femininity and higher social stature. To achieve this lightening effect, product developers leverage active ingredients such as vitamin C, or L-ascorbic acid, which is not only a septicemia inhibitor, but also an effective reducing agent that can momentarily retard the melanin-biosynthesis pathway in skin. Vitamin C is also known to protect skin from ultraviolet B (UVB) damage and enhance collagen synthesis, therefore it is widely used in cosmetics as a whitening ingredient, especially in Asia. Due to its instability, however, several derivatives of it have been developed for cosmetic application; for example, ethyl ascorbic acid, magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate, L- ascorbic acid 2-glucoside and sodium ascorbyl phosphate. 3-O-Ethyl ascorbic acid, shown in Figure 1, is a derivative consisting of vitamin C with an ethyl group a bound to the third carbon position. With its reducing ability, this structure helps to increase the stability of the compound when used in cosmetic products. The present article explores the function and efficacy of this material to determine its mechanism of action and potential for application against melanin biosynthesis. Figure 1. Structure of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid 3-O-Ethyl ascorbic acid, shown in Figure 1, is a derivative consisting of vitamin C with an ethyl group bound to the third carbon position. Melanin Biosynthesis To understand the potential mechanisms of skin lightening, it is helpful to review the melanin biosynthesis process. In brief, after exposure to sunlight, melanin is produced by melanocytes through melanogensis, a biological process that helps to protect human DNA from harmful UV rays. The amount of melanin produced by melanocytes embedded in the basal layer of the epidermis defines the skin color, but it is interesting to note that all individuals from different countries and climates tend to have the same number of melanocytes. The melanin biosynthesis pathway is depicted in Figure 2. In this pathway, tyrosinase inhibition is the key to skin lightening and it is the first rate-limiting action that catalyzes the first two steps of melanin biosynthesis. During the first step, tyrosine is oxidized to dopa, which is then oxidized to dopaquinone via the action of tyrosinase. P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax:
2 Moreover, tyrosinase accelerates the reaction of monomer aggregation, which leads to the production of eumelanin. Three enzymes are known to be involved in melanin biosynthesis in mammals tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT, also known as TRP-2) (see Figure 2). 1 Tyrosinase is the focus of this review because it directly regulates the amount of melanin produced, whereas other enzymes modify the type of melanin synthesized. 2 TRP-1 functions as a 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) oxidase in the melanogenic pathway. The catalytic activity of TRP-1 promotes the oxidation and polymerization of DHICA monomers into melanin.3 However, TRP-2 catalyzes the transformation of dopachrome to DHICA. TRP-2, similar to TRP-1, is considered a eumelanogenic enzyme that also stabilizes tyrosinase activity. Nevetheless, this enzyme is known to control the quantity and quality of melanin production. 4 Thus, both TRP-1 and TRP-2 can act as enzymes modifying eumelanogenesis velocity, as regulators and stabilizers of the eumelanogenic apparatus in vivo, and perhaps as regulators of other melanocyte functions. Ultimately, a skin lightener would potentially downregulate TRP-1 and TRP-2 activity. Figure 2. Melanin biosynthesis schematic Three enzymes are known to be involved in melanin biosynthesis in mammals tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP- 1) and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT, also known as TRP-2) (see Figure 2). 1 Materials and Methods As described here, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid was first tested to determine its ability to inhibit tyrosinase and TRP- 2, which are the important melanin-generating enzymes. It was then tested for melanin-inhibiting activity via in vitro and ex vivo studies. Clinical whitening efficacy on age spots and skin tone was measured by chromameter, and DNA protection and collagen synthesis abilities were assessed to support anti-aging claims. Tyrosinase inhibition: Mushroom tyrosinase b has widely been used as the target enzyme for screening potential tyrosinase inhibitors. An in-house experiment measured the conversion of L-dopa, a substrate of tyrosinase, into dopaquinone, then monitored dopachrome s absorption at 475 nm using a spectrometer. Being a colored substance, the dopachrome absorbs light at a wavelength of 475 nm, so a quantitative measurement of the time-related conversion and thus the activity of tyrosinase can be made. All samples were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and mixed with tyrosinase substrate (L-DOPA or tyrosine) solution. Tyrosinase was then added to each sample, and the reaction was carried out for 30 min at 37 C. Simultaneously, a blank control tested only the tyrosinase substrate solution and DMSO without tyrosinase, under the same test conditions. After the reaction, absorbance was measured at 475 nm by a UVC/Vis spectrophotometer. Results showed that 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid inhibited tyrosinase activity (see Figure 3). P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax:
3 Figure 3. In vitro tyrosinase (II) inhibition; a) tyrosine g DOPA and b) DOPA g dopaquinone After the reaction, absorbance was measured at 475 nm by a UVC/Vis spectrophotometer. Results showed that 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid inhibited tyrosinase activity (see Figure 3). According to this assessment, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid effectively inhibited mushroom tyrosinase up to ~50%, so to verify its target action, Western blotting was carried out using lysate B16F10 murine melanoma cells stimulated by α-msh. This technique is a widely accepted analytical protocol used to detect specific proteins in the given sample of tissue homogenate or protein extract. B16 murine melanoma cells were seeded in 6-well dish and cultured for 24 hr either with culture medium, which included α-msh, or without culture medium, as a control. The melanocytes were incubated for 72 hr and at the end of the incubation period, the protein was extracted and the Western blot executed. The results are shown in Figures 4 and 5. Figure 4. Western blotting detection: inhibitory effect of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid on tyrosinase (TYR) a) Western blotting bands, upper row = TYR, lower row = b-actin; b) optical band density analysis. TYR protein decreased significantly after 3-O-Ethyl ascorbic acid treatment; n = 3. P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax:
4 Figure 5. Western blotting detection: inhibitory effect of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid on tyrosinase (TRP-2) a) Western blotting bands, upper row = TRP-2, lower row = b-actin; b) optical band density analysis. TRP-2 protein decreased significantly after 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid treatment; n = 4. When cells were stimulated by α-msh, the protein expression of tyrosinase and TRP-2 increased significantly. β-actin was used as an internal control and it showed no change in protein levels. Further, it was clearly observed that with the addition of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid, α-msh-stimulated cells could inhibit the expression of tyrosinase and TRP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. In Figure 4, the x axis shows the test sample and the y axis shows tyrosinase expression; 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid inhibited tyrosinase expression by 47.5%, in comparison with the control, which stimulated it by 100%. Moreover, as shown in Figure 5, 3-Oethyl ascorbic acid presented an excellent dose-dependent inhibition on TRP-2 formation. On the other hand, TRP-1 expression showed no significant change in this experiment (see Figure 6). Figure 6. Western blotting detection: inhibitory effect of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid on tryrosinase (TRP-1) On the other hand, TRP-1 expression showed no significant change in this experiment (see Figure 6). P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax:
5 Melanin Reduction Although tyrosinase inhibitors can decrease melanogenesis by inhibiting the key enzyme, pre-existing melanin cannot be removed or eliminated via this pathway. Melanin-reduction tests are required to evaluate whether samples have the ability to reduce or destroy melanin and simulate age spot reduction. A melanin reduction/whitening study was thus conducted, by IDEA France, using theophylline, a molecule that accelerates the production of melanin. Melanocytes from the melanoms of mice were cultivated for 24 hr before treatment with test media at 37 C under 5% CO 2 conditions. Their cellular morphology was checked under a microscope, and the media were discarded and replaced by 500 µl of the various concentrations of samples, or of the kojic acid control. These were incubated for 16 hr, again at 37 C and 5% CO 2. After 16 hr, the media were again discarded, then 500 µl of theophyllin (0.5 mm) was added to the wells in order to stimulate melanin synthesis. The plates were incubated again for 48 hr, after which the culture media were recovered, the samples transferred to a 96-well microtiter plate, and melanin production assessed by a direct reading of the plate at 405 nm. Results showed 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid exhibited effective whitening, observed both at 15 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml concentrations (see Figure 7). Figure 7. In vitro whitening activity study: melanin assessment Results showed 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid exhibited effective whitening, observed both at 15 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml concentrations (see Figure 7). Ex-vivo assay: In relation, another study was carried out, by BioInnovation Laboratories, Inc., to assess the potential of the material to induce changes in tissue pigmentation. An in vitro tissue model of the human epidermis c prepared from cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes was employed. The tissue was stored at 4 C until used. Upon use, the tissue was removed from the agarose-shipping tray and placed into a 6-well plate containing 1.0 ml of assay medium (37±2 C). All of the agarose was removed from the outside of the tissue culture insert since any residual agarose could prevent the assay medium from reaching the tissue. A 50-µL sample of the test material was then applied to the surface of the tissue, which was incubated at 37±2 C and 5±1% CO 2. Every 24 hr, the tissue was rinsed with PBS, fresh test material was applied, and the media was changed. The treatments were carried out for 9 days. Two sets of tissues were prepared for this study. One set was used to determine changes in melanin content while the second was used assess changes in pigmentation via histology. The results are presented in Figure 8. The black area shown is melanin from melanocytes; as can be seen, after 9 days, a 3% concentration of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid was found to have excellent skin brightening activity, in comparison with day 1. P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax:
6 Figure 8. The result of ex vivo melanin assay for nine days; untreated (left) vs. treated (right) One set was used to determine changes in melanin content while the second was used assess changes in pigmentation via histology. The results are presented in Figure 8. Clinical efficacy: Further, a clinical skin lightening test was carried out by Spincontrol France using a test formulation containing 2% 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid, which was applied twice daily for 28 days on 20 healthy Asian females, ages 25-40, having skin type III. Skin colorimetric measurements was taken using a chromameter, which converts colors perceived by the human eye to a digital code composed of L*, a* and b* values. These two last parameters are characterized by chromatic axes, such as green to red, and blue to yellow. Both parameters are exploited through the calculation of the Individual Typological Angle (ITA ), which defines the skin pigmentation degree of a subject taking into account the skin clarity (L*) and the melanin parameter (b*). The higher the ITA, the lighter the skin. As shown in Figures 9 and 10, the ITA angle increased by 4% after 28 days of formula application, and an obvious whitening effect could be observed with the naked eye. Overall, this clinical study confirmed the ability of the material to improve skin radiance via delivery by a cosmetic product. Figure 9. In vivo evaluation of the efficacy of one whitening lotion in healthy Asian subjects by chromatography As shown in Figures 9 and 10, the ITA angle increased by 4% after 28 days of formula application, and an obvious whitening effect could be observed with the naked eye. P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax:
7 Figure 10. Evolution of individual typological angle of the skin treated with 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid As shown in Figures 9 and 10, the ITA angle increased by 4% after 28 days of formula application, and an obvious whitening effect could be observed with the naked eye. Promoting Collagen Synthesis As noted, DNA protection and collagen synthesis abilities were also assessed to support anti-aging and multifunctional claims. An additional study of the material s activity on collagen synthesis in human fibroblast cultures was carried out by IDEA France. The cells were treated with three, non-cytotoxic concentrations of the test material and after 48 hr of contact, collagen was measured in the extracellular matrix and in the culture medium using a collagen assay measurement. The measurement uses a red coloring agent d that has a specific affinity for the triple helix structure (Gly-X-Y)n of native collagen. The absorbance of complex coloringcollagen is read on the spectrophotometer at 540 nm, and the cell density assessed by MTT measurement. A negative control, whereby the cells went untreated, and positive control, whereby the cells were treated with growth factor TGF-β1, were used in each analysis. The test material, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid, presented a significant effect on collagen synthesis, as shown in Figure 11, similar to TGF-β1. Figure 11. Stimulation of collagen synthesis The test material, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid, presented a significant effect on collagen synthesis, as shown in Figure 11, similar to TGF-β1. DNA Protection The comet assay, or single cell gel electrophoresis, is one of the most popular techniques, with high sensitivity to detect DNA damage and repair at the single-cell level. The comet assay is based on the alkaline lysis of labile DNA at sites of damage. Undamaged DNA retains a highly organized association with matrix proteins in the nucleus. P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax:
8 When damaged, this organization is disrupted. The individual strands of DNA lose their compact structure and relax, expanding out of the cavity into the agarose. The intensity of the comet tail relative to the head reflects the number of DNA breaks. As a result, damaged DNA has a longer tail, as shown in Figure 12. When treated with the 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid vitamin C derivative for 24 hr, however (see Figure 12), the DNA of human fibroblast cells (HS-68) was protected. Figure 12. Comet assay shows: a) the appearance of undamaged/damaged DNA by electrophoresis, and b) the result of DNA protection As a result, damaged DNA has a longer tail, as shown in Figure 12. Stability Testing In addition to being effective, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid showed excellent stability. The 2% aqueous 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid samples were retained for 1 month in a 45 C oven to assess any color change and compared with other vitamin C derivatives. The absence of color change indicated the sample could tolerate the high temperature and remain stable. As shown in Figure 13, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid was more stable than the others, and its color remained unchanged. Further, its purity also was analyzed vie HPLC, and as Figure 14 shows, the purity of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid crystalline powder remained stable at 45 C for 60 days. Figure 13. Heat stability As shown in Figure 13, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid was more stable than the others, and its color remained unchanged. P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax:
9 Figure 14. Purity analysis Further, its purity also was analyzed vie HPLC, and as Figure 14 shows, the purity of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid crystalline powder remained stable at 45 C for 60 days. Conclusions 3-O-Ethyl ascorbic acid was shown to pinpoint specified targets in the melanin biosynthesis process, suggesting it could reduce the expression of tyrosinase and TRP-2 at the protein level. This slowed eumelanogenesis velocity and overall, reduced melanin production. Conclusively, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid is an effective melanin inhibitor, reducing tyrosinase and TRP-2 protein expression, stimulating collagen synthesis, protecting DNA and lightening skin, all while exhibiting excellent stability. References 1. T Kobayashi et al, Tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1) functions as a DHICA oxidase in melanin biosynthesis, J EMBO (1994) 2. H Ando, H Kondoh, M Ichihashi and VJ Hearing, Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase, Soc Invest Derm 127, (2007) 3. T Kobayashi, G Imokawa, DC Bennett, and VJ Hearing, Tyrosinase stabilization by Tyrp1 (the brown locus protein), J Biologic Chem 273(48) (1998) 4. K Tsukamoto, IJ Jackson, K Urabe, PM Montague and VJ Hearing, A second tyrosinase-related protein, TRP-2 is a melanogenic enzyme termed dopachrome tautomerase, J EMBO (1992) Footnotes Footnotes (CT1309 Hsu) a Corum 9515 (INCI: 3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid) is a product of Corum, Inc., b Mushroom Tyrosinase T3824 is a product of Sigma, c MelanoDerm tissues are manufactured by MatTek Corp., d Sirius Direct Red 80 is a product of Sigma-Aldrich, Copyright 2014 Allured Business Media. P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax:
Experience The Magic of Science. DermaPep UL. Multi-functional whitening active. Experience the magic of science
Experience The Magic of Science Multi-functional whitening active DermaP ep Experience the magic of science Anti-aging DermaPep A35 DermaPep A42 DermaPep A44 DermaPep A53 Whitening DermaPep A35 DermaPep
More informationALPHA-ARBUTIN Superior skin lightening enhancer for a perfect even skin tone
Superior skin lightening enhancer for a perfect even skin tone The mechanism of skin pigmentation UV light stimulates melanin production by human epidermal melanocytes Melanocyte located at the basal cell
More informationACTIVE.LITE. Patent-Pending Technology + Visibly Perceivable Results in Less than 14 Days. Tomorrow s Vision Today!
ACTIVE.LITE Patent-Pending Technology + Visibly Perceivable Results in Less than 14 Days Tomorrow s Vision Today! AESTHETIC PERFECTION IS THE STANDARD Aesthetic skin perfection is now the consumer standard
More informationBV OSC BARNET. A Quasi Drug Whitening Benchmark. Superior Skin Penetration Compared to Other Whiteners Reduces Age Spots Great Stability in Formulas
BARNET CLARIFYING BV OSC A Quasi Drug Whitening Benchmark RO O O H OR CHCH 2 OR OR Superior Skin Penetration Compared to Other Whiteners Reduces Age Spots Great Stability in Formulas The information contained
More informationHYDRACARE LIGHTENING BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY
HYDRACARE LIGHTENING BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY + + AIMS MORE THAN 99.9 % OF NATURAL ORIGIN HYDRACARE LIGHTENING EVOIL HYDRACARE LIGHTENING showed whitening activity, at 100% concentration, when dosed 4 times
More informationInside Light Poet's narcissus. Regulating melanogenesis
Inside Light Poet's narcissus Naolys active Cells Inside Light Poet s narcissus A story Inside Light Poet s narcissus Narcissus poeticus, Amaryllidaceae The myth of a dangerous beauty In its search for
More informationDeoxyarbutin. Product Data sheet DEFINITIONDEFINITIO DEFINITION
Page1 Deoxyarbutin Product Data sheet DEFINITIONDEFINITIO DEFINITION Before we discuss the skin lighteners, a brief review of skin color and melanin biosynthesis would be helpful. Skin color is mainly
More informationInside Light Poet's narcissus. Regulating melanogenesis
Inside Light Poet's narcissus NAOLYS ACTIVE CELLS Inside Light Poet s narcissus A STORY The Poet s narcissus Narcissus poeticus, Amaryllidaceae The myth of a dangerous beauty In its search for innovative
More informationAn in vitro method for screening skin-whitening products
j. Cosmet. Sci., 49, 361-367 (November/December 1998) An in vitro method for screening skin-whitening products GOPA MAJMUDAR, GEORGE JACOB, YOLANDA LABOY, and LOUIS FISHER, Mary Kay Holding Corporation,
More informationV. 1 STEP BY STEP TO PERFECTLY EVEN SKIN TONE
V. 1 STEP BY STEP TO PERFECTLY EVEN SKIN TONE BRIGHT AND EVEN SKIN TONE NEED Aesthetic models of most cultures involve presenting an even skin tone. Hyperpigmented areas or dark spots appear as signs of
More informationevens skin tone, Active.Lite Patent Pending Appliction Number 61/ appearance of dark spots! Rapid Skin Lightening Result in under 14 days!
Code Number: 22040 INCI Name: Saccharomyces/Grape Ferment Extract INCI Status: Conforms REACH Status: Complies CAS Number: 84929-27-1 EINECS Number: 284-511-6 Naturally Potent + Sustainable Rapid Skin
More informationNanoWhite Triple activity for skin brightening
NanoWhite Triple activity for skin brightening Market Overview Skin discolorations are today considered to be an aging sign like wrinkles, a decreased cell renewal rate or loss of firmness. Whitening =
More informationLuisant Mela X Free from AGEs-Induced Epidermal Pigmentation
Free from -Induced Epidermal Pigmentation Find plant extract solution with NEW APPROACH TO FIGHT AGAINST MELANOGENESIS Skin Pigmentation Many people have been striving to obtain lighter, brighter and healthier-looking
More informationAC Cinnamon Liposome Skin Brightening + Natural Skin Lightener + Antioxidant. Tomorrow s Vision Today!
AC Cinnamon Liposome Skin Brightening + Natural Skin Lightener + Antioxidant Tomorrow s Vision Today! AC Cinnamon Liposome Technical Information: Code: 16098 INCI Name: Water & Cinnamomum Cassia Bark Extract
More informationHypopigmenting agents
An in-depth review on the biological and chemical aspects of hyperpigmentation and contemporary strategies for achieving even skin tone Hypopigmenting agents Melanin Pigment that provides color to skin,
More informationCOSMELAN DEPIGMENTATION TREATMENT
DEPIGMENTATION TREATMENT The Cosmelan method has been designed to attenuate/eliminate darkened skin spots of melanic origin. This unaesthetic but frequent problem has different origins. Among them: Genetics
More informationSKINFLAMM-AGING. pollution UVB/UVA. free radicals. immune cells. damage signals. antioxidants
RESTORE YOUTHFUL SKIN Inflammation is becoming a mainstream concept for consumers Aging skin is inflamed skin and the easiest way to reverse the aging process is through controlling inflammation with anti-oxidants
More information3M3.WHITERIS G REVEAL. Lightener - Melano-minimiser COSMOS
3M3.WHITERIS G Lightener - Melano-minimiser REVEAL 3M3.WHITERIS G : Lightener - Melano-minimiser 3M3.WHITERIS G acts on the genes that control the three key mechanisms involved in the pigmentation of the
More informationActive Beauty Unilucent PA-13 Dark spot lightener. Crafted by green technology
Active Beauty Unilucent PA-13 Dark spot lightener Crafted by green technology Focus on the product Melanin: a natural UV shield for our skin... Skin color is defined by different factors, the type and
More informationMelanoBronze Biomimetic tanning activator
Biomimetic tanning activator Biomimetic tanning activator Phyto-Endorphins to Activate Melanin Synthesis MelanoBronze is a tan activator that is based on an extract of the monk s pepper berries which
More informationForeseen Shield Nopal
Foreseen Shield Nopal A STORY The Nopal Opuntia ficus indica, Cactaceae A Mexican legendary cactus Born in the centre of Mexico, that cactus with an original shape caracterized by its organization with
More informationDelentigo The age spot solution
Delentigo The age spot solution Characteristics of Age Spots / Senile Lentigo Found on UV-exposed areas of the skin Diameter: 1 mm - few cm Color: light brown black More than 90% of Caucasian subjects
More informationYeast Essence Skin Care Actives. Yeast Essence C90 Yeast Essence E100 Yeast Essence N80 Yeast Essence Z20. Angel Yeast Co., Ltd.
Yeast Essence Skin Care Actives Yeast Essence C90 Yeast Essence E100 Yeast Essence N80 Yeast Essence Z20 Angel Yeast Co., Ltd. Yeast Essence C90 Proposed INCI name: Sodium carboxymethyl beta glucan, water
More informationEnzyme Analysis using Tyrosinase. Evaluation copy
Enzyme Analysis using Tyrosinase Computer 15 Enzymes are molecules that regulate the chemical reactions that occur in all living organisms. Almost all enzymes are globular proteins that act as catalysts,
More informationSkin Tone Modulation: In Vitro Pre-clinical and Clinical Efficacy Testing Strategies and Innovative Solutions in Cosmetics
Skin Tone Modulation: In Vitro Pre-clinical and Clinical Efficacy Testing Strategies and Innovative Solutions in Cosmetics Gertrude-Emilia Costin, Ph.D., M.B.A. 29 June 2017 OUTLINE Integration of the
More informationREVINAGE. The real bio-retinol
REVINAGE The real bio-retinol Aging of the world United Nations 2015 Report Aging Who wants to get old? Retinoids o Family of compounds related to vitamin A and its derivatives o They interact with specific
More informationDOI: /UJPSR SKIN PIGMENTATION. Rajiv Rakshit*, Shubhrajit Mantry, Sudip Das
SKIN PIGMENTATION Rajiv Rakshit*, Shubhrajit Mantry, Sudip Das, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim 737136, INDIA ARTICLE INFO: Article history: Received: 1 August 2016 Received in
More informationASCORBOSILANE C AND MELANOGENESIS - T2 - DO_0950GB9803A
ASCRBSILAE C AD MELAGEESIS - T2 - D_0950GB9803A Ascorbosilane C and Melanogenesis Inhibition - 2 ASCRBSILAE C MELAGEESIS IHIBITI TEST ITRDUCTI In order to prove the Ascorbosilane C effect (Ascorbate Methylsilanol)
More informationDermaPep A530. Multifunctional anti-inflammatory peptide for irritated and sensitive skin. Experience The Magic of Science
Experience The Magic of Science DermaPep A53 Multifunctional anti-inflammatory peptide for irritated and sensitive skin DermaP ep Experience the magic of science Anti-aging DermaPep A35 DermaPep A42 DermaPep
More informationMelanogenesis Inhibitory Activity of Rhododendron weyrichii in Mouse B16 Melanoma Cells
ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal www.orientjchem.org ISSN: 0970-020 X CODEN: OJCHEG 2016, Vol. 32, No. (4): Pg. 1899-1907 Melanogenesis Inhibitory
More informationSkin Care Actives. Yeast Essence C90 Yeast Essence E100 Yeast Essence N80 Yeast Essence Z20. Ferment Essence FC01 Ferment Essence FG01
Skin Care Actives Yeast Essence C90 Yeast Essence E100 Yeast Essence N80 Yeast Essence Z20 Ferment Essence FC01 Ferment Essence FG01 Angel Yeast Co., Ltd. Yeast Essence C90 INCI name: Sodium carboxymethyl
More informationUnderstanding Skin Colour
Understanding Skin Colour SKIN COLOUR The natural colour of skin without any pigments is yellowish. However, we are all aware of the different colours of skin and these differences are determined by the
More informationPeeling. Smooth out the skin. Remove the outer skin layers. Erase the fine wrinkles. The regenerated skin is smoother & Less wrinkled - Renewed
If you foolishly ignore beauty, you will soon find yourself without it. Your life will be impoverished. But if you wisely invest in beauty, it will remain with you all the days of your life Frank Lloyd
More informationBefore you begin, think about your skin. It covers your entire body! What questions do you have about skin and skin color?
Before you begin, think about your skin. It covers your entire body! What questions do you have about skin and skin color? Watch the entire animation once through. Go through it once more, stopping at
More informationBiology: Cell Division and Cancer
Cancer Cells [Photo by Dr. Cecil Fox via Wikimedia Commons] Biology: Cell Division and Cancer High School 9-12 Corin Malone Auburn Riverside High School, Auburn School District Materials adapted from Not
More informationINCI: Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract
INCI: Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract INCI: Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract Slow down aging: DORMINs effect Boost natural skin defenses: enhance Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) production Skin lightening: slowdown
More informationWhite jade injection that you rub on CINDETOX WHITE CREAM. Glutathione 1000ppm With Peptide. Glutathione + Thioctic acid + Vitamin C
White jade injection that you rub on CINDETOX WHITE CREAM Glutathione 1000ppm With Peptide Glutathione + Thioctic acid + Vitamin C 1. CINDELTOX Whitening Cream? CINDELTOX cream is a cosmetics for hospitals
More informationAC Griffonia Lysate Advanced
AC Griffonia Lysate Advanced Innovative Neuro-Cosmetic + Anti-Aging + Instant Tightening Tomorrow s Vision Today! AC GRIFFONIA LYSATE ADVANCED Technical Information: Product Code: 16634 INCI Name: Griffonia
More informationBRIGHT COMPLEXION. Nature s breakthrough cocktail that enhances skin luminosity. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
BRIGHT COMPLEXION Nature s breakthrough cocktail that enhances skin luminosity. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Nature s breakthrough cocktail that enhances skin luminosity. BRIGHT COMPLEXION minimizes age-spots,
More informationSynovea HR Asyntra SL. Safe & Highly Effective in Controlling Skin Pigmentation
Synovea HR Asyntra SL Safe & Highly Effective in Controlling Skin Pigmentation Synovea HR Asyntra SL Synovea HR Alkylresorcinols are amphiphilic phenolic lipids present in significant amount in the bran
More information20X Buffer (Tube1) 96-well microplate (12 strips) 1
PROTOCOL MitoProfile Rapid Microplate Assay Kit for PDH Activity and Quantity (Combines Kit MSP18 & MSP19) 1850 Millrace Drive, Suite 3A Eugene, Oregon 97403 MSP20 Rev.1 DESCRIPTION MitoProfile Rapid Microplate
More informationWork-flow: protein sample preparation Precipitation methods Removal of interfering substances Specific examples:
Dr. Sanjeeva Srivastava IIT Bombay Work-flow: protein sample preparation Precipitation methods Removal of interfering substances Specific examples: Sample preparation for serum proteome analysis Sample
More informationInnovative Injectables With Novel Peptide and Sustained Release Technology For Face, Eye & Body Contouring
Innovative Injectables With Novel Peptide and Sustained Release Technology For Face, Eye & Body Contouring 2265 Novel Peptide and Sustained Release Technology Body Contouring Safe and eflcient Localized
More informationSynthesis and Cosmetic Whitening EŠect of Glycosides Derived from Several Phenylpropanoids
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 126(3) 173 177 (2006) 2006 The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 173 Synthesis and Cosmetic Whitening EŠect of Glycosides Derived from Several Phenylpropanoids Shinichi TANIMOTO, Hitoshi
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY OF SKIN AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES
BIOCHEMISTRY OF SKIN AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI 1 2 SKIN Epidermis - horny layer (keratin-filled dead cells) - granular layer - spinous
More informationILLUMISCIN. The new Anti-Age Spot Programme. Product Spotlight. June 2010
ILLUMISIN Product Spotlight June 2010 The new Anti-Age Spot Programme ILLUMISIN is effective against age spots and provides illuminated, eventoned skin. A balanced, patented composition of leuropein, stabilised
More informationNormal Biosynthesis of Melanin
Normal Biosynthesis of Melanin ALBA (2009) in Spanish Genespoir & ALBA (2012) in French Normal Biosynthesis of Melanin Biosynthesis of Melanin Albinism: pigmentation versus vision Charles and Calvin María
More informationMitochondrial Trifunctional Protein (TFP) Protein Quantity Microplate Assay Kit
PROTOCOL Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein (TFP) Protein Quantity Microplate Assay Kit DESCRIPTION Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein (TFP) Protein Quantity Microplate Assay Kit Sufficient materials
More informationBASIC ENZYMOLOGY 1.1
BASIC ENZYMOLOGY 1.1 1.2 BASIC ENZYMOLOGY INTRODUCTION Enzymes are synthesized by all living organisms including man. These life essential substances accelerate the numerous metabolic reactions upon which
More informationHow to make compliant claims with impact
On-Line Formulation Training - Anywhere In The World - How to make compliant claims with impact Belinda Carli Director, Institute of Personal Care Science Overview Claims what are the issues? Key points:
More informationSKIN WHITENING. XII November 2017 N 8. Maurizio Ceccarelli & Coll. Protocol for skin pigmentation treatment.
XII November 2017 N 8 SKIN WHITENING Maurizio Ceccarelli & Coll. Protocol for skin pigmentation treatment. The skin responds to injury by increasing the thickness of the stratum corneum and pigmenting.
More information64, rue Anatole France Levallois-Perret - FRANCE TEL.: ++33.(0) FAX.: ++33.(0) TURN WHITE COMPLEX
64, rue Anatole France - 92300 Levallois-Perret - FRANCE TEL.: ++33.(0)1.47.93.66.66 - FAX.: ++33.(0)1.47.33.02.20 TURN WHITE COMPLEX HERBAL SKIN-LIGHTENING AGENT 2 CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. DESCRIPTION
More informationProduct Information Antioxidants and Actives: dermofeel enlight
Product Information Antioxidants and Actives: dermofeel enlight Product features: - Effective whitening blend - In vivo proven activity - Age spot correction - Skin tone harmonization - 100% naturally
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
DOI:.38/ncb3399 a b c d FSP DAPI 5mm mm 5mm 5mm e Correspond to melanoma in-situ Figure a DCT FSP- f MITF mm mm MlanaA melanoma in-situ DCT 5mm FSP- mm mm mm mm mm g melanoma in-situ MITF MlanaA mm mm
More informationOPTIMIZED IN VITRO PIGMENTATION SCREENING ASSAY USING A RECONSTRUCTED THREE DIMENSIONAL HUMAN SKIN MODEL
OPTIMIZED IN VITRO PIGMENTATION SCREENING ASSAY USING A RECONSTRUCTED THREE DIMENSIONAL HUMAN SKIN MODEL GERTRUDE-EMILIA COSTIN 1, HANS RAABE Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS), 30 W Watkins
More informationAkoshine Active Coral THE MEDITERRANEAN RED GOLD
Akoshine Active Coral THE MEDITERRANEAN RED GOLD Corallium Rubrum CLASSIFICATION Phylum: Celenterati Class: Antozoi Underclass: Octocoralli Order: Gorgonacei Family: Corallidi. Its hard, calcareous, red
More informationABSTRACT. 1 P age LIKI VON OPPEN-BEZALEL, OLGA BEN-CHITRIT, FABIEN HAVAS, DANIT FISHBEIN IBR LTD.
IBR CLEARLY BRIGHT Complex with Phyto(flu)ene the COLORLESS CAROTENOIDS, IBR-Dormin and IBR-Snowflake for better, outstanding Skin Lightening, Whitening & Evening of Skin Tone LIKI VON OPPEN-BEZALEL, OLGA
More informationCorn Starch Analysis B-47-1 PHOSPHORUS
Corn Starch Analysis B-47-1 PHOSPHORUS PRINCIPLE SCOPE The sample is ignited in the presence of a fixative to destroy organic matter and convert phosphorus to inorganic phosphates which are not volatilized
More informationBRAND SPECIALISING IN THE TREATMENT OF DARK SPOTS
2 Offers dermatologists, practitioners and beauty professionals a wide range of depigmentation products, providing treatments uniquely formulated according to the type of hyperpigmentation, skin type and
More informationTitle Revision n date
A. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE (TLC) 1. SCOPE The method describes the identification of hydrocortisone acetate, dexamethasone, betamethasone, betamethasone 17-valerate and triamcinolone acetonide
More informationDye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Performance Reviewed from the Composition of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)/Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Performance Reviewed from the Composition of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)/Zinc Oxide (ZnO) To cite
More informationmesotherapy solutions by
mesotherapy solutions by meso.prof is a comprehensive range of solutions and specific active substances in sterile ampoules for transcutaneous use. This is a range of effective, versatile, safe products,
More informationThe intracellular origin of the melanosome in pigment cells. A review of ultrastructural data
Histol Histopathol (1 996) 1 1 : 445-462 Histology and Histopathology ln vited Re vie w The intracellular origin of the melanosome in pigment cells. A review of ultrastructural data U. Schraermeyer Institut
More informationEnhancement of pheomelanogenesis by L-dopa in the mouse melanocyte cell line, TM10, in vitro
Enhancement of pheomelanogenesis by L-dopa in the mouse melanocyte cell line, TM10, in vitro CHIKARA SATO 1, SHOUSUKE ITO 2 and TAKUJI TAKEUCHI 1 " 'Biological Institute, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama Sendai
More informationBiology 2180 Laboratory #3. Enzyme Kinetics and Quantitative Analysis
Biology 2180 Laboratory #3 Name Introduction Enzyme Kinetics and Quantitative Analysis Catalysts are agents that speed up chemical processes and the catalysts produced by living cells are called enzymes.
More informationSTABILITY INDICATING ASSAY. differentiate an intact drug from its potential decomposition products 425.
.1. INTRODUCTION.1.1 STABILITY INDICATING ASSAY The stability - indicating assay is a method that is employed for the analysis of stability samples in pharmaceutical industry. It is essential to validate
More informationTechnical ingredient data sheet
Powerful Safe Targeted Indication This very potent concentrated serum has clinically researched product ingredients that are proven to be specifically effective for very dark skin race and/or skins that
More informationInfluence of plasma-activated compounds on melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity
Supporting file Influence of plasma-activated compounds on melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity Anser Ali 1,2, Zaman Ashraf 3,4, Naresh Kumar 1,2, Muhammad Rafiq 3, Farukh Jabeen 6,7, Jihoon Park 5, Ki
More informationab Calcineurin Phosphatase Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric)
ab139461 Calcineurin Phosphatase Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric) Instructions for Use For measuring Calcineurin phosphatase activity. This product is for research use only and is not intended for diagnostic
More informationAnti-Melanogenic Activities of Sargassum muticum via MITF Downregulation
ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal www.orientjchem.org ISSN: 0970-020 X CODEN: OJCHEG 2017, Vol. 33, No. (4): Pg. 1589-1594 Anti-Melanogenic
More informationAnti-aging / Soothing BEAUTY OF THE FUTURE
BEAUTY OF THE FUTURE Anti-aging / Soothing Anti-aging / Soothing NATURAL INGREDIENT NATIVE TO THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT USED FOR ITS SOOTHING AND ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. FOCUS ON THE PRODUCT SOOTHING ACTIVITY
More informationInhibitory effects of cinnamic acid and its derivatives on the diphenolase activity of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tyrosinase
Food Chemistry 92 (2005) 707 712 Inhibitory effects of cinnamic acid and its derivatives on the diphenolase activity of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tyrosinase Yan Shi, Qing-Xi Chen *, Qin Wang, Kang-Kang
More informationAnti-aging / Soothing BEAUTY OF THE FUTURE
Anti-aging / Soothing BEAUTY OF THE FUTURE Anti-aging / Soothing NATURAL INGREDIENT NATIVE TO THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT USED FOR ITS SOOTHING AND ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. FOCUS ON THE PRODUCT SOOTHING ACTIVITY
More informationA Lighter Skin Tone and More With Natural Actives
A Lighter Skin Tone and More With Natural Actives presented by Authors: Muhammed Majeed, Ph.D. & Lakshmi Prakash, Ph.D. info@sabinsa.com www.sabinsa.com www.sabinsacosmetics.com INTRODUCTION Skin lightening
More informationThe Science of Staying Healthy
The Science of Staying Healthy Signum Dermalogix, Inc. The Science of Staying Healthy ignum Dermalogix is a spin out of Signum Biosciences, a private biotech company founded in 2004 based on technologies
More informationPolysaccharide Essence AQUA Mask. Extrated from the best
Polysaccharide Essence AQUA Mask Extrated from the best The function of polysaccharides on skin Polysaccharide: Natural component of skin that can be a good water-binding agent and potentially have antioxidant
More informationThe Effect of a Frequency-Doubled Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser on Hairless Mice Harboring Eumelanin and Pheomelanin in the Epidermis
Original The Effect of a Frequency-Doubled Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser on Hairless Mice Harboring Eumelanin and Pheomelanin in the Epidermis Hanao Yamaguchi, Yoko Funasaka and Hidehisa Saeki Department of
More informationTenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Tenofoviri disoproxili fumaras)
C 19 H 30 N 5 O 10 P. C 4 H 4 O 4 Relative molecular mass. 635.5. Chemical names. bis(1-methylethyl) 5-{[(1R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-methylethoxy]methyl}-5-oxo-2,4,6,8-tetraoxa-5-λ 5 - phosphanonanedioate
More informationPhytofuse Rejuvenate. Wound Healing + Anti-Inflammatory + Film-Forming. Tomorrow s Vision Today!
Phytofuse Wound Healing + Anti-Inflammatory + Film-Forming Tomorrow s Vision Today! Phytofuse Technical Information: Product Code: 16882 INCI Name: Salvia Hispanica Seed Extract INCI Status: Conforms Suggested
More informationAnti-Aging Activity Of Cucurbita moschata Ethanolic Extract Towards NIH3T3 Fibroblast Cells Induced By Doxorubicin
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 2016, 7(2): 49-53 ISSN: 2088 0197 Anti-Aging Activity Of Cucurbita moschata Ethanolic Extract Towards NIH3T3 Fibroblast Cells Induced By Doxorubicin Laeli
More informationMissed a week? Check out our Ask LNE & Spa archives. Do you have an industryrelated question? Ask LNE & Spa!
Ask LNE & Spa Les Nouvelles Esthétiques & Spa is the leading source of information for the esthetics industry, and now offers you the opportunity to connect with the foremost authorities in our business
More informationThe Efficacy and Safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% Cream for the Treatment of Melasma: A Randomized Controlled Split-face Trial
Ann Dermatol Vol. 22, No. 1, 2010 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2010.22.1.21 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Efficacy and Safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% Cream for the Treatment of Melasma: A Randomized Controlled Split-face
More informationTitle: The effect of temperature on enzymatic browning and how to treat them on fruits, such as, pears, banana and apple.
Sarah Sutantyo November 27, 2007 Final Individual Project Title: The effect of temperature on enzymatic browning and how to treat them on fruits, such as, pears, banana and apple. Hypothesis and objective:
More informationBLUEsun INTERNATIONAL
LPD s Definition They are extremely small vesicles (lower than 300nm) Mainly made of phospholipids The phospholipids are organised in bilayers LPD s Micela Phospholipids in bilayer Phospholipids in monolayer
More information2. Which of the following amino acids is most likely to be found on the outer surface of a properly folded protein?
Name: WHITE Student Number: Answer the following questions on the computer scoring sheet. 1 mark each 1. Which of the following amino acids would have the highest relative mobility R f in normal thin layer
More informationFrom the Standpoint of Dermatology
[ Document Identification Number : DIN01022812 ] Digital Color Imaging in Biomedicine, 67-72, 2001.02.28 Toshihiko NUMAHARA *1 (numahara@kms.ac.jp)
More informationIBR-Phyto(flu)ene, COLORLESS CAROTENOIDS TECHNOLOGIY OVERVIEW
PRODUCT CATALOG IBR-Phyto(flu)ene, COLORLESS CAROTENOIDS TECHNOLOGIY OVERVIEW Biologically, carotenoids are an important group of compounds with more than 700 members. are found widely throughout nature,
More informationFor the quantitative measurement of ATP Synthase Specific activity in samples from Human, Rat and Cow
ab109716 ATP Synthase Specific Activity Microplate Assay Kit Instructions for Use For the quantitative measurement of ATP Synthase Specific activity in samples from Human, Rat and Cow This product is for
More informationNNAGRAM. 64, rue Anatole France LEVALLOIS-PERRET - FRANCE TEL.: ++33.(0) FAX.: ++33.(0) TENSENNA VEGETAL TENSOR
Σ NNAGRAM 64, rue Anatole France - 92300 LEVALLOIS-PERRET - FRANCE TEL.: ++33.(0)1.47.93.66.66 - FAX.: ++33.(0)1.47.33.02.20 TENSENNA VEGETAL TENSOR WHEAT PROTEINS COMPLEX 1. INTRODUCTION TENSENNA is a
More informationStudent Manual. Background STUDENT MANUAL BACKGROUND. Enzymes
Background Enzymes Enzymes are typically proteins (some nucleic acids have also been found to be enzymes) that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions that would take far too long to occur on
More informationRayBio Human Phospho-DDR2 (Tyr740) and Total DDR2 ELISA Kit
RayBio Human Phospho-DDR2 (Tyr740) and Total DDR2 ELISA Kit Catalog #: PEL-DDR2-Y740-T User Manual Last revised March 22, 2018 Caution: Extraordinarily useful information enclosed ISO 13485 Certified 3607
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Purification and biochemical properties of SDS-stable low molecular weight alkaline serine protease from Citrullus Colocynthis Muhammad Bashir Khan, 1,3 Hidayatullah khan, 2 Muhammad
More informationARTESUNATE TABLETS: Final text for revision of The International Pharmacopoeia (December 2009) ARTESUNATI COMPRESSI ARTESUNATE TABLETS
December 2009 ARTESUNATE TABLETS: Final text for revision of The International Pharmacopoeia (December 2009) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-fourth WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical
More informationVitamin C Assay Kit. ( DNPH method )
Product No.SML-ROIK2-EX Vitamin C Assay Kit ( DNPH method ) Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid) is water-soluble vitamin with strong reducing action and is an important coenzyme for internal hydroxylation reactions
More informationAESTHETIC GYNECOLOGY
. XII July 2017 N 6 AESTHETIC GYNECOLOGY Maurizio Ceccarelli & Coll. Today is a great development of aesthetic gynecology. This is because the patients require beauty even at their intimate parts. The
More informationMelanins are unique pigmented biopolymers synthesized
Biochemical Control of Melanogenesis and Melanosomal Organization Vincent J. Hearing Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. Current
More informationTest Review Worksheet 1 Name: Per:
Test Review Worksheet 1 Name: Per: 1. Put the following in order according to blood flow through the body, starting with the lungs: Lungs, right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, aorta,
More informationNew Tradename: TEGO Cosmo C 250
New Tradename: TEGO Cosmo C 250 Former Tradename: COSMOCAIR C 250 Natural, skin identical active ingredient with skin brightening properties Ideal for skin brightening applications Skin conditioner ph-regulating
More informationNotes 2-4. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Notes 2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reaction: A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals Reactants: Elements entered into the reaction Products: Elements or
More informationHeparin Sodium ヘパリンナトリウム
Heparin Sodium ヘパリンナトリウム Add the following next to Description: Identification Dissolve 1 mg each of Heparin Sodium and Heparin Sodium Reference Standard for physicochemical test in 1 ml of water, and
More information