1. has a 3 dimensional shape 2. gene pairs of a particular trait. Each parent donates 1 allele 3. long molecule- some parts of it are never translated

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Meryl Copeland
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2 1. has a 3 dimensional shape 2. gene pairs of a particular trait. Each parent donates 1 allele 3. long molecule- some parts of it are never translated 4. 50% 5. 25% or ¼ (1/2 X 1/2) 6. ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/ H/H, 25 T/T and 50 H/T, T/H

3 8. he ignored all characteristics except specific ones that contrasted the blending theory 9. those traits were recessive and were masked by the dominant traits -the traits were still there, just hidden % of the F2 generation was recessive for that trait 11. if the trait is not visible in the F1 generation but reappears in the F2 then that trait is recessive

4 12. separation of alleles for a trait during gamete formation 13. in the separation of homologous chrom. 14. TrG, trg X only from mom. X or Y can be donated from dad. - if defect on X chrom. than mom or dad could have donated to female or male offspring. Males only need 1 defective gene to be affected. Females need 2

5 17. A = I A I A or I A i O = ii children = O or A blood A = I A I A or I A i B = I B I B or I B i children = AB, O, A, B AB= I A I B O = ii children = A or B A =I A I A or I A i A =I A I A or I A i children = A or O

6 18. B can receive blood from O B can NOT receive blood from A - O blood is the universal donor because it doesn t have antigens on the surfaceall blood types would accept it. B blood does NOT have A antigens on surface & would not recognize A blood 19. close together. Greater the distance the greater the chance of a break occurring X in a female gamete is inactivated = Barr body - turns off 1 X & no genes on that chrom. are expressed

7 21. 2 X chromosomes are needed in order for 1 X to become inactive which leads to spotty color in calicos failure of chrom. to separate - during meiosis - more or less chrom. in gametes which lead to genetic disorders like Down syndrome - 3 chrom. on 21 st chrom. 23. sperm carries all mtdna in its tail. Tail lost when enters egg.

8 24. is a 3 nucleotide repeat expansion that increases with each generation 25. She observed a streaking pattern in corn plants that were transposable elements or jumping genes 26. When 1 enzyme effects another. a. dominant B = black coat homo rec. bb = brown coat b. 2 nd gene = E/e affects the deposition of dark pigment hair c. Dominant E = expression of B/b d. Homo rec. ee = light yellow

9 Coat color Presence of color Phenotype BB EE black coat BB Ee black coat BB ee yellow coat Bb EE black coat Bb Ee black coat Bb ee yellow coat bb EE brown coat bb Ee brown coat bb ee yellow coat 1. If Female brown Lab mates with Male brown lab what will be the offspring? Brown Which would be the least possible? Yellow or black 2. 2 labs are BbEE. What % of offspring would have brown coats? Black coats? Yellow coats? 25% 75% 0%

10 28. chloroplasts aid in making food. Mito. aid in converting food to ATP for energy both have DNA 29. helps us understand why, where and how errors in DNA can occur. From that we might be able to fix the mistake so we have the entire sequence of the human genome - learn how genes function and locate mutations.

11 31. - E.coli b/c very small, org. can cause disease and some live in our intestine 32. Yeast. C. elegans = tiny worm 33. to turn on and off various genes of the body at certain times 34. Polymerase Chain Reaction. Takes a small sample of DNA and copies it many times to produce a sample big enough to analyze 35. cuts DNA into short segments at specific nucleotide sequences

12 36. First scientists use restriction enzymes to cut long segments of DNA into smaller ones. Then able to analyze it single nucleotide base pair is changed into a different one - Shifts bases & changes the translation of every codon 38. heritable factor of all organisms 39. insert healthy gene into diseased DNA in hopes the healthy gene will make the missing product or change the mutated DNA

13 40. some traits are caused by a single gene, while traits are created by many genes acting together 41. isolating a gene, then changing it and finally placing it in the same or diff. specie 42. DNA from an org. has been inserted into a vector plasmid (small circular DNA). Inserted jellyfish gene into bacteria plasmid- bacteria glowed

14 43. - ablility to obtain nutrients/energy from env. - synthesize organic mol. - use free energy to complete chem. Rxn 44. energy used to do work. Food. Stored in molecule called ATP. 45. autotrophs = make own food from inorganic mol. Heterotrophs = get food from organic mol. 46. as chemical energy until it is used. Then converted to free energy- ATP

15 47. cellular respiration nutrients and energy obtained from LIVING sources heterotrophs are consumers & decomposers - autotrophs are producers 49. photosynthesis- nutrients and energy are obtained from NON living sources & converted to chemical energy (glucose) 50. All earths ecosystems which contain communities and populations make up the Earth s biosphere

16 51. Each org. obtains energy & nutrients from the org. it eats. Who eats who & how energy is passed down 52. producers org. that obtain food from sun consumers- are herbivores, carnivores or omnivores decomposers- heterotrophs that break down dead organic matter arrows = who eats who or transfer of energy between levels 53. some calories are converted to free energy & some lost as heat

17 54. Eat the chickens first then eat the corn. 55. lactose = milk sugar (substrate) lactase = enzyme that breaks down milk sugar into simple sugar = product decomposition reaction 56. enzymes are specific! they only work under a ph and temp. specific to the enzyme. Too high temp. might inactivate enzyme 57. oxidation = removal of electrons from a molecule

18 58. increases surface area so food can be digested easier from the chemicals in the stomach 59. mouth, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus 60. water is removed from the food and reabsorbed back into the body 61. small intestine 62. Carbs- S.I fat S. I. Protein both stomach & S.I.

19 63. END PRODUCT OF DIGESTION = A.A, fatty acids and glycerol 64. I ncreases surface area so more absorption can occur 65. contains phospholipids and proteins that are floating around in a fluid structure 66. transport materials in and out of cell 67. Help transport proteins 68. mol. move from a high concentration to a low concentration

20 69. cell walls in bacteria prevent cell from swelling (turgid) enough to burst. 70. osmosis causes water to flow into the cell 71. increase surface area for additional water absorption 72. diffusion = no energy needed to move across membrane Active transport = energy needed to get across membrane

21 73. endocytosis large mol. like protein move into cell & requires energy exocytosis large mol. like protein move out of cell & requires energy 74. hydrolysis of ATP 75. increases surface area for more gas exchange in lungs 76. Stomates close to prevent water loss! Plants do NOT use stomates as a method for taking up water.

22 85.light energy to chemical energy 86.light energy 87.CO 2 + H 2 O + light O 2 + sugar 88.leaves absorb all wavelengths except green 89. light reactions of photo =light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and given off as high energy electrons

23 90. O 2 atoms in water end up as oxygen gas during photosynthesis 91. food taken in converted to ATP then used to do cell work (ADP) 92. photo= makes sugar from light= synthesis cell respiration = breaks down sugar into energy = decomposition 93. fuel = glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )= carbohydrates 94. In photo- CO 2 contains carbon released from glucose

24 95. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 96. gases & water vapor. Gases & materials produced from animals & plants. What leaves & enters balances out 97. stomates 98. xylem tissue that transports water is needed for land plants (especially tall ones). Kelp live in water no need for vascular system 99. how water & dissolved nutrients travel up the tree. Water attracted to water = cohesion & water attracted to other materials adhesion

25 100.xylem water transport from roots to leaves phloem sugar transport from leaves to roots

26 111. ventral side = tan blend in with water dorsal side = spots (chromatophores) to blend in with land 113. liver= makes bile & digests fats gallbladder= stores bile made in the liver & delivers it to intestine pancreas = secretes digestive juice which enters the intestine through the bile duct small intestine = completes digestion & absorbs nutrients into blood from food large intestine = stores digestive wastes stomach=mechanical & chemical digestion

27 H I J

28 Cloaca = excretes waste, sperm & egg Mesentery = thin, clear connective membrane that hold intestines together. Contains arteries & veins Superior vena cava = vein- brings blood from upper portion of body to sinus venous 114. pericardial sac, mesenteries, peritoneum chambers= frog 4 chambers = human

29 116. human heart separates oxygenated & deoxygenated blood 117. org. with 3 chambered heart tire easily because deoxygenated blood not filtered out 118. lungs and skin. Humans lungs only obviously

Mid Term Review. 1. step 1, only 3. both step 1 and step 2 2. step 2, only 4. neither step 1 nor step 2

Mid Term Review. 1. step 1, only 3. both step 1 and step 2 2. step 2, only 4. neither step 1 nor step 2 Name Mid Term Review 1. Diagrams, tables, and graphs are used by scientists mainly to 1. design a research plan for an experiment 3. organize data 2. test a hypothesis 4. predict the independent variable