Abdominal & retroperitoneal endovascular intervention, Bo Kalin, Karolinska Hospital

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1 Abdominal & retroperitoneal endovascular intervention, Bo Kalin, Karolinska Hospital What is endovascular therapy.

2 Diagnosing Traumatic Arterial Injury Clinical signs CT / CT-angiography To diminish a large bleeding Occlusion balloon

3 Endovascular Methods to Stop a Bleeding 1. Embolization- not essential vessel Embolic Agents Coils Gelfoam (Temporary) PVA-ParticlesParticles Liquid Agents; Glue, Onyx, Alcohol Endovascular Methods to Stop a Bleeding 2. Covered Stents (Stent Graft)- essential vessel

4 Principles for embolization Goal: To diminish the perfusionen whereby the bleeding stops Too distal embolization infarct Too proximal embolization The bleeding might continue through collaterals

5 70 year old man; boat accident

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7 57 year old man; Car accident

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10 Renal Trauma Low grade renal injuries such as contusions, subcapsular hematomas and low grade laceration will heal Surgery is indicated for few patients such as patients in chock; serious injuries to the main artery or vein Endovascular intervention: Embolization of a bleeding artery in the kidney is in most cases a fairly simple procedure. Injury to the renal main artery is a more challenging intervention.

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13 Endovascular Treatment of Hepatic Trauma Indication for angiography/embolization: The patient continues to bleed after DCL CT shows bleeding from the liver in a hemodynamically stable patient Embolization can be complicated by: y Stenoses/occlusion of the celiac trunc The intra-hepatic collateralization Occlusion of the Portal vein Anatomic variants

14 Splenic Trauma Indication for angiography/embolization CT/angiography shows Contrast medium extravasation Pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous shunt Splenic injuries grades III, IV or V (according to AAST) Large hemoperitoneum The patient ought to hemodynamically The patient ought to hemodynamically stable

15 The Significance of Pseudoaneurysm at CT examination 181 patients who had a CT examination a pseudoaneurysm was detected in 46 (25%) 38 (83%) of these patients (83%) required surgery (J A Elliott, CARJ Vol 54, no3, 2003)

16 Splenic Embolization 1. Proximal main artery embolization (Coils) (Faster)) 2. Superselective/distal embolization (Coils or gelfoam) Woman 63 y 02-

17 Complications following SAE Bleeding Splenic infarction Abscess Coil migration Iatrogenic vascular injury Splenic vein thrombosis Haan et al, J Trauma, 2004:56; 542-7

18 Complications following SAE 132 patients Five major complications 3 splenic abscesses 2 symptomatic infarcts 3 distal coil migration Haan 2005 JTrauma

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20 Blood Pressure in the Splenic Artery before and after Balloon inflation Splenic Artery occlusion with a Balloon Arterial pressure without inflation: 106/69 mm Hg Balloon inflated: Pressure distalt to the balloon: 44/40 mm Hg Collaterals Rose, AJR 1998;170: Why NOM (Non Operative Mangement) Med borttagande av mjälten försvinner en del av RES (phagocytfunktionen) Aktuella bakterier: Pneumococcer, Haemophilus, Meningococcer Vaccin ger endast ca 50% skyddseffekt (90 serotyper av pneumococcer)

21 Why NOM (Non Operative Mangement) Risk of infections after Splenectomy Encapsulated organisms Pneumococcus Hemophilus Influenzeae Menibgococcus Klebsiella Pneumoniae Salmonella Typhi The life time risk of postsplenectomy sepsis is 1-2% Bäcken

22 Treatment of the pelvic fracture related retroperitoneal hematoma Angiographic evaluation with embolization Intraoperative external fixationn with or without preperitoneal pelvic packing Indication for angiography/embolization in Pelvic Trauma Hemodynamically unstable patient after external fixation (intraperitoneal hemorrhage has been exluded) A large or expanding pelvic hematoma found at laparatomy Transfusion requirements for a pelvic fracture exceeding four units of blood within 24h CT shows: Contrast extravasation, false aneurysm, occlusion of main stem artery, or A-V-shunt

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28 Complications after Pelvic Embolization Necrosis: s Skin or gutea gluteal muscle usce necrosis oss was seen in12 of 165 embolized patients. All 12 had bilatateral embolization of the internal iliac artery(arch Orthop Trauma Surg.2005 Jun 29) Erectil dysfunction after bilateral embolization of the internal ilica artery (J Trauma 2004 Apr;56:734-9) Buttock claudicatio? (J Vasc Interv Radiol.2002 Jul;13(7):667-76) General Complications Not intended infarction in the embolized organ The embolization has failed and the patient continues to bleed (incomplete embolizaion? collaterals?) N t t b li ti (th C th t i Nontarget embolization (the Catheter is inadequately seated in the parent vessel)

29 The large vessels 83-year old man hit by a car. Hemodynamically unstable

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