Academic Review 3. Muscle OIA s Hydrotherapy Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Boundaries

Transcription

1 Academic Review 3 Muscle OIA s Hydrotherapy Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Boundaries

2 Lesson Plan: Academic Review #3 5 minutes: Breath of Arrival and Attendance 50 minutes: OIA s Hydrotherapy Cardiovascular Lymphatic Boundaries

3 Classroom Rules Punctuality- everybody's time is precious: Be ready to learn by 9:00, we'll have you out of here by 1:30 Tardiness: arriving late, late return after breaks, leaving early The following are not allowed: Bare feet Side talking Lying down Inappropriate clothing Food or drink except water Phones in classrooms, clinic or bathrooms You will receive one verbal warning, then you'll have to leave the room.

4 Deltoid Origin: Anterior: lateral third of clavicle Middle: acromion process of scapula Posterior: spine of scapula Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Actions: All fibers: Shoulder abduction Anterior: Shoulder horizontal adduction Shoulder flexion Shoulder medial rotation Posterior: Shoulder horizontal abduction Shoulder extension Shoulder lateral rotation

5 Deltoid Origin: Anterior: lateral third of clavicle Middle: acromion process of scapula Posterior: spine of scapula Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Abduction Actions: All fibers: Shoulder abduction Anterior: Shoulder horizontal adduction Shoulder flexion Shoulder medial rotation Posterior: Shoulder horizontal abduction Shoulder extension Shoulder lateral rotation

6 Deltoid Origin: Anterior: lateral third of clavicle Middle: acromion process of scapula Posterior: spine of scapula Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Horizontal adduction Flexion Actions: All fibers: Shoulder abduction Anterior: Shoulder horizontal adduction Shoulder flexion Shoulder medial rotation Posterior: Shoulder horizontal abduction Shoulder extension Shoulder lateral rotation Medial rotation

7 Deltoid Origin: Anterior: lateral third of clavicle Middle: acromion process of scapula Posterior: spine of scapula Horizontal abduction Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Extension Actions: All fibers: Shoulder abduction Anterior: Shoulder horizontal adduction Shoulder flexion Shoulder medial rotation Posterior: Shoulder horizontal abduction Shoulder extension Shoulder lateral rotation Lateral rotation

8 Pectoralis Major Origin: Clavicular head: Medial half of clavicle Sternocostal head: Sternum and cartilages of 1-6 ribs Insertion: Crest of the greater tubercle of humerus Actions: All fibers: Shoulder adduction Shoulder medial rotation Upper fibers: Shoulder horizontal adduction Shoulder flexion Lower fibers: Shoulder extension

9 Pectoralis Major Origin: Clavicular head: Medial half of clavicle Sternocostal head: Sternum and cartilages of 1-6 ribs Adduction Insertion: Crest of the greater tubercle of humerus Actions: All fibers: Shoulder adduction Shoulder medial rotation Upper fibers: Shoulder horizontal adduction Shoulder flexion Lower fibers: Shoulder extension Medial rotation

10 Pectoralis Major Origin: Clavicular head: Medial half of clavicle Sternocostal head: Sternum and cartilages of 1-6 ribs Horizontal adduction Insertion: Crest of the greater tubercle of humerus Actions: All fibers: Shoulder adduction Shoulder medial rotation Upper fibers: Shoulder horizontal adduction Shoulder flexion Lower fibers: Shoulder extension Flexion

11 Pectoralis Major Origin: Clavicular head: Medial half of clavicle Sternocostal head: Sternum and cartilages of 1-6 ribs Insertion: Crest of the greater tubercle of humerus Actions: All fibers: Shoulder adduction Shoulder medial rotation Upper fibers: Shoulder horizontal adduction Shoulder flexion Lower fibers: Shoulder extension Extension

12 Biceps Brachii Origin: Short head: coracoid process of the scapula Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Insertion: Tuberosity of the radius Aponeurosis of the biceps brachii Actions: Elbow flexion Forearm supination Shoulder flexion

13 Biceps Brachii Origin: Short head: coracoid process of the scapula Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Flexion Insertion: Tuberosity of the radius Aponeurosis of the biceps brachii Actions: Elbow flexion Forearm supination Shoulder flexion Supination Flexion

14 Triceps Brachii Origin: Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Lateral head: upper posterior humerus Medial head: lower posterior humerus Insertion: Olecranon process of the scapula Actions: Elbow extension Shoulder extension Shoulder adduction

15 Triceps Brachii Origin: Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Lateral head: upper posterior humerus Medial head: lower posterior humerus Extension Insertion: Olecranon process of the scapula Extension Actions: Elbow extension Shoulder extension Shoulder adduction Adduction

16 Hydrotherapy Hydrotherapy Internal and external therapeutic use of water and complementary agents. Thermotherapy External therapeutic application of heat. Cryotherapy External therapeutic application of cold.

17 Chemical Factors of Hydrotherapy Minerals

18 Physical Factors of Hydrotherapy Hydrostatic Pressure and Relative Density

19 Thermal Factors of Hydrotherapy Vasodilation, Vasoconstriction, and Vasostasis Sweating The greater the difference between the body temperature and water temperature, the greater the effect will be.

20 Moisture Factors of Hydrotherapy Percentage of moisture contributes pros and cons to hydrotherapy treatments. Steam bath Moisture content: 100%. Moistens nasal passages and throat. Keeps skin supple. Breathing difficulties due to heaviness of the air. Sauna Moisture content: 10-20%. Easier to breath. Drying and irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

21 Variables of Hydrotherapy Character of Effect Intrinsic or extrinsic Type of Effect on Metabolism and Circulation Stimulative or Depressive Temperature Hot or Cold

22 Character of Effects Intrinsic Direct result of the temperature on the tissue it is applied to. Reactive Result of the body's protective reaction to the temperature.

23 Type of Effect Stimulative Circulation: vasodilation Metabolism: increased oxygen absorption, carbon dioxide excretion, and increasing demand for fuel (energy sources)

24 Type of Effect Depressive Circulation: vasoconstriction or vasostasis. Metabolism: decreased oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide excretion.

25 Temperatures For Hydrotherapy purposes: Hot: 105º F to110º F Cold: 55º F to 65º F

26 Thermotherapy Treatments Short hot Temperature: º F Time: < 5 minutes Circulation: stimulated (intrinsic vasodilation) Metabolism: stimulated Tissue tone: decreased Flexibility: increased Long hot Temperature: º F Time: > 5 minutes Circulation: depressed (reactive vasostasis) Metabolism: stimulated Tissue tone: decreased Flexibility: increased

27 1. Vasodilation 2. Vasostasis Circulation Metabolism Short Hot Long Hot (minutes)

28 Cryotherapy Treatments Short cold Temperature: 55-65º F Time: < 1 minute Circulation: stimulated (reactive vasodilation) Metabolism: stimulated Tissue tone: increased Inflammation: decreased Long cold Temperature: 55-65º F Time: > 1 minute Circulation: depressed (intrinsic vasoconstriction) Metabolism: depressed Tissue tone: increased Inflammation: decreased

29 1. Vasoconstriction 2. Vasodilation 3. Vasoconstriction Circulation Metabolism Short Cold Long Cold (minutes)

30 Contrast Bath Short Hot, Short Cold, Repeat up to Three Times Short hot Temperature: º F Time: 1 minute OR Time: 3 minutes Short cold Temperature: 55-65º F Time: 30 seconds OR Time: 1 minute This is the most effective means of flushing the area with fresh blood.

31 1. Vasodilation 2. Vasodilation Hot Cold No application Circulation Metabolism (minutes)

32 Dangers of long hot treatments Circulation depressed Metabolism increased Lack of nutrient delivery and waste removal at the same time as increased consumption of nutrients by cells can result in toxic tissues.

33 Avoiding the dangers of Long Hot Treatments by stimulating circulation Exercise Massage Cold application

34 Long cold treatment effect on an acute inflammation or nerve root compression Local metabolism is slowed which kills pain by causing the neurons to fire more slowly. Reduces the likelihood of secondary cell death. Minimizes swelling.

35 Hydrotherapy Precautions Q. Why should there always be time for the client to rest after a hydrotherapy treatment? A. To allow the body time to recover from the reactive effects.

36 Hydrotherapy Precautions Q. Why should hot always be followed by cold in hydrotherapy? A. To prevent vasostasis caused by hot treatment. Always start with HOT, always end with COLD

37 Hydrotherapy Precautions Q. Why treat the young, old, feeble, and obese with care especially while doing cold hydrotherapy applications? A. Poor capacity to respond to intense treatments.

38 Hydrotherapy Precautions Q. What should you do if your client is chilled by a hydrotherapy treatment? A. Stop the treatment and warm the client with heat, friction, blankets and warm drinks.

39 Hydrotherapy Precautions Q. Why should hydrotherapy be administered before meals? A. To avoid interference with food digestion.

40 Cardiovascular System

41 Anatomy Blood Blood vessels such as arteries, Heart veins, and capillaries

42 Physiology Transportation Protection Combat Hemorrhage

43 Plasma Liquid portion of blood. Blood

44 Blood Erythrocyte Red blood cell. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide using hemoglobin. Leukocyte White blood cell. Serves as a part of the body's immune system. Thrombocyte Platelet. Prevents blood loss through clotting mechanisms.

45 Blood Thrombus Blood clot. Embolus Floating mass of broken thrombus flowing through the blood stream. Embolism Blockage of a blood vessel with an embolus. Embolism Embolus

46 Heart Wall Pericardium Tissue that surrounds the heart. Epicardium Thin outer connective tissue layer. Myocardium Thick muscular layer that makes up the bulk of the heart wall. Endocardium Thin, inner lining of the heart.

47 Heart Chambers Atrium Superior heart chamber. Ventricle Inferior heart chamber.

48 Coronary Vessels Coronary vessels Arteries and veins that circulate blood to and from the myocardium.

49 Stage 1: End of Systemic Circuit, Blood fills the right side of the heart

50 Stage 2: Pulmonary Circuit, Heart pumps blood to lungs and back to the heart

51 Stage 3: Beginning of Systemic Circuit, Heart pumps blood out to the entire body

52 1 1

53 2

54 3

55 4

56 5

57 6

58 7 7

59 8 Lungs 8 Lungs

60 9 9

61 10

62 11

63 12

64 13

65 14

66 Walls of Arteries and Veins Tunica interna Innermost layer of a blood vessel. Tunica media Middle layer. Connective tissue and smooth muscle. Tunica externa Outer layer of a blood vessel.

67 Walls of Arteries and Veins Vasodilation Enlargement of the vascular lumen s diameter. Vasoconstriction Narrowing of the vascular lumen s diameter. Vasodilation Normal Vasoconstriction

68 Walls of Arteries and Veins Hyperemia Increased local blood flow causing the skin to become reddened and warm. Ischemia Local abnormal decrease in blood flow. Often marked by pain and tissue dysfunction.

69 Blood Vessels Artery Vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body. Vein Vessel that carries blood toward the heart. Avascular Lacking blood vessels.

70 Arteries Pulse Expansion effect of arteries that occurs when the left ventricle contracts and produces a wave of blood that surges through and expands arterial walls.

71 Capillaries Capillary Vessel between an arteriole and a venule. Possesses a thin, permeable membrane for efficient gas exchange with tissues.

72 Venous Return Venomotor tone Changes in smooth muscle tone in the walls of veins can increase or decrease venous circulation.

73 Venous Return Skeletal muscle pump Skeletal muscle contract and squeeze walls which moves blood toward the heart. venous

74 Venous Return Respiratory pump Pressure changes in the thorax and abdomen caused by skeletal muscular contractions of breathing muscles that act as a mechanism to assist venous return.

75 Blood Pressure Blood pressure Pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls. Systolic pressure Maximal pressure in blood pressure measurement. Occurs when the left ventricle contracts. Diastolic pressure Lowest pressure in blood pressure measurement. Occurs when the left ventricle relaxes. High blood pressure Persistently more than 140/90 mm Hg. AKA: hypertension. Average blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg. Low blood pressure Persistently less than 90/60 mm Hg. AKA: hypotension

76 Paths of Circulation Pulmonary circuit Circuit that brings de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to release carbon dioxide and regain oxygen, then transports the oxygenated blood to the left atrium. Systemic circuit Circuit that brings oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart through numerous arteries into the capillaries, then moves it through the veins and returns the now de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. Microcirculation Flow of blood through a capillary bed.

77 Paths of Circulation Systemic Circuit 1. Left ventricle 2. Aortic semilunar valve 3. Aorta 4. Ascending and descending aortae 5. Arteries 6. Arterioles 7. Capillaries 8. Venules 9. Veins 10. Inferior and superior venae cavae 11. Right atrium

78 Lymphatic System

79 Physiology Transportation The process of transporting dietary proteins, lipids, and lipidsoluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K from the digestive tract to the blood.

80 Physiology Immune response The process of active immune defense.

81 Physiology Maintains homeostasis The process of collecting accumulated tissue fluid and returning it to blood circulation. This maintains blood volume, blood pressure, and prevents edema (swelling).

82 Lymph Lymph Liquid connective tissue that is part of the lymphatic system. Nearly colorless fluid. Chemically it is very similar to blood plasma. contains white blood cells, proteins, and fats.

83 Lymph Vessels Lymph capillary Tiny, open -ended channel located in tissue space throughout most of the body. Lymph vessel Larger vessels than a lymph capillary. Has thinner walls and more valves than veins. Has lymph nodes situated along them. Lymphatic trunk Made up of large vessels into which lymph is drained from the lymph vessels.

84 Lymph Vessels

85 Lymph Vessels Lymphatic duct The joining of lymphatic trunks. Examples: Right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the head, right arm, and right torso (in green) Thoracic duct drains the rest of the body.

86 Lymph Vessels Lymphatic duct The joining of lymphatic trunks. Examples: Right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the head, right arm, and right torso (in green) Thoracic duct drains the rest of the body.

87 Lymphatic Structures Red bone marrow Blood forming cells found in flat and long bones. Produce red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells (specifically lymphocytes called B cells).

88 Lymphatic Structures Lymphocyte Type of white blood cell. Examples: B cell, T cell, macrophage

89 Lymphatic Structures Thymus Bi-lobed gland posterior to the sternum. Secretes thymosin and thymopoietin, which stimulate the production and activation of T cells. Spleen Largest lymphatic organ. Located within the left lateral rib cage just posterior to the stomach. Stores lymphocytes, releasing them during immune responses. Lymph node Bean-shaped structures located along lymph vessels. Filters lymph. Houses phagocytes and lymphocytes that destroy pathogens and other foreign substances in the lymph before it returns to the blood. Lymphatic drainage The movement of lymph.

90 Lymph Flow Lymphatic pump The mechanism of lymphatic drainage that uses pressure gradients from external sources exerted on its vessel walls to move lymph. Examples: Skeletal muscle contractions against vessel walls Pressure changes in the thorax and abdomen during breathing. Pulling of the skin and fascia during movement. Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of lymphatic vessels Rhythmic pumping of walking and grasping.

91 Lymph Flow

92 Immunity Immunity Reaction that involves all body systems as they join together to destroy and eliminate pathogens, foreign substances, or toxic materials. Non-specific immunity Non-specific response to invading pathogens. Includes intact skin and mucous membranes, saliva, gastric juices, vomiting, urine flow, certain white blood cells, fever, and inflammation. AKA: innate immunity. Specific immunity Body's response to invaders. T cells and B cells become activated for a specific pathogen after they come into contact with it and then destroy it. AKA: adaptive immunity.

93 Immunity T cells Lymphocytes that begin as B cells that migrate from bone marrow to the thymus where they fully mature. They recognize pathogens and respond by releasing inflammatory and toxic substances. B cells Lymphocytes that grow and mature in the bone marrow. Produce antibodies which circulate in body fluids such as blood and lymph. Their antibodies inactivate pathogens as they come across them.

94 Transference and Countertransference Transference is when a client feels consciously or unconsciously that the therapist is someone other than a health care provider. For instance, they want the therapist to be their friend, not only a health care provider. Countertransference is when a therapist feels the client is something more than just a client. Either of these can be positive or negative (e.g. strong attraction or disappointment).

95 Dual Relationships Dual relationships occur when we have more than one type of relationship with a client; more than just a therapeutic, relationship. Dual relationships may thwart professionalism and ability to focus on client s needs. It changes roles and expectations. Boundaries may be harder to manage.

96 Sexual Misconduct Sexual misconduct Any sexual contact between the therapist and client or sexualizing of the therapeutic relationship. Includes: Innocent comments about client s body, Dating a client Sexual harassment Offering clients sexual services.

97 Sexual Misconduct Examples of Sexual Misconduct: Flirting or seductive gestures Telling sexual jokes Failure to ensure privacy through proper draping practices Entering room before client is completely draped or dressed Masturbation, intercourse, and rape.

98 Academic Review 3 Muscle OIA s Hydrotherapy Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Boundaries

99 Academic Review 4 Respiratory System Reproductive System Pregnancy Pathology History of Massage