Index. B Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), 29, 41 Blooming artifact, 14 16, 23

Transcription

1 A Admixture artifact, 33 35, 60 Adult congenital heart disease. See Congenital heart defects (CHD), adult Agatston s method, 7 Aortic aneurysms abdominal, 189 etiology, 189 pararenal/suprarenal aorta, 189 risk of rupture, 189 thoracic, 189 Aortic dissection carotid artery, 196 gated aortogram, sagittal, 191 luminal flap vs. valve leaflet, 197 nongated aortogram, coronal, 191 risk factors, 189 surgical and medical management, 189 Aortic root abscess, 129 Aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs), 31, 48 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) autopsy studies, 127 CCTA, 127 diagnosis, 127 echocardiography, 127 fatty infiltration, 127 MRI, 127 myocardial fibrosis, 127 RV aneurysm, 127 treatment, 127 wall-motion abnormalities, 127 Artifacts axial and sagittal multiplanar reformat images, 23 blooming, coronal maximum intensity projection image distal tapering, coronary vasculature, 21 improper stitching, 20 pulmonary vasculature, 21 respiratory motion, 21 coronary artery disease, 17 coronary motion, 13 14, 17 motion, 13 photon starvation, 15, 18 poor signal-to-noise ratio, 19 respiratory motion, 14 scanning trigger, 20 slab/stacking, 14, 22 streak, 24 voluntary/involuntary patient motion, 14 ARVC. See Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) Atherosclerotic process, 206 Atrial fibrillation, 173, 174 Atrial septal defects (ASD) echocardiography, 28 fossa ovalis, 28, 29 interatrial septum (IAS), 28, 29 left atrial diverticulium, 29 lipomatous hypertrophy, 29 ostium secundum defects, 28 persistent left superior vena cava, 28, 43 PFO, 28 septal aneurysm, 28 sinus venosus defects, 28 Axial IV contrast-enhanced CCTA, 136 Axial multiplanar reformatted image, 151 Axial noncontrast multiplanar reformat image, 142 B Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), 29, 41 Blooming artifact, 14 16, 23 C CAC. See Coronary arterial calcification (CAC) CACS. See Coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS) CAD. See Coronary artery disease (CAD) Calcified atherosclerotic plaque, 198 Cardiac anatomy anomalies, 28 definition, 27 sequential segmental approach, Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) bilateral lower lobe pneumonia, 210 CACS, 7 cardiac CT scan, 7 M.H. Musani et al., Clinical Pearls in Diagnostic Cardiac Computed Tomographic Angiography, DOI / , Springer International Publishing Switzerland

2 220 Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) (cont.) contrast administration bolus tracking, 8, 9 modes, 8 timing bolus, 8 dose, ECG synchronized acquisition, 4 EKG gated, 4 extracardiac incidental findings, 209, 210 Fleischner Society guidelines, 210 image display, 8 10 interpretation, 10 MDCT scanners, 209 noncalcified, 210 noncontrast chest CT, 210 patient preparation, 6 patient selection, 209 prospective ECG triggering, 4, 5 pulmonary incidental findings, 210 retrospective ECG gating, 4 6 scouts, 6 7 sublingual nitroglycerin tab, 6 Cardiac CT CCTA (see Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA)) contrast resolution, 3 4 scanner, 1 3 spatial resolution, 3 temporal resolution, 3 z-axis coverage, 1 Cardiac CTA, 124, 169 Cardiac CTA post revascularization coronary artery bypass graft surgery, coronary stents, Cardiac lipomas chamber outlet orifice, 178 description, 178 diagnosis, 182 fatty attenuation, 178 fibrous capsule, 178 fossa ovalis, 179 lipomatous hypertrophy, myocardium, 178 Cardiac lymphoma clinical presentation, 179 coronal reformatted image, 185 CT image, 185 MRI, 179 oblique axial image, 185 pericardial effusion, 179, 185 Cardiac tumors clinical manifestation, 177 description, 177 lipomas, , 182 lymphoma, 179, 185 myxomas, , 180 papillary fibroelastomas, 178 pericardial effusions, 177 primary benign, 177 malignant, 177, 179 secondary, 177 Carney syndrome, 178 Chronicity, 198 Chronic type B aortic dissection, 198 Coarctation of aorta, Collateralization, 168 Congenital heart defects (CHD), adult anomalous systemic venous return, 31 APCs, 31 ASD, BAV, 29 chronic remodeling, 40 coarctation of aorta, congenital absence, pericardium, 32 cross-sectional imaging, 28 EA, 30 epicardial fat abutting, 47 homogeneous contrast enhancement, chambers, 42 PAPVR, 31 PDA, 30 pulmonary valve abnormalities, 30 quandricuspid aortic valve, 29 reversible ischemia, 52 Sinus of Valsalva, systole and diastole, 61 ToF repair, VSD, 29 Constrictive pericarditis, 129 Contrast extravasation, aneurysmal infrarenal aorta, 193 Coronal reformatted image hiatal hernia, 212 intrathoracic extension, 213 lung, bilateral lower lobe pneumonia, 211 lung, pulmonary edema, 212 pleural effusion, 213 Coronary arterial calcification (CAC) blooming artifact, 70 cardiovascular events, risk, 69 coronary calcium score, 69 emergence of electron beam CT (EBCT), 69 multidetector row CT scanners (MDCT), 69 risk stratification, 70 Coronary artery bypass graft surgery complications, 73 distal anastomosis, 73 electron beam CT (EBCT), 73 imaging, challenges, 73 long-term clinical outcome, minimally invasive grafting, 72 nonvisualization of the graft, 73 traditional on-pump surgery, 72 venous grafts, 72 Coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS), 7 Coronary artery disease (CAD) evaluation aortic root calcification, 89, 90

3 CAC (see Coronary arterial calcification (CAC)) calcification, 86, 87 cardiac CTA post revascularization, degree of stenosis, 71 mitral annular calcification, 88 plaque analysis, types of plaques, 70 nonobstructive (see nonobstructive coronary artery disease) obstructive (see obstructive coronary artery disease) Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) accessory pulmonary vein, 82 aortic valve, 80 azygous vein, 83 co-dominant circulation, 77 coronary revascularization (see Coronary revascularization, CCTA) coronary sinus and thebesian valve, 78 internal mammary arteries, 84 left anterior descending coronary arteries, 75 left circumflex coronary artery, 75 ostia of LAD and LCX, 76 proximal RCA and mid LAD, 78 pulmonary veins, 81, 82 right coronary artery, 75 structures, 79 thoracic aorta, 85 tricuspid valve, 78 trifurcation of LM, 77 venous system of heart, 83 Coronary motion artifact, 13 14, 17 Coronary revascularization, CCTA instent restenosis, 115 kissing stents in proximal LAD, 118 LIMA graft to distal LAD, 121 patent stent in mid LAD, 113 patent stent in mid LCX, 114 patent stent with IVUS correlation, 116 saphenous vein grafts, 120 saphenous vein to mid LAD graft, 121 stent in distal LAD, 119 totally occluded proximal LAD, 119 vein graft aortic anastomosis, 121 Coronary stents advancements in CT technology, 74 blooming artifacts, drug-eluting stents, 73 imaging protocols, 74 use of 64-MDCT, 74 CT pulmonary angiogram, 166 Cyanotic congenital heart disease, 203 D DCM. See Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) cardiac CTA, 124 drug toxicity, 124 endocrinopathies, 124 heart failure, 124 ischemic cardiomyopathy, 124 metabolic, 124 MRI, 125 myocarditis, 124 peripartum cardiomyopathy, 124 posterior-anterior, 124 transthoracic echocardiography, 124 treatment, 125 Distal reconstitution, bilateral iliac arteries, 199 Dose-length product (DLP), 7, 10 E EBCT. See Emergence of electron beam CT (EBCT) Ebstein s anomaly (EA), 30, 51 Ebstein s anomaly repair, 155 Echocardiography aortic valve leaflet, 181 ARVC, 127 ASDs, 28 cardiac chamber enlargement, 30 cardiac chambers, 178 continuous image acquisition, cardiac cycle, 38 HOCM, 126 infectious endocarditis, 128 lipomatous hypertrophy, 29 LVA, 125 LVT, 125 MI, 123 NCM, 128 pulmonary pressures, 30 Eisenmenger s syndrome, 30 EKG-gated cardiac CTA, 165, 166 Emergence of electron beam CT (EBCT), 69 Endocrinopathies, 124 Epigastric arteries, 199 Esophageal compression, 200 Extensive collateralization, 195 F Fibroelastomas, 178 Fusiform dilatation, 194 G Great saphenous vein (GSV), 72 GSV. See Great saphenous vein (GSV) H Hounsfield Unit, 45, 59, 60 Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) asymmetric septal hypertrophy, 126 CCTA and MR imaging, 126 clinical and imaging spectrum, 126 echocardiography, 126 interventional therapies, 126 LV hypertrophy, 126 treatment,

4 222 I IAS. See Interatrial septum (IAS) Infectious endocarditis CCTA, 128 complications, 128 Duke criteria, 128 echocardiography findings, 128 fistula, 128 HACEK organisms, 128 immunological findings, 128 MRI, 129 pseudoaneurysm, 128 risk factors, 128 Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, 128 transthoracic echocardiography, 128 treatment, 129 Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter, 167 Interatrial septum (IAS) atrial septal defects, 38 connection, left atrium and right atrium, 34 fossa ovalis, 28 inferior vena cava, 36 lipomatous hypertrophy, 29, 45 patent foramen ovale, 37 prominent tissue, 45 right-convex bulging, 39 Interventricular septum (IVS), 29, 40, 47 Intra Vascular Ultra Sound (IVUS), 116 K Kommerell s diverticulum, 200 L LCX. See Left circumflex (LCX) Left anterior descending artery (LAD) aneurysmal proximal segment, 64 contrast blush, 58 interventricular groove, 57 RV branches, Left atrial appendage (LAA). See Left atrial body (LAB) and LAA Left atrial body (LAB) and LAA ECG-gated CCTA, 124 T1 and T2 sequences, 124 thrombus, 124 Left circumflex (LCX), 64 Left Internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft, 170, 171 Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) antiarrhythmics, 125 arrhythmias, 125 echocardiography, 125 STEMI, 125 transmural myocardial infarction, 125 treatment, 125 Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), 128 Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) echocardiography, 125 patients with transmural myocardial infarction, 125 spin-echo sequences, thrombus, 125, 126 treatment, 126 Left vertebral artery, anomalous origin, 204 Lipomatous hypertrophy, 29, 45 LVA. See Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) LVNC. See Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) LVT. See Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) M Malignant primary cardiac tumors, 177, 179 Maximum intensity projection bioprosthetic valve in mitral position, 157 focal aortic annular calcification, 152 metallic mitral valve annuloplasty ring, 158 Maximum intensity projection (MIP), 9 10 MDCT. See Multidetector row CT scanners (MDCT) Metallic mitral valve replacement, 169, 170 Metastatic breast carcinoma, 183 MI. See Myocardial infarction (MI) Mid LAD, 170, 171 Minimum intensity projection (minip), 10 MIP. See Maximum intensity projection (MIP) Misregistration artifact, 14, 22 Mitral ring annuloplasty, 168 Motion artifact cardiac/coronary motion, 13 14, 17 respiratory, 14, 21 MPR. See Multiplanar reformation (MPR) Multidetector row CT scanners (MDCT), 69 Multi-detector technique, 191 Multiplanar CCTA, abnormal soft tissue density, 148 Multiplanar reformat images anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets, 160 atrial septal occluder device with residual shunt, 159 bioprosthetic valve in aortic position, 154 bulky mitral annular calcification, 156 contrast, 146 focal soft tissue, 150 mitral valve annulus in diastole, 157 near-transmural hypoattenuation, left ventricular apex, 150 noncalcified thickening, 153 patchy areas of hypoattenuation, 146 severe calcification, aortic valve leaflets, 153 severe leftward displacement, 156 soft tissue density, 149, 151 Multiplanar reformation (MPR), 10 Multiple pulmonary artery, 202 Myocardial bridging CCTA, 127 coronary artery, 126 left anterior descending, 127 left circumflex artery, 127 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 127 right coronary artery, 127 symptoms, 126 treatment, 127

5 223 Myocardial infarction (MI) acute, 123 CCTA, 123 chest pain, 123 echocardiogram, 123 MRI, patients, 123 STEMI, 123 Myxomas chamber size, 177 diagnosis, 180 pedunculated myxoma, 178 systemic embolization, 178 N NCM. See Noncompacted cardiomyopathy (NCM) Noncompacted cardiomyopathy (NCM) CCTA and MRI, 128 deep trabeculations, echocardiography, 128 left ventricular noncompaction, 128 treatment, 128 Noncontrast cardiac CT axial multiplanar reformat, 135 axial plane, 132 coronal and axial planes, 132 Nongated chest CT, 165, 166 Nonobstructive coronary artery disease calcification in proximal and mid LAD, cardiac catheterization, 95 cardiac cycle, 94 dense calcification, 97 ectatic proximal and mid LAD, 98 lipid rich plaque, RCA, 93 luminal stenosis, 92 obstructive calcified plaque, LAD, 94 partially calcified plaque, positive remodelling, 99 NSTEMI, 171, 172 O Obstructive coronary artery disease noncalcified plaque in mid LCX, 107 proximal left circumflex, 100 in proximal to mid LAD, 110 in right postero lateral (PL) branch, 111 partially calcified plaque in mid LAD, , 108 in mid LCX, 112 proximal LAD and LCX, 102 in proximal RCA, 103 thrombus in mid RCA, 109 total occlusion of distal RCA, 106 of mid LAD, 104 proximal left circumflex, 111 of proximal RCA, 105 Osteophyte, 216 Ostium secundum defects, 28, 33 P Pacemaker evaluation, 174, 175 Pannus, 184 Papillary fibroelastomas aortic valve, 178 bizarre tumors, 178 echogenic/paravalvular mass, 178 mitral valve, 178 SSFP, 178 symptoms, 178 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), 31, 47 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 30, 49 50, 190 Patent foramen ovale (PFO), 28, 37, 38 Patient motion artifact, 14 PDA. See Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Pericardial calcifications, Pericardial cyst, 130 Pericardial effusion, 130 Pericardial mass, Pericardiocentesis, 166 Pericardium cardiac lymphoma, 179 congenital absence, 32 PFO. See Patent foramen ovale (PFO) Photon starvation, 15, 24 Plaques analysis, 71 calcified, 70 coronary arterial, negative remodeling (NR), 71 noncalcified, 70 partially calcified (mixed), 70 positive remodeling (PR), 71 Postcontrast CT axial image air within right ventricle, 216 anterior osteophyte complex, 216 chest, esophagus, 212 chest, extrapleural soft tissue mass, 211 lung, bilateral fluid densities, 213 lung, dense consolidation, 211 lung, multiple scattered focal airspaces, 215 pancreatic body mass, 215 severe interlobular septal thickening, 212 Postcontrast 320-slice axial CT image anterior mediastinal linear, 214 multiple prominent and enlarged lymph nodes, 214 nodular soft tissue densities, 214 Poststenotic dilatation, 195 Protrusion, left renal artery, 207 Pseudoaneurysms, 128, 171, 201 Pulmonary arterial hypertension, 29, 35 Pulmonary embolus, 190 Pulmonary valve abnormalities, 30, 59

6 224 Q Quadricuspid pulmonary valves, 30, 50 Quandricuspid aortic valve, 29 Quantitative invasive coronary angiography (QCA), 71 R RCA. See Right coronary artery (RCA) Renal cell carcinoma, 186 Respiratory motion artifact, 14, 21 Right coronary artery (RCA), 79 Right femur fracture, 166 Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) contrast blush, 59 LAD courses, 57 near-coronal oblique MPR image, 59 pulmonary stenosis, 30 ToF, 31 32, 44 RV aneurysm, 127 RVOT. See Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) S Scan field of view (SFOV), 1 2, 6, 8 Sinus venosus defects, 28, 31, 36 Slab artifact, 14, 20, 22 Society for Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), 71 Steady state free precession (SSFP), 178, 184 ST-elevation MI (STEMI), 123, 125 Subclavian steal syndrome aberrant retroesophageal inspection, 200 artery stenosis, 190 carotid duplex scans, 190 cohort study, 190 limb ischemia, 190 symptoms, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, 190 Superior vena cava (SVC) atrial septal defect, 35 axial plane and coronal plane, 46, 47 fistulous connection, left circumflex, and right upper pulmonary vein, 47 unroofed coronary sinus, 28 SVC. See Superior vena cava (SVC) T TEE. See Transthoracic echocardiography (TEE) Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), 31 32, 44 Transthoracic echocardiography (TEE), 124, 128, 129 Troponins, 170 V Vascular angiography aortic dissection, 189 coarctation, 190 evaluation, 189 patent ductus arteriosus, 190 pulmonary embolus, 190 subclavian steal syndrome, 190 thoracic aortic aneurysms, 189 Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 29, 31, 32, 39