Subject Index. Automated triggering 88 AVM 128, 129

Transcription

1 Subject Index A Abberrant right subclavian artery 150 Abdominal aorta aneurysm (AAA) 198 aneurysm branching vessels 201 aortic dissection 203 dark-blood imaging 197 eccentric aneurysm 199 fusiform aneurysm 199 imaging techniques 195 mycotic aneurysm 199 normal anatomy 195, 196 patient preparation 197 pitfalls 207 post contrast dark blood imaging 197 post surgery 200 Aliasing 17, 19 Aneurysm of the aortic sinus 314 Aneurysm RVOT 322 Aneurysm thrombus formation 153 AngioSURF Anterior cerebral artery 104, 106, 123 Anterior communication artery 104, 106, 109, 122 Aortic valve insufficiency 154 Aortic coarctation , 313, 316, 317, Aortic aneurysm 149 endovascular therapy 343, 345 follow up 147 Aortic dissection 96-98, DeBakey classification 154 false lumen 155 Stanford classification 154 true lumen 155 type A 154 type B 154 Aortic occlusion (Leriche syndrome) 205 Aortic occlusion run off vessels 206 Aortic pseudocoarctation 151, 318 Aortic stent grafts 343, 344 endoleak 202 Aortic valve bicuspid 153, 327 stenosis 153 Aortitis 158 Aortopulmonary arterial connections 320 Arterial tortuosity syndrome 323 Atherosclerotic ulcer 157, 204 Atresia of RVOT 324 Automated bolus detection 29 Automated triggering 88 AVM 128, 129 B Basilar artery 103, 104, , 112 Basilar vein of Rosenthal 111, 112 Berry aneurysms 122 Bipolar gradients 15, 21 Black-blood MRA 4 Blalock-Taussig anastomosis 324 Blood pool contrast agent 72 Blood-brain barrier 113 Bright-blood angiography 4 Budd-Chiari 251, 252 Bypasses 262 C Capillary telangectasia 133 Carotid cavernous fistula 131 Carotid plaque imaging 93 Catheter angiography 91 Cavernous angioma 128, 133 Cavernous sinus 110, 111 Cavernous transformation 250 CE 3D MR venography 337 Celiac artery , 237, 239, 241 Celiac pseudostenosis 240 Cerebral aneurysm 124 Cerebral infarction 103 Cervical vessel dissections 81 Chiropractic manipulation 81, 96, 98 Churg-Strauss syndrome 320, 322 Cine velocity image 21 Circle of Willis 103, 104, 107, 109, 122, Claudication 296 Coiled aneurysm 127 Common carotid artery 84 Congenital anomalies of the aorta 314 Congenital venolobar syndrome 318 Contrast agent 13, 19, 20, 301, 307 Contrast-enhanced MR venography 333 Contrast-enhanced MR Angiography artifacts 26, 27, 32, 35 ASSET 31, 36 bandwidth 30, 31 bolus chase MRA 29 bolus tracking 30, 31

2 352 Subject Index care bolus 30, 31 carotid MRA 27, 28 CENTRA 31 centric phase ordering 33 contrast administration 38 contrast media 38 elliptical centric phase ordering 33, 34 Ernst angle 30 fibromuscular dysplasia 37 fluoro trigger 30 fluoroscopic triggering 29 GRAPPA 31, 36 half scan 31, 35 imaging parameters 30 k-space moving table MRA 29 multi-station MRA 29 overcontiguous Sinc interpolation 35 parallel imaging 36 partial Fourier phase ordering 31-33, 35 patient preparation 25 peripheral arterial occlusive disease 29 peripheral MRA 29 protocol 30, 31, 39 pseudoaneurysm 24 rectangular field of view 31, 32 relaxivity 25, 38 renal artery stenosis 35 ringing artifact 32, 35 saccular aneurysm 24 scan time 37, 38 SENSE 31, 36 SMARTPREP 29, 31 spatial resolution T2* susceptibility artifact 26 temporal vs. spatial resolution 31, 37, 38 test bolus timing scan 28, 29 theory 25 timing 27 venous contamination 28 zero-filled interpolation 35, 36 ZIP 31, 35 Coronary angiography Coronary vessel wall imaging 179, 185, 186 D DeBakey classification 154 Deep venous cerebral system 111, 112 Direct MR venography 334 Doppler ultrasound 92 Double aortic arch 145, 149, 314, 315 Ductus arteriosus 151 DVT 332 E Elliptical k-space acquisition 86 Embolization coils 345, 348 Endarterectomy 100 Endoleak 202, Extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries anomaly 84 arterial dissection 96 atherosclerosis 91 automated triggering 88 carotid plaque imaging 93 catheter angiography 91 cervical vessel dissections 81 chiropractic manipulation 81, 96, 98 common carotid artery 84 contrast-enhanced 3D MRA 86 doppler ultrasound 92 elliptical time k-space 86 endarterectomy 100 fat saturated 97, 98 fibrous cap rupture 95 flow void 92 fluoroscopic triggering 88 hypoplastic vertebral artery 84 innominate artery 84 intimal disruption 96 intra plaque hemorrhage 95 intraluminal clot 93 intramural hemorrhage 97 NASCET 91 occlusion 98 overestimation of stenosis 92 parallel imaging 101 rate of contrast media injection 88 restenosis 100 sensitivity 91 specificity 91 stairstep artifact 83, 87 stenosis grading 92 subclavian artery 84 targeted MIP 90 TRICKS 86 tumors 99 variations in anatomy 82 vascular encasement 99 vertebral artery 84 F Fat suppressed imaging 97, 98 Fibrous cap rupture 95 First pass gadolinium agents 67 Flow compensation 8 Flow void 4, 5, 92 Flow-related enhancement 6 Flow-sensitizing gradient 15, 16 Fluoroscopic triggering 88 Fusiform aneurysm 122 G Gadobenate dimeglumine 67 Gadobutrol 67, 69 Gadocoletic acid (B22956) 73 Gadodiamine 67 Gadofosveset trisodium (MS-325) 73 Gadolinium 209, 212, 213, 220, Gadolinium chelate stability 68

3 Subject Index 353 Gadolinium contrast agent with strong protein interaction 73 Gadolinium contrast agent with weak protein interaction 70 Gadolinium contrast agents with macromolecular structures 73 Gadolinium retention 68 Gadomer Gadopentetate dimeglumine 67 Gadoterate meglumine 67 Gadoteridol 67 Gadotexetate disodium 72 Gadoversetamide 67 Gastrointestinal bleeding 239 Giant aneurysm 125, 128 Glenn anastomosis 324 Gradient motion rephasing (GMR) 8 H Hand vessels 259, 265 Hemodialysis access fistulas 263, 264 Hypocalcemia 68 Hypogenetic lung syndrome 319 Hypoplastic vertebral artery 84 I Iliac artery 344, 349 Image acquisition 88, 99 Image processing analysis 61 maximum intensity projetion (MIP) multiplanar reformations (MPR) 55, 56, 59 shaded surface display (SSD) 59 surface rendering (SR) 55 virtual intraluminal endoscopy (VIE) volume rendering (VR) 55, 60 Indirect MR venography 334 Inferior mesenteric artery 231 Inferior mesenteric vein 245, 246, 248 Inferior sagittal sinus 110, 111 Inflow effect 6, 331 Innominate artery 84 Internal carotid artery , 119, 120, 123, 126, 128, 131 Internal cerebral vein Intimal disruption 96 Intra plaque hemorrhage 95 Intracranial arteries , 116, 118, 121, 134 Intracranial circulation 103, , 117, 121 Intracranial MRA D MR DSA D PC MRA 112, 116, 117, 132 2D TOF 113, 116, Tesla 134 3D CE MRA 113, 114, 118, 122, 125, 126, 129, 133, 134 3D PC MRA 110, 111, 116, 117, 121, 122, 125, 129, 131, 133 3D TOF 113, anatomical variations 122 anterior cerebral artery 104, 106, 123 anterior communication artery 104, 106, 109, 122 AVM 128, 129 basilar artery 103, 104, , 12 basilar vein of Rosenthal 111, 112 Berry aneurysms 122 blood-brain barrier 113 capillary telangectasia 133 carotid cavernous fistula 131 cavernous angioma 128, 133 cavernous sinus 110, 111 cerebral aneurysm 124 cerebral infarction 103 circle of Willis 103, 104, 107, 109, 122, coiled aneurysm 127 deep venous cerebral system 111, 112 fusiform aneurysm 122 giant aneurysm 125, 128 inferior sagittal sinus 110, 111 internal carotid artery , 119, 120, 123, 126, 128, 131 internal cerebral vein intracranial arteries , 116, 118, 121, 134 intracranial circulation 103, , 117, 121 methemoglobin 118, 125, 133 MOTSA 112, 113, 124 MTC 113 posterior cerebral artery 104, 109, 126 posterior communicating artery 104, 109, 124 SAH saturation 112, 113, , 120, SENSE 114 sinus venous thrombosis 103 SLINKY 112 small aneurysm 106 SMASH 114 stroke 121 superior sagittal sinous 110, 111, 121 thrombosed aneurysm 125 TONE 113, 124, 127 transverse sinus 110, 111, 121, 122 VENC 116, 118, 133 venous angioma 128, 129, 131 vertebral artery 104, 107 vessel stenosis 118 Intraluminal clot 93 Intramural hematoma 156 Intramural hemorrhage 97 Intra-voxel dephasing 8 IVC 336 L Left aortic arch 316 Leriche syndrome 205, 206 Liver transplantation 235, 238, 241, 248, 251, 252 Lusorian artery 150 Magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) 12 Magnitude contrast 15, 16 Magnitude image 17, 18 Major aortopulmonary arteries (MAPCA) 320, 324 MAPCA 320, 324 Marfan s syndrome 323 Maximum intensity projection (MIP) 55-58

4 354 Subject Index Mesenteric arteries 231, 233, 234, 236, aneurysm 235, 238, 240 celiac artery , 237, 239, 241 celiac pseudostenosis 240 gastrointestinal bleeding 239 inferior mesenteric artery 231, 231 liver transplantation 235, 238, 241 mesenteric arteries 231, 233, 234, 236, mesenteric ischemia , 241, 242 oxymetry 242 perfusion MRI 242 small bowel 236, 242 superior mesenteric artery , 238, 239 tumor encasement 235, 238 Mesenteric ischemia , 241, 242 Methemoglobin 13, 14, 118, 125, 133 MOTSA 112, 113, 124 Moving table , 275, 277, MR portography , MR venography 331 MTC 113 Multiplanar reformations (MPR) 55, 56, 59 Multi-slab technique 9 Multi-venc measurement 20 N NASCET 91 NC O Oxymetry 242 P P Parallel imaging 101 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return 319 Patent ductus arterious 151 PC MR venography 340 Pedal MRA 286, 287, 291, 294, anatomy 285, , 292, 294 accuracy 294, 295 anatomic variation 291 angiographically occult vessel 291, 292, 295 blood pool agents 297 coils , 297 comparision with DSA 285, 287, 291, 292, contrast agents 297 contrast-enhanced MRA 287 diabetes 285, 291 digital subtraction angiography 285 Doppler ultrasound 296 imaging protocol 288, 296 k-space filling 289 Multi-detector CT 296 patient preparation 287 peripheral ischemia 296 pitfalls 294 spatial resolution 294, 297, 298 surgical out come , 294, 296 techniques 285, 287, 292, 295, 297 time-of-flight (TOF) MRA 288 timing bolus 288, 289 value for planning and intervention 295 venous contamination 289, 290 venous enhancement 289, 294, 296, 297 Pediatric MRA aneurysm of the aortic sinus 314 aneurysm RVOT 322 aortic coarctation 313, 316, 317, aortic pseudocoarctation 318 aortopulmonary arterial connections 320 arterial tortuosity syndrome 323 atresia of RVOT 324 bicuspid aortic valve 327 Blalock-Taussig nastomosis 324 Churg-Strauss syndrome 320, 322 congenital anomalies of the aorta 314 congenital venolobar syndrome 318 double aortic arch 314, 315 Glenn anastomosis 324 hypogenetic lung syndrome 319 imaging protocol and strategy 312 left aortic arch 316 major aortopulmonary arteries 320, 324 MAPCA 320, 324 Marfan s syndrome 323 partial anomalous pulmonary venous return 319 postoperative evaluation of vascular structures 324 pulmonary arteries 320 pulmonary stenosis/atresia right aortic arch 314, 315, 316 scimitar syndrome 319 sequestration 318 sinus of Valsalva 314 Takayasu arteritis 323 technique 311 vasculitis 320, 322 venous malformation 318 Perfusion MRI 242 Peripheral MRA 346, 348 Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) 269, 301, 304, 307 Phase contrast imaging 15, 16, 17 Phase map 16 Phase shift 7, 8 Phase-contrast MR Venography 333 Portal hypertension 247, 252 Portal vein , Portal vein thrombosis 250, 252 Portal venous system 245, anatomy 245, 249 artifacts 252 Budd Chiari 251, 252 cavernous transformation 250 clips 248, 252 gadobenate dimeglumine 246 inferior mesenteric vein 245, 246, 248 liver transplantation 248, 251, 252 MR portography , portal hypertension 247, 252 portal vein , portal vein thrombosis 250, 252 portal-venous 245, splenic vein 245,

5 Subject Index 355 stents 48, 252 superior mesenteric vein 245, 248 tumor encasement 250 Posterior cerebral artery 104, 109, 126 Posterior communicating artery 104, 109, 124 Post-operative surveillance 344 Postoperative evaluation of vascular structures 324 Presaturation 10 Pre-operative planning 344 Pulmonary arteries 320 Pulmonary MRA accuracy 172 anomalous venous return 171 anomalous pulmonary circulation 170 arterio-venous fistula 168 arterio-venous malformation (AVM) 168 congenital heart disease 170 imaging protocol 164 intralobular pulmonary sequestration 170 malignant tumors 171 normal anatomy patient preparation 163 perspectives 173 pitfalls and limitations 172 pulmonary arterial hypertension 166 pulmonary embolism (acute) 165 pulmonary embolism (chronic) 166 pulmonary vein thrombosis/stenosis 171 techniques 163 Pulmonary stenosis/atresia Pulsating blood flow 21 R Renal arteries MRA accuracy 220 atherosclerotic stenosis 214 contrast-enhanced renal MRA 212 fibromuscular displasia (FMD) 215 functional renal imaging 221 Gd clearance rate 225 imaging protocol imaging techniques 211 implications 209 non-contrast-enhanced renal MRA 211 normal anatomy 209 normal variants 210 patient preparation 212 perfusion imaging 225 pitfalls and limitations 220 renal artery aneurysm 216 renal artery dissection 216 renal artery flow measurement 223 renal donors 219 renal vascular malformation 216 renal transplant 217 Renal vascular disease 209 Right aortic arch 145, 149, 150, 314, 315, 316 S SAH Saturation 112, 113, , 120, Scimitar syndrome 319 SENSE 114 Sensitivity 91 Sequestration 318 SH U 555 C 74 Shaded surface display (SSD) 59 Sinus of Valsalva 314 Sinus venous thrombosis 103 SLINKY 112 Small bowel 236, 242 SMASH 114 Splenic vein 245, Stairstep artifact 83, 87 Stanford classification 154, 203 Stenosis grading 92 Stents 248, 252 Stroke 121 Subclavian artery 84 Subclavian steal syndrome 157, 260 Sum magnitude image 18, 19 Superior mesenteric artery , 238, 239 Superior mesenteric vein 245, 248 Superior sagittal sinous 110, 111, 121 Superparamagnetic iron oxide 74 Surface rendering (SR) 55 Susceptibility artifacts 13 SVC syndrome 336 SVC (Superior Vena Cava) 334 T T1 relaxation rates 67 T1 relaxivity 70 Takayasu arteritis 158, 261, 261, 323 Targeted MIP 90 Thoracic aorta accuracy 159 anatomic variations 145 aneurysm 151, 153 anomalies aortic branches 146 aortitis 158 arteriosclerosis 157 atherosclerotic ulcer 157 atherosclerotic disease 155 CINE imaging 143 clinical indications 141 cross sectional imaging 143 future perspectives 160 imaging technique 143 intramural hematoma 156 normal anatomy 141 patient preparation 143 phase-contrast imaging 144 pitfalls 159 Takayasu arteritis 158 technique 143 Thoracic outlet syndrome 262 Thrombangitis obliterans 265 Time resolved MRA 345, 346 Time-of-flight MR venography 331 Time-resolved MRA D MR DSA 44, 45, 49, 50 4D MRA 43, 47

6 356 Subject Index aortic dissection 46 arteriovenous malformation 51 blood flow pattern 50 bolus chase MRA 48 congenital heart disease 52 contrast administration 49 moving table MRA 48, 49 MR DSA 44, 45 multi-station MRA 43, 48 pediatric MRA peripheral arterial occlusive disease peripheral MRA 48, 49 projection reconstruction TRICKS 47 pulmonary MRA 51 stent graft 50 sub-second 3D MRA 46, 47 T2* susceptibility artifact 50 TRICKS 43, 47, 50 ultrafast 3D MRA 45 Temporal vs. spatial resolution 43 Test bolus scan 44 Timing of acquisition 259 TONE 12, 113, 124, 127 Transverse sinus 110, 111, 121, 122 TRICKS 86 Tumor encasement 235, 238, 250 Tumor thrombus 340 Turbulence 15 U Unenhanced MRA 3, 4 2D phase contrast (PC) MRA 21, 22 2D TOF MRA 9, 10 3D phase contrast (PC) MRA 21, 22 3D TOF MRA 9 aliasing 17, 19 bipolar gradients 15, 21 black-blood MRA 4 bright-blood angiography 4 cine velocity image 21 contrast agent 13, 19, 20 flow compensation 8 flow void 4, 5 flow-related enhancement 6 flow-sensitizing gradient 15, 16 gradient motion rephasing (GMR) 8 inflow effect 6 intra-voxel dephasing 8 magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) 12 magnitude contrast 15, 16 magnitude image 17, 18 methemoglobin 13, 14 multi-slab technique 9 multi-venc measurement 20 phase contrast 15, 16, 17 phase map 16 phase shift 7, 8 preasaturation 10 pulsating blood flow 21 rephased-dephased 15 sum magnitude image 18, 19 susceptibility artifacts 13 TONE 12 turbulence 15 unenhanced MRA 3, 4 velocity encoding (venc) 17, 19 washout 4, 5, 6 Upper extremity MRA aneurysms 260 aortic branch vessels 257 atherosclerosis 260 bypasses 262 conclusion 267 hand vessels 259, 265 hemodialysis access fistulas 263, 264 imaging protocols 259 MRA technique 258, 259 new developments 266 normal anatomy 257 pitfalls 266 subclavian steal 260 Takayasu arteritis 261, 261 thoracic outlet syndrome 262 thrombangitis obliterans 265 timing of acquisition 259 V Vascular analysis 61 Vascular encasement 99 Vasculitis 320, 322 Velocity encoding (VENC) 17, 19, 116, 118, 133, 333 VENC 17, 19, 116, 118, 133, 333 Venous angioma 128, 129, 131 Venous compression 306, 307 Venous malformation 318 Venous MRA / MR Venography CE 3D MR venography 337 contrast-enhanced MR venography 333 direct MR venography 334 DVT 332 indirect MR venography 334 inflow effect 331 IVC 336 MR venography 331 PC MR venography 340 phase-contrast MR venography 333 SVC syndrome 336 SVC 334 thrombus 333 time-of-flight MR venography 331 tumor thrombus 340 VENC 333 Vertebral artery 84, 104, 107 Vessel stenosis 118 Virtual intraluminal endoscopy (VIE) Volume rendering (VR) 55, 60 W Washout 4, 5, 6 Whole-body MRA 301, 306, 307