312 Index. Autonomic nervous system. See Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) Autonomous aldosterone secretion (AAS),

Transcription

1 A Acromegaly clinical evidence, hypertension nature, prevalence, resolution, hypertension mechanisms brain natriuretic peptide, cardiovascular effects, GH or IGF-I action, 162 insulin-mediated mechanisms, plasma volume expansion, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, SAS, sympathetic activity, 164 Adiponectin, 258 ADMA. See Asymmetric dimethyl-arginine (ADMA) Adrenal incidentalomas (AI), 264 description, 108 nonfunctioning, PHEO, 115 prevalence, 109 primary aldosteronism, 113 subclinical Cushing s syndrome, ADT. See Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) Aging and testosterone classical hypogonadism, 215 frailty cycle, 216 LOH, senescence, Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) classification, 5 genomic studies, 6 7 Aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR), 13, 15, Alpha-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia clinical presentation, diagnosis, 97 epidemiology, 94 genetics, 95 pathophysiology, 95 physiology of hypertension, 96 diagnosis, pathogenesis, 37 Ambulatory BP measurement (ABPM), 156, 160, 169 Amiloride, 25 Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), 230 Androgen receptor knock out (ARKO), 222 Andropause, ANP. See Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) system Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) diagnosis, pathogenesis, ARKO. See Androgen receptor knock out (ARKO) Arterial hypertension (AH) and hypercortisolism 11bHSD2 enzyme, 111 cortisol-induced hypertension, pathogenetic mechanisms, 112 NFAIs, 115 PHEO, 114 prevalence, 109 primary aldosteronism, 113 Asymmetric dimethyl-arginine (ADMA), 244 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) system, C.A. Koch and G.P. Chrousos (eds.), Endocrine Hypertension: Underlying Mechanisms and Therapy, Contemporary Endocrinology, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media New York

2 312 Index Autonomic nervous system. See Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) Autonomous aldosterone secretion (AAS), B Bariatric surgery, Beta-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia diagnosis, 94 epidemiology, 91 genetics, 91 pathophysiology, physiology of hypertension, 94 Cushing s syndrome, diagnosis, 41 mineralocorticoid receptors, pathogenesis, 37 Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH), 4, 5, 19 Blood pressure (BP) acute effects of insulin hyperinsulinemia, L-NMMA, 244 nitric oxide production, 244 and GH/IGF-I, Body mass index (BMI), 240 Borderline hypertension, 156 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C Calcium homeostasis, 197 Captopril challenge test (CCT), 16, 17 Cardiovascular effects, Catecholamine metabolism, PHEO, Chloride shunt syndrome. See Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 (PHA-2) Chronic low renin hypertension, 93 Chrousos syndrome, 37, 38 clinical evaluation, 81 clinical manifestations, endocrinologic evaluation, management, molecular mechanisms hgr mutations, hgr polymorphisms, molecular studies, 82 Circumventricular organ (CVO), 291, 292 Computed tomography (CT) benign adrenocortical adenoma, 108 pheochromocytoma, 132 primary aldosteronism, 19 Confirmatory tests, primary aldosteronism, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, clinical presentation, diagnosis, 97 epidemiology, 94 genetics, 95 pathophysiology, 95 physiology of hypertension, 96 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency, 41 diagnosis, 94 epidemiology, 91 genetics, 91 pathophysiology, physiology of hypertension, 94 causes, hydroxylase deficiency ( see 21-Hydroxylase deficiency) treatment of hypertension, Cortisol, 257 Cosyntropin, 20 Cushing s syndrome (CS) causes and diagnosis of, pathogenesis pathways, bhsd system, clinical consequences, 54 GC/GCR/MCR system, physiology of, glucocorticoids, MCR, hypertension, causes of, 55 limitations, 54 metabolic syndrome, vasoconstrictors vs. vasodilators, prevalence and incidence of, 52 treatment concomitant hypertension, 62 etomidate and mitotane, 63 excess glucocorticoid, elimination of, 62 ketoconazole and metyrapone, 63 pasireotide and mifepristone, principles of, 63 transsphenoidal surgery and ACTH-oma resection of, 62 CVO. See Circumventricular organ (CVO) CYP11B2 genes, 6, 21, 91 polymorphisms of, 23 D Deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 290 Diastolic blood pressure (DBP),

3 Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH ), Dietary intervention study in hypertension (DISH), 267 Dipping phenomenon, 111 Diuretics, 270 DNA-binding domain (DBD), human GR, 72 DOC. See Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) E Ectopic ACTH, Endocrine hypertension, SME, Endothelial dysfunction, 9 Endothelin, Episodic hypertension, 130 Eplerenone, 25 Esmolol, 138 Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, 240 F F-DOPA. See 18Flouro-L- Dihydroxyphenylalanine (F-DOPA) 18Flouro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), F-Fluorodopamine (FDA), Fludrocortisone suppression (FST), 16, 17 Framingham offspring cohort study, 253 Free fatty acids, 260 G Geller syndrome, 45 Genetic syndromes, pheochromocytoma MEN2, 125 NF1, 125 paraganglioma, VHL, 125 Glucocorticoid receptors (GR), 298 Gordon syndrome. See Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 (PHA-2) Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) hypertension, mechanisms nitric oxide, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, 171 resolution, hypertension, Gynecomastia, 25 H Human glucocorticoid receptor (hgr) gene structure, mutations, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, 73 polymorphisms ER22/23EK, 79 N363S, 80 restriction fragment length, restriction site length, 81 single-nucleotide, 81 Human norepinephrine transporter system (hnet), 133 Hybrid steroids, Hydroxylase deficiency clinical presentation, diagnosis, 100 epidemiology, 97 genetics, pathophysiology, 98 physiology of hypertension, Hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (HTR4), 7 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, 197 Hypercalcemia, primary hyperparathyroidism, 182, 183, 186 Hyperinsulinemia, 258 insulin level, 244, 245 SNS activity, Hypertension in GHD, mechanisms for acromegaly BNP, 162, 163 cardiovascular effects, GH or IGF-I action, 162 insulin-mediated mechanisms, plasma volume expansion, RAA, SAS, sympathetic activity, 164 primary hyperparathyroidism, 185 hypercalcemia, 186 hypomagnesemia, 187 impaired renal function, 187 parathyroidectomy, renin-aldosterone system, 188 vitamin D deficiency calcium and endothelial function, 202 cardiovascular mortality, clinical and epidemiological studies, hyperparathyroidism, 202 renin angiotensin system regulation, Hypoadiponectinemia, 265 Hypogonadism, 96 Hypomagnesemia, 187 Hypovitaminosis D, 202

4 314 Index I I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) therapy, 139 Incretins exenatide, 246 glucagons-like peptide-1, 245 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), Insulin-mediated hypertension, 163 Insulin resistance (IR) autonomic nervous system, blood pressure acute insulin effects, and hypertension, improvement, 245 incretins, BMI, 240 description, 240 euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, 240 peripheral vasculature, and sodium balance, International Diabetes Federation, 221 K Kabi International Metabolism Study database (KIMS database), 168 Ketoconazole, 63 Klinefelter s syndrome, 215, L Laparoscopic surgery, pheochromocytomas, Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 8 Leptin obesity-associated hypertension, 256 testosterone deficiency, 220 Licorice-induced hypertension, Liddle syndrome diagnosis, pathogenesis, 37, 38 Ligand-binding domain (LBD), human GR, 72 Luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) gene, 7 M Male hypogonadism. See Testosterone deficiency (TD) Melanin, 197 MEN2 syndrome. See Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) syndrome Metabolic syndrome, Metanephrines, Metyrapone, 63 Mifepristone, 64 Mineralocorticoid excess syndromes. See Syndromes of mineralocorticoid excess (SME) Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) antagonist, 25, 34 biology, brain and hypertension, central sympathetic nervous system, 293 history, inflammation, physiological ligands 11b-HSD2, 296 Dahl salt sensitive rat, 297 p-glycoprotein, 296 structural changes in heart and vessels, Mitotane, 63 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pheochromocytoma, 132, 140 Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) hypertension vs primary hyperparathyroidism, 188 ZES, Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) syndrome, 125 N Nephrolithiasis, primary hyperparathyroidism, 182 Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) syndrome, 125 NFAIs. See Non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs) Nicardipine, 136, 138 Non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs), N363S polymorphism, 80 N-terminal domain (NTD), human GR, 72 O Obesity-hypertension adiponectin, 258 ASVD risk, 262 atrial natriuretic peptide, cardiovascular consequences, cortisol, 257 differential diagnosis, endothelin, free fatty acids, 260 genetics, 261 and hyperinsulinemia, 258

5 leptin, 256 management strategies alcohol consumption, 268 alpha-1 and 2 blockers, 272 antihypertensives, 272 anti-obesity agents, 273 bariatric surgery, 269 beta blockers, 271 calcium channel blockers, dietary modification, diuretics, 270 exercise, modification programs, 268 OSA, 273 pharmacotherapy, 269 RAAS modulators, weight loss, 266 obstructive sleep apnea, pathophysiology mechanical and humoral factors, 255 putative mechanisms, 254 prevalence rates, 252 RAAS system, renal capsular pressure, 259 renal structure, 259 resistin, 260 SNS overactivity, 256 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) hypoadiponectinemia, 265 polysomnography, 264 Olivetti Heart Study, 242 Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 159 Oral sodium loading (OLT), 16, 17 Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (OVLT), 291 OSA. See Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 182 P Paraganglioma syndromes, Parathyroidectomy blood pressure changes, 190 Scandinavian patients, 190 serum calcium levels, 189 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), , Partial androgen deficiency in aging men (PADAM), Pasireotide, Peripheral vasculature resistance endothelin levels, impaired nitric oxide production, 243 Pfizer International Metabolic Database, P-glycoprotein, 296 Phentolamine, 138 Pheochromocytomas (PHEO), ancillary laboratory tests, biochemical evidence, cardiovascular consequences, catecholamine metabolism, confounding factors, crisis management, definitions, 124 diagnostic approach, 135 genetic syndromes MEN2, 125 NF1, 125 paraganglioma, VHL, 125 genetic testing and considerations, 126 hypertension, incidence, 124 malignancy implications and management, medical treatment, pharmacologic test, 131 preoperative management, 136 primary hyperparathyroidism, 189 surgical management, therapeutic approach, 137 tumor localization anatomical imaging, 132 functional imaging, young patients, Plasma renin activity (PRA), 188 Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, pheochromocytoma, 133 PRA. See Plasma renin activity (PRA) Pressure natriuresis, 242 Primary aldosteronism (PA) adrenal incidentalomas, classification, 4 5 clinical features and complications hyperaldosteronism, 11 metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, 12 sodium retention, 11 diagnosis confirmatory tests, screening test, subtype differentiation, genetics CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 genes, 21 FH-I, 22 FH-II, 22 FH-III, sporadic PA, 23 24

6 316 Index Primary aldosteronism (PA) (cont.) pathophysiology adrenal pathology, 5 6 aldosterone role in target organ damage, 8 10 genomic studies in APAs, 6 7 prevalence of, 4 therapy, Primary generalized glucocorticoid hypersensitivity (PGGH) clinical evaluation, 81 clinical manifestations, 75 endocrinologic evaluation, management, molecular mechanisms hgr mutations, hgr polymorphisms, molecular studies, 82 Primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance (PGGR). See Chrousos syndrome Primary hyperparathyroidism cardiovascular manifestations, clinical presentation, 182 definition, 181 evaluation of, 183 guidelines for surgery, 184 hypertension, multiple endocrine neoplasia, parathyroidectomy, treatment, Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 (PHA-2) description, 37, 38 diagnosis, R RAAS. See Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) Rancho Bernardo study, 224 RAS. See Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) Remnant kidney model, 9 Renal capsular pressure, 259 Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), , 171, , Renovascular hypertension, 291 Resistin, 260 S Saline infusion (SLT), 16, 17 Screening test, primary aldosteronism ARR, 13, 15 drug effects, 15 flow-chart, 13, 14 Sibutramine, 273 Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), , 230 SME. See Syndromes of mineralocorticoid excess (SME) SNS. See Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) Sodium balance, IR metabolic syndrome, Olivetti Heart Study, 242 pressure natriuresis, 242 Spontaneously hypertensive rats-stroke prone (SHRSP), 9 Sporadic PA, Subclinical Cushing s syndrome (SCS), Swedish Obese Subjects study (SOS), 269 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperinsulinemia, microneurography, 241 overactivity, 256 Syndromes of mineralocorticoid excess (SME) adrenal steroid synthesis, 35, 36 conditions with low renin concentrations, 34, 35 diagnosis 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, apparent mineralocorticoid excess, beta-hydroxylase deficiency, 41 laboratory and genetic tests, 39, 40 licorice-induced hypertension, liddle syndrome, Geller syndrome, 45 pathogenesis, Systolic blood pressure (SBP), T Teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor-1 (TDGF1), 7 Testosterone deficiency (TD) and aging, alpha dihydro-t exert metabolism, 214 androgen deprivation therapy, 230 vs. androgen resistance, 229 diagnostic approaches, metabolic disorders, Andrologist s approach case-control study, guidelines, Rancho Bernardo study, 224 metabolism and blood pressure ARKO, 222 body fat, Klinefelter s syndrome,

7 metabolic aspects and glucose metabolism, muscle tissue, 219 mortality and cardiovascular events in women, 231 physiological response to sex hormones, 229 sleep apnea, 230 symptoms and signs, 217 TRT (see Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)) Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) benefits, contraindications, 227 risks and barriers, 228 The Institute of Medicine (IOM), 205 The International Diabetes Federation, 221 Trial of hypertension prevention (TOHP) study, 266 U Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia (UAH), 5 Unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy, primary aldosteronism, 24 Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UVPPP), 273 V Visceral fat tissue, 220 Vitamin D deficiency biochemical consequences, 198 causes and risk factors, 196 clinical consequences, 198 diagnosis of, and hypertension calcium and endothelial function, 202 cardiovascular mortality, clinical and epidemiological studies, hyperparathyroidism, 202 renin angiotensin system regulation, racial and geographical factors, treatment of, Vitamin D receptor (VDR), 198 Vitamin D synthesis and metabolism, 197 Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) syndrome, 125 W Warburg effect, 134 White coat hypertension phenomenon, 156 Wisconsin Sleep cohort study, 264 Z ZES. See Zollinger Ellison syndrome (ZES) Zollinger Ellison syndrome (ZES), Zona fasciculata (ZF) cells, 5 Zona glomerulosa (ZR) cells, 5 317