Nutritional Factors: Modulating

Transcription

1 Nutritional Factors: Modulating Effects on Metabolic Processes Miles International Symposium Series Number 13 Editors Roland F. Beers, Jr. M.D.,Ph.D. Miles Laboratories, Inc. Elkhart, Indiana Edward G. Bassett, Ph.D. Miles Laboratories, Inc. Elkhart, Indiana UMIVER8ITATSBIBUOTHEK HANNOVER TECHNISCHE INFORMATfOfMSBIBUOTHEK Raven Press New York

2 f))\i W s(><; Contents 1 Introduction Roland F. Beers, Jr. Section A: Variability of Response to the Nutritional Environment 5 Introduction to Section A Aaron M. Altschul 7 Genetic Variability in Human Nutrition Barton Childs 15 Diet and Genetic Aspects of Maturity-Onset Lipemia and Glycemia Carolyn D. Berdanier 35 Nutritional Effects of Genetic Variation in Amino Acid Metabolism Maiden C. Nesheim 45 Sodium Sensitivity Aaron M. Altschul, Janet K. Grommet, Lawrence Slotkoff, and William R. Ayers 63 Public Policy Consequences of Genetic Variability Sanford A. Miller and Susan Thompson 73 Discussion Aaron M. Altschul Section B: Factors Affecting Efficiency of Energy Use 83 Introduction to Section B Theodore B. Van Itallie 85 Nonshivering Thermogenesis, Brown Adipose Tissue, and Obesity Jean Himms-Hagen vii

3 viii CONTENTS 101 Diet-Induced Thermogenesis: A Role for Brown Adipose Tissue Michael J. Stock and Nancy J. Rothwell 115 Alterations in Na+,K+ -ATPase in Obese Animal Models Dale R. Romsos 123 Obesity in Mice and Men W.P.T. James and P. Tray hum 139 Nutritionally-Induced Alterations in Thyroid Hormone Metabolism Elliot Danforth, Jr., Edward S. Horton, and Ethan A.H. Sims 155 Diet-Induced Changes in Sympathetic Activity Lewis Landsberg and James B. Young 175 Discussion Theodore B. Van Itallie Nervous System Section C: Nutrition and Neural Function 185 Introduction to Section C John H. Growdon 189 Precursor Control of Acetylcholine Synthesis D.R. Haubrich 207 Regulation of Acetylcholine Release During Increased Neuronal Activity: The Effect of Choline Alan M. Goldberg and Lynn Wecker 217 Effects of Tryptophan and the Diet on Brain Serotonin Formation and Brain Function John D. Fernstrom 227 Nutritional Control of Catecholamine Synthesis Candace J. Gibson 239 Use of Choline, Lecithin, and Individual Amino Acids in Psychiatric and Neurologic Disease Alan J. Gelenberg 255 Discussion John H. Growdon

4 CONTENTS IX Section D: New Approaches to the Control and Assessment of the 263 Introduction to Section D Albert I. Mendeloff Nitrogen Economy 267 Stable Isotopes C3 C and 15N) in the Study of Human Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism and Requirements Vernon R. Young and Dennis M. Bier 309 Factors Controlling the Utilization of Protein Khursheed N. Jeejeebhoy 323 The Effects of Nitrogen and Caloric Restriction on Adipose Tissue, Lean Body Mass, and Food Intake of Genetically Obese Rats: The LPL Hypothesis M.R.C. Greenwood and Joseph R. Vasselli 337 Nutrition and Growth Factors with Special Emphasis on Proteins Z. Lawn 355 Regulation of Nitrogen Catabolism Mackenzie Walser 371 Discussion Albert I. Mendeloff Section E: Immunocompetence and Nutritional Status 379 Introduction to Section E FrederikB. Bang and Nathaniel F. Pierce 383 Nutrition and the Regulation of the Immune Response Ines Malave and Marisol Pocino 405 Impairment of the Enteric Secretory Immune Response by Protein Deprivation Nathaniel F. Pierce, Frederick T. Koster, and Wayne S. Barry All The Interaction of Diet, the Immune System, and Virus Infection FrederikB. Bang, Betsy G. Bang, and Marie A. Foard 437 Immunological Basis for the Prolongation of Life by Nutritional Manipulation Gabriel Fernandes and Robert A. Good

5 X CONTENTS 463 Iron and the Susceptibility to Bacterial Infection Elwyn Griffiths All Discussion Frederik B. Bang and Nathaniel F. Pierce Section F: Fatty Acid-Prostaglandin (Autacoid) Relationships 485 Introduction to Section F William EM. Lands 489 Prostaglandin Synthesis from Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids William E.M. Lands 495 Leukotrienes and Thromboxanes: Metabolites of Essential Fatty Acids with Significant Untoward Pharmacological Properties Robert C. Murphy, Rod Mathews, and Walter Pickett 511 Effect on Hemostasis by Feeding Eicosapentaenoic Acid J0rn Dyerberg and H.O. Bang 523 Effect of Dietary Trans Fatty Acids upon Prostaglandin Precursors Ralph T. Holman 539 Effects of Dietary Essential Fatty Acids on Prostaglandin Synthesis Antoine J. Vergroesen, Foppe ten Hoot; and Gerard Hornstra 551 Discussion William E.M. Lands 557 Subject Index